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Managing and Maintaining a PC

Form Factors, Power Supplies, and Working Inside a Computer

Instructor:Suleiman Muhammad(mncs,mcpn)

Institute of Computing & ICT, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria

Objectives

• Learn about different form factors used for computer cases, motherboards, and power supplies

• Learn how electricity is measured and about electrical components

• Learn how to select a power supply

• Learn how to protect yourself and your equipment against the dangers of electricity

• Learn how to work inside a computer case

• Learn how to troubleshoot electrical problems

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Form Factors Used By Computer Cases, Motherboards, and Power

Supplies• Computer case, motherboard, power supply

– Interconnected system– Must be compatible

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Figure 4-1 Computer power supply with connectorsCourtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning

Form Factors Used By Computer Cases, Motherboards, and Power

Supplies (cont’d.)• Form factor

– Specifies size, shape, and features of a device• Determined by motherboard

• Using the same form factor assures– Motherboard fits the case– Powers supply cords provide proper voltage– Motherboard and case holes align properly– Case and motherboard ports align– Wires on case match connections on motherboard– Power supply holes align with case

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Types of Form Factors

• Intended use– Influences computer case, motherboard, power

supply selection (form factor)

Table 4-1 Form factors

Types of Form Factors (cont’d.)

• ATX form factor– Most common– Motherboard dimensions: up to 12” x 9.6”– Versions

• Original ATX form factor used P1 connector

• ATX Version 2.1 specifications added 4-pin auxiliary connector

• ATX Version 2.2 allowed for 24-pin P1 connector

• Version 2.2 provides +12 volts, +5 volts, and +3.3 volts pins

– Motherboard offers soft switch feature

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Figure 4-2 The CPU on an ATX motherboard sits opposite the expansion slots and does not block the room needed for long expansion cardsCourtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning

Types of Form Factors (cont’d.)

• MicroATX form factor– Reduces total cost of a system

• FlexATX– Variation of MicroATX with maximum flexibility

• BTX (Balanced Technology Extended) form factor– Reduces heat with better airflow

• NLX form factor– Developed to improve older and similar LPX form

factor

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Figure 4-7 This MicroATX motherboard by Biostar is designed to support an AMD processorCourtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning

Figure 4-8 Improved airflow in a BTX case and motherboard makes it unnecessary to have a fan on top of the processorCourtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning

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Types of Computer Cases

• Computer case (chassis)– Houses power supply, motherboard, cards, drives– Panel switches/lights to control/monitor PC– Ports connecting cables to motherboard

• Mounted on front, top, side, rear

– Match power supply to system electrical needs

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Types of Computer Cases (cont’d.)• Desktop cases

– Motherboard on bottom; power supply to the rear

• Tower cases– Up to 2 feet high; can contain several drives

• Notebook cases– Used for all portables; includes desktop components

Figure 4-11 Tower and desktop casesCourtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning

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Measures and Properties of Electricity

• Successful PC technicians: – Understand electricity– Know how to use electricity – Know how to measure electricity – Can protect computer equipment from electricity

• Units used to measure characteristics of electricity– Volt, amp, ohm, watt

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Table 4-3 Measures of electricity

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AC and DC

• Alternating current (AC)– Oscillatory current driven by an alternating voltage

• Example: house current oscillates at 60 Hz

• Direct current (DC)– Single direction current driven by constant voltage

• Required by computer in small amounts, such as 5 V

• Power supply acts as a transformer and rectifier – Rectifier: converts AC to DC– Transformer: changes ratio of current to voltage

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Figure 4-14 A transformer keeps power constant but changes the ratio of current to voltageCourtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning

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Hot, Neutral, and Ground

• Completing a circuit:– AC travels from power station to house on a hot line– AC travels from panel to device using black (hot) wire– AC flows out of device circuit in a white (neutral) wire – AC returns to power station on a neutral line

• Short circuit: failure due to excess flow of electricity – Fuses protect circuits by melting wire (breaking circuit) – Grounded neutral lines pass detoured AC to earth

• Lines in three-prong plugs: hot, neutral, ground – Receptacle tester verifies outlet wiring

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Figure 4-15 Normally, electricity flows from hot to neutral to make a closed circuit in the controlled environment of an electrical device such as a lampCourtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning

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Figure 4-17 Use a receptacle tester to verify that hot, neutral, and ground are wired correctlyCourtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning

Figure 4-16 A polarized plug showing hot and neutral, and a three-prong plug showing hot, neutral, and groundCourtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning

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Some Common Electronic Components

Figure 4-18 Symbols for some electronic components and for groundCourtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning

Some Common Electronic Components(cont’d.)

• Materials to make components:– Conductors: weakly resist current flow (copper)– Insulators: highly resist current flow (ceramics)– Semiconductors: allow flow if charged (silicon)

• Transistor– Switches current on (1) and off (0)– Amplifies current– Contains three layers of semiconductor material– Charge applied to center layer

• Controls switching

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Some Common Electronic Components(cont’d.)

• Capacitor– Holds electrical charge for a period of time– Creates even flow of current in a PC

• Diode – Allows electricity to flow in one direction only– Rectifies current (convert AC to DC)

• Resistor– Controls amount of current flowing through device– Degree of resistance is measured in ohms

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Figure 4-19 Capacitors on a motherboard or other circuit board often have embedded crossed lines on topCourtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning

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Selecting a Power Supply

• Power supply or power supply unit (PSU)– Box inside a computer case supplying power to

motherboard and other installed devices– Both a rectifier and transformer

• Converts AC house current to DC

• Steps down voltage from 110 V or 220 V to 3.5, 5, and 12 V

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Types and Characteristics of Power Supplies

• Important power supply feature considerations:– Form factor determines power supply size– Type and number of power cables, and connectors– Voltage selector switch– Fans– On/off switch– Wattage ratings– Warranty and overall quality

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How to Select a Power Supply

• Considerations– Match form factor to case, motherboard– Make sure it provides necessary connectors– Match wattage capacity to system requirements– Consider warranty, price, and additional features

• Determining wattage capacity– Consider all components inside case– Consider USB and FireWire devices

• Get power from ports connected motherboard

How to Select a Power Supply (cont’d.)

• Point to keep in mind– It may have two ratings

• Room temperature (peak rating)

• Continuous operation (actual rating)

– Video cards draw the most power– Use power supply rated 30 percent higher than

expected – Web sites have wattage calculators– Never use Dell power supply with non-Dell

motherboard• Pinout verification or pinout converter

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Table 4-5 To calculate power supply rating, add up total wattage

Protect Yourself and the Equipment Against Electrical Dangers

• PC support activities present physical dangers– PC technicians must protect themselves and others– PC technicians must protect the equipment

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Protect Yourself Against Electrical Shock and Burns

• Protection from electrical shock– Disconnect power

• Pull plug at AC outlet

– Protect power cord• Do not pull on cord itself

– Remove jewelry– Power supplies and CRT monitors contain capacitors

• Technician must not be grounded

• Both considered field replaceable unit (FRU)

Protect the Equipment Against Static Electricity or ESD

• Static electricity (electrostatic discharge or ESD)– Touching device causes discharge, damaging device– Particularly severe in dry and cold climates

• Protecting system from ESD– Use ground bracelet, static mat, static shielding bags,

ESD gloves– Touch computer case before touching components– Touch person when passing components– Remove jewelry, work on hard floors– Unplugged power cord before working inside case

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Protect Against Electromagnetic Interference

• Caused by magnetic fields generated by current flow

• RFI (radio frequency interference)– EMI in radio frequency range affecting reception

• Crosstalk problem– Data in cables crossing EM fields gets corrupted– Control crosstalk by shielding cables, power supply

• Detect EMI using tuned-down AM radio

• Other ways to protect device:– Use line conditioners; shield cables, power supply – Move PC to a new location

How to Work Inside a Computer Case

• Skills needed to:– Replace computer parts inside the case– Build a system from scratch

• Requires tools and safety precautions

• Taking a PC apart and putting it back together– Should follow step-by-step procedures

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PC Support Technician Tools

• Essential tools– Ground bracelet, ground mat, ground gloves– Flat-head screwdriver– Phillips-head or cross-head screwdriver– Torx screwdriver set (size T15)– Insulated tweezers– Extractor– OS recovery CD or DVD

• Many other non-essential tools exists

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Figure 4-31 PC support technician toolsCourtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning

PC Support Technician Tools (cont’d.)

• Post Diagnostic Cards– Helps discover, report computer errors and conflicts

at power-on self test (POST)• Tests performed by startup BIOS

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Figure 4-32 Post Code Master diagnostic card by Microsystems Developments, Inc.Courtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning

PC Support Technician Tools (cont’d.)

• Power Supply Tester– Measures output of each power supply connector

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Figure 4-33 Use a power supply tester to test the output of each power connector on a power supplyCourtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning

PC Support Technician Tools (cont’d.)

• Multimeter– Measure several characteristics of electricity in a

variety of devices

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Figure 4-34 This digital multimeter can be set to measure voltage, resistance, or continuityCourtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning

Safety Precautions

• Make notes for backtracking

• Stay organized, do not stack boards

• Do not touch board chips– With hands, magnetized screwdriver

• Do not change dual inline package (DIP) switch settings with a graphite pencil

• Protect yourself and the equipment– Never ever touch inside of a turned on computer– Consider monitor, power supply as “black boxes”– Protect against static electricity

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Steps to Take Apart a Computer

• Tools needed– Ground bracelet, a Phillips-head screwdriver, a flat-

head screwdriver, paper, pen

• Guidelines– Back up data– Power down system, unplug it, press power button– Put computer on a table with plenty of room– Open computer case– Diagram all cable connections

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Steps to Take Apart a Computer (cont’d.)

• Guidelines (cont’d.)– Before removing ribbon cables, look for red color or

stripe down one side of each cable– Remove cables to all drives– Remove expansion cards– Remove motherboard– Remove power supply– Remove drives

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Steps to Put a Computer Back Together

• Reverse disassembly process

• Component installation order– Power supply, drives, motherboard, cards– Connect all data and power cables– Plug in keyboard, monitor, mouse– Turn on power– Verify PC working properly

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Summary

• Form factor specifies size, shape, features of device– Motherboard, power supply, and case share the same

form factor

• Types of cases: desktop, tower, notebook

• Quantities characterizing electricity– Voltage, current, resistance, power

• Current flows from hot wires to neutral wires– Excess current escapes through grounds

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Summary (cont’d.)

• AC supplied by power station– Transformed, rectified before flowing into PC

• Major components in a circuit board– Transistor, capacitor, diode, resistor

• Electrical threats– ESD, EMI, uneven current flow, sudden power surges

(or spikes)

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