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1 M KCl 2 M C6H12O6
Above is a semi-permeable membrane (that only water can pass). Which way will water move?
Left No movement Right
Yea!Water will not move because the osmolarities of both solutions are the same. The osmolarity of the 1 M KCl is 2 Osmolar. This is because when KCl is in solution, it splits into two particles: K+ and Cl-. When glucose is in solution, it stays as one molecule. So 2 M Glucose is the same as 2 Osmolar Glucose.
1 M KCl 2 M C6H12O6
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What type of circulatory system does this organism have?
Open Circulatory System Closed Circulatory System
Woot! Woot! – Yes, this is an insect with an open circulatorysystem. Is this a more efficient delivery system?
What type of respiratory system does this grasshopper have?
Through the skin surface
Through lungsThrough gills
Through spiracles and trachea
Yeap! Nice job. Insects breathe through a series of tubes through their bodies.
Why wouldn’t insects transport oxygen through their circulatory system?
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Discuss…
What are at least four different methods of excretion in animals? Include the method and the animal.
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Protonephridia - Flatworms Metanephridia - Annelids
Nephrons – Aves, Fish, Mammals, Reptiles, AmphibiansMalphigian Tubules - Insects
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The diagram to the right represents the NEPHRON.
Click on the structure where substances in the blood are filtered into the nephron.
Nice Job! You have selected BOWMAN’S CAPSULE.
Click on the structure where ADH receptors are found.
Substances filtered into Bowman’s Capsule include: urea, salts, water, and glucose.
Nice Job! You have selected the COLLECTING DUCT.
ADH is released by the posterior pituitary and binds to the collecting duct to cause water to be reabsorbed and back into the blood stream. That means less water leaves the kidney to the urinary bladder.
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Oxy
gen
Sat
urat
ion
(% O
xyge
n bi
ndin
g)100
50
75
25
Partial Pressure of Oxygen (mm Hg)
40 80 120 160 180 200
Suppose the red line is adult hemoglobin at pH 7.6. Click on the line that represents the binding effect if adult hemoglobin is at pH 7.2.
Oxy
gen
Sat
urat
ion
(% O
xyge
n bi
ndin
g)100
50
75
25
Partial Pressure of Oxygen (mm Hg)
40 80 120 160 180 200
How many oxygens are bound to one hemoglobin molecule at pH 7.6 at a partial pressure of 120 mm Hg?
Nice job! A lower pH or more acidic environment causes hemoglobin to bind to oxygen less – a right shift of the curve. This is also known as the Bohr Effect.
0 1 2 3 25 50
Oxy
gen
Sat
urat
ion
(% O
xyge
n bi
ndin
g)100
50
75
25
Partial Pressure of Oxygen (mm Hg)
40 80 120 160 180 200
YES! 1 oxygen is bound at that partial pressure. Each hemoglobin has a maximum capacity of 4 oxygens. At 25% saturation, that means there is one oxygen bound.
How might llama hemoglobin compare to adult human hemoglobin? How about fetal hemoglobin?
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The effects of temperature and pH can be seen with an interactive graphing program.
Go to online graphing program.
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Discuss…
What is the order of blood flow through the adult human heart? (start with the vena cava)
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1. Vena Cava
2. Right Atrium
3. Right Ventricle
4. Pulmonary Artery
5. To Lungs
6. Pulmonary Vein
7. Left Atrium
8. Left Ventricle
9. Aorta
10. To Body
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Countercurrent exchange is an important structural feature in fish gills. Blood flow is opposite of water flow to ensure the highest amount of diffusion of oxygen as possible. A similar concept occurs in many organisms to prevent heat loss.
Watch this process of countercurrent heat exchange.
Click on “Counter Current Heat Exchange” and then select “Counter Current Heat Exchange” on the 2nd menu as well.
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TimeFirst Exposure to Antigen Second Exposure to Antigen
Am
ount
of
Ant
ibod
ies
to A
ntig
en in
Blo
odWhich colored line represents the response of a normal immune system after a second exposure to the same antigen?
TimeFirst Exposure to Antigen Second Exposure to Antigen
Am
ount
of
Ant
ibod
ies
to A
ntig
en in
Blo
odYeehaw! A secondary immune response results in a faster and greater production of antibodies. This results in a quick reduction of the antigen.
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Discuss…The following diagram represents an action potential. Where do each of these events occur?
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•K+ voltage-gated channel opens.
•Na+ voltage-gated channel closes
•Na+/K+ channel is pumping.
•Na+ voltage-gated channel opens.
•K+ voltage-gated channel closes.
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K+ voltage-gated channel opens.Na+ voltage-gated channel closes
Na+/K+ channel is pumping.
Na+ voltage-gated channel opens.
K+ voltage-gated channel closes.
Watch this process of exocytosis!
After an action potential reaches the end of Neuron #1, it will release neurotransmitters into the synapse to activate Neuron #2.
The action potential causes calcium channels to open up. Calcium rushes in and causes exocytosis of neurotransmitter vesicles.
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What stage of development is represented with this diagram?
Cleavage
Blastulation
Neurulation
Organogenesis
Blastulation
Blastocoel
Blastula
Excellent! Blastulation is the second stage of development and occurs after cleavage. Following blastulation is gastrulation, neurulation, then organogenesis. A real picture of a blastula is to the right.
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Click on the organism that has the highest concentration of DDT.
Good job – the organism at the top of the food chain has the highest concentration of DDT. This is an example of bioaccumulation. Toxic substances buildup because they are not easily excreted from an organism. This results in higher and higher concentrations as we move up the food chain.
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Discuss…
Come up with an adaptation for the digestive systems of a:
•carnivore•herbivore
Be sure to describe the structure and how it relates to its function.
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CarnivoresBehaviorTeeth AdaptationsGripping AppendagesVenomEcholocation
HerbivoresLong Digestive TractMutualism – microorganismsTeeth Adaptations
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Where are eggs stored in the female reproductive system?
Nice Job! Eggs are stored in the ovaries. During ovulation, a surge in LH causes an egg to be released.
Where does a fetus implant into?
Nice Job! A blastula will implant into the lining of the uterus which is called the endometrium.
Watch the female reproductive cycle and how the hormones work.
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Discuss…How does this mammal dive for such long periods of time?
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•Bradycardia – lowering heart rate•Blood Flow – change in blood flow to certain organs•High blood volume•High amount of myoglobin in muscles•High buffering capacity of blood
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