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MIT MIT ICAT ICAT
M I T I n t e r n a t i o n a l C e n t e r f o r A i r T r a n s p o r t a t i o nM I T I n t e r n a t i o n a l C e n t e r f o r A i r T r a n s p o r t a t i o n
Human Factors Considerations in Future Oceanic Air Traffic Control System
Architecture
Hayley J. Davison, Margret Dora Ragnarsdottir, & R. John Hansman
Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyUniversity of Iceland
January 10, 2003
MIT MIT ICAT ICAT
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MIT MIT ICAT ICAT
Future Oceanic Air Traffic Control System Architecture Project
Academic: University of Iceland and MIT
Government: CAA of Iceland and FAA
Research program to evaluate Human Factors in Future Oceanic Air Trans-portation Systems Architecture
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MIT MIT ICAT ICAT Motivation
Increased traffic and emphasis on safety in the oceanic environment demand: Reduced separation minima More efficient routing
Oceanic air traffic control systems and processes are evolving and new technologies (e.g. ADS), integrated information systems, and new procedures will likely be incorporated.
This new environment will influence the tasks of the controller and pilot, therefore human factors considerations should be integrated into the design from the beginning
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MIT MIT ICAT ICAT Key Issues
What are potential changes in operational role of controller and pilot?
How will the new oceanic environment influence workload under normal and non-normal operations?
What are costs and benefits associated with the new oceanic environment in areas such as situation awareness, training, skill maintenance, and vigilance?
How to transition from a procedure-based system to one where the new oceanic environment provides more accurate & frequent aircraft position information?
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MIT MIT ICAT ICAT Tasks
Phase I (2002-2004) – Assess human performance impacts of advanced technologies and compare with the ICAA Future Oceanic Air Traffic Control Workstation including the impact of ADS-B Task 1 –Analysis of Oceanic ATC to define a concept validation
framework for future oceanic operations (using Integrated Human-Centered Systems Approach).
Task 2 – Field observations of Oceanic ATC operations for familiarization and to support and refine the analysis.
Task 3 – Develop a concept validation strategy for near and far term enhanced oceanic operating environments.
Task 4 – Address human performance issues. Task 5 – Complete analysis tailored to address the derived
higher priority HF issues. Task 6 – Plan for prototyping and evaluation phases.
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MIT MIT ICAT ICAT
Oceanic ATC Initiatives – World
(ITC/ITD)ITC/ITD
ITC/ITD
(DARP)
DARP(UPR)
(RHSM)RHSM
(RHSM)
RVSM
RVSM
RVSM
(RVSM)
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MIT MIT ICAT ICAT
Integrated Human-Centered Systems Approach
An Integrated Human-Centered Systems Approach is suggested as the basis for Evaluation of the effect of new technology on the current
oceanic environment and; Recommendations for design of future information
systems
Human considered a functional (but stochastic) component of a closed-loop information system
Identify the interfaces between the human and the system when solving the task.
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MIT MIT ICAT ICAT
Steps in Integrated Human-Centered Systems Approach
Step 1: Model the System & Operator(s) as a closed-loop feedback process
Step 2: Determine information that the Operator requires to perform the task
Step 3: Use information requirements to determine Display/Automation specifications
Step 4: Develop prototype system
Step 5: Perform simulation evaluations
Step 6: Perform integrated system testing
Step 7: Perform system evaluation
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MIT MIT ICAT ICAT Oceanic ATC Activities
Oceanic ATCActivities
Information Management
Maintain minimum separation
Handle emergencies
Manage traffic
Coordination
(FAA, 1994, 2000, 2002)
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MIT MIT ICAT ICAT
Current Controller-centered Control Loop Model
Surveillance(e.g., ADS)
Flight Plan
Voice (if available)
AOC
Controller
WORKSTATION
Core info. System
e.g. Host
(if available)
Voice
ACARS (Datalink)
Initialclearances
AIRCRAFT
PILOT Displays
Controls
Controller
Facility 2
Facility 1
Controller
Aircraft 1Aircraft 2
Aircraft n
VOICE COMMUNICATION
Data link(if available)
COMM. RELAY SERVICE, e.g. ARINC
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MIT MIT ICAT ICAT
Current Controller Cognitive Model
WORKSTATION
Facility 1
CONTROLLER
L2 - Gather & Comprehend
Information
L3 - Project to identify conflict
Plan possible solution
Implement action
Situation Awareness
CommunicateUpdate/enter information
L1 - PerceiveReceive
InformationSample
Information
Sector Plan HeuristicsMental Model
VOICE COMMUNICATION
CONTROLLER
CONTROLLER
Facility 2Voice (if available)
AOC
ARINCHost
PILOTAircraft 1…n
Surveillance(if available)
Data link(if available)
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MIT MIT ICAT ICAT
Current & Future Technologies – Oceanic Air Traffic Control Workstation
Information displayed to the ATC
Current situation
Facility 1
CONTROLLER
Gather & Comprehend Project
Implement action
Situation Awareness
CommunicateUpdate/enter information
PerceiveReceive
InformationSample
Information
Sector Plan HeuristicsMental Model
VOICE COMMUNICATION
CONTROLLER
Plan
Weather Display
Flight Strip
Txt msg Display
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MIT MIT ICAT ICAT
Current & Future Technologies – Oceanic Air Traffic Control Workstation
Information displayed to the ATC
Future situation
Facility 1
CONTROLLER
Gather & Comprehend Project
Implement action
Situation Awareness
CommunicateUpdate/enter information
PerceiveReceive
InformationSample
Information
Sector Plan HeuristicsMental Model
VOICE COMMUNICATION
CONTROLLER
Plan
WORKSTATION
Weather Display
Flight Strip
Situation Display
Txt msg Display
WORKSTATION
Weather Display
Flight Strip
Situation Display
Txt msg Display
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MIT MIT ICAT ICAT
Current & Future Technologies – Communication System
Information from the aircraft to the controller
Current US situation
Facility 1
CONTROLLER
Gather & Comprehend Project
Implement action
Situation Awareness
CommunicateUpdate/enter information
PerceiveReceive
InformationSample
Information
Sector Plan HeuristicsMental Model
VOICE COMMUNICATION
CONTROLLER
ARINC
PILOT
Aircraft 1…n
AIRCRAFT
Plan
Txt msg Display
Weather Display
Flight Strip
Voice to TextVoice to Text RadioRadio
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MIT MIT ICAT ICAT
Current & Future Technologies – Communication System
Information from the aircraft to the controller
Current Iceland situation
Facility 1
CONTROLLER
Gather & Comprehend Project
Implement action
Situation Awareness
CommunicateUpdate/enter information
PerceiveReceive
InformationSample
Information
Sector Plan HeuristicsMental Model
VOICE COMMUNICATION
CONTROLLER
PILOT
Aircraft 1…n
AIRCRAFT
Plan
ARINC
Voice to Text Radio
Flight Strip
Situation Display
Txt msg Display
Weather Display
FDPS
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MIT MIT ICAT ICAT
Current & Future Technologies – Communication System
Information from the aircraft to the controller
Future situation
Facility 1
CONTROLLER
Gather & Comprehend Project
Implement action
Situation Awareness
CommunicateUpdate/enter information
PerceiveReceive
InformationSample
Information
Sector Plan HeuristicsMental Model
VOICE COMMUNICATION
CONTROLLER
ARINC
PILOT
Aircraft 1…n
AIRCRAFT
Plan
Surveillance(e.g., ADS)
WORKSTATION
Weather Display
Flight Strip
Situation Display
Txt msg Display
WORKSTATION
Weather Display
Flight Strip
Situation Display
Txt msg Display
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MIT MIT ICAT ICAT
Current & Future Technologies – Oceanic Air Traffic Control Surveillance
Information accessible by the pilot
Current Situation
WORKSTATION
Facility 1
CONTROLLER
Gather & Comprehend Project
Implement action
Situation Awareness
CommunicateUpdate/enter information
PerceiveReceive
InformationSample
Information
Sector Plan HeuristicsMental Model
VOICE COMMUNICATION
CONTROLLER
ARINC
PILOT
Aircraft 1…n
AIRCRAFT
Plan
TCAS
VHF
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MIT MIT ICAT ICAT
Current & Future Technologies – Oceanic Air Traffic Control Surveillance
Information accessible by the pilot
Future Situation
WORKSTATION CONTROLLER
Gather & Comprehend Project
Implement action
Situation Awareness
CommunicateUpdate/enter information
PerceiveReceive
InformationSample
Information
Sector Plan HeuristicsMental Model
VOICE COMMUNICATION
CONTROLLER
ARINC
PILOT
Aircraft 1…n
AIRCRAFT
Plan
Surveillance(e.g., ADS)
Facility 1
TCAS
VHF
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MIT MIT ICAT ICAT Controller’s Projection Task
Projection Definition: Extrapolation of the system dynamics over a period of interest
ATC Projection Task Critical because of its role in conflict prevention Unique due to the controllers’ ability to deliver commands
that reduce the uncertainty of the future state of the aircraft
Facility 1
CONTROLLER
Gather & Comprehend Project
Implement action
Situation Awareness
CommunicateUpdate/enter information
PerceiveReceive
InformationSample
Information
Sector Plan HeuristicsMental Model
VOICE COMMUNICATION
CONTROLLER
Plan
WORKSTATION
Weather Display
Flight Strip
Situation Display
Txt msg Display
WORKSTATION
Weather Display
Flight Strip
Situation Display
Txt msg Display
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MIT MIT ICAT ICAT
Domestic vs. Oceanic Projection Domestic
Spatial projection (mostly perceptual training) Command/Surveillance loop quick Interface aid: 5 mi rings on the radar screen in
TRACON Oceanic
Mostly time-based projection, in the process of trying to understand this cognitive process for oceanic
Command/Surveillance loop slow Procedural aids
• Head-on conflict: plotting locations and expected trajectory with grease pencil on erasable map to determine whether additional means of separation besides altitude needed
• In-trail conflict: phasing time of arrival at position report points
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MIT MIT ICAT ICAT
Types of Projection
ADS enables radar-quality updates on the situation display
High-quality situation display encourages change in procedures from time-based to spatial-based separation
Innately different mental computation used in the two types of projection: Time-based projection (Non-
surveillance oceanic separation requirements, Minutes-in-trail req.)
Spatial-based projection (Surveillance separation requirements, Miles-in-trail requirements,)
Space required between aircraft
Time required between aircraft
Current locations
Projected locations
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MIT MIT ICAT ICAT Structure
Need to understand the influence of structure How the change in procedures due to the introduction
of ADS will change the structure
WORKSTATION
Facility 1
CONTROLLER
Gather & Comprehend
Information
Project to identify conflict
Plan possible solution
Implement action
Situation Awareness
CommunicateUpdate/enter information
PerceiveReceive
InformationSample
Information
Sector Plan HeuristicsMental Model
VOICE COMMUNICATION
CONTROLLER
Airspace
Regulations
Procedures
Structure
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MIT MIT ICAT ICAT
Structure Influence on Projection
Constraints influence type of projection used: NAT Oceanic: 60 nm lateral separation, 1000 ft vertical
separation (RVSM), 10 minutes in trail Separation assurance over oceans provided solely by flight
strips (not situation display) in New York
Structural aids to cognitive tasks Standard Flow abstraction
• North Atlantic Tracks System: provides lateral template with minimum 60nm between each track
Grouping abstraction• Flight Strip Bay organized by lateral, then time, then vertical
Critical points abstraction• Entry & exit points onto and off tracks
• Position report points
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MIT MIT ICAT ICAT North Atlantic Tracks
E 310 320 330 340 350 360D 310 320 330 340 350 360C 310 320 330 340 350 360
360 370 380 390 F
F 310 320 330 340 350
370 380 390 D
370 380 390 E
B 310 320 330 340
A 310 320 330 340 350 360 390 A
G 320 340 360 G
W 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 W
Y 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 YZ 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 Z
350 360 370 380 390 B
370 380 390 C
X 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 X
Track entry points
Track exit points
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MIT MIT ICAT ICAT Flight Strip Bay Organization
23.30°N/60°S 27.28°N/55°S 31°N/50°S 34.45°N/45°S 38°N/40°S
Tim
e
Alti
tude
LongitudeE W
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MIT MIT ICAT ICAT
Preliminary observations of oceanic functions affected by future technologies
In an ADS supported environment the information is fed directly into the workstation which
• Pulls the controller out of the loop possibly negatively affecting Situation Awareness.
• Makes the commercial operator redundant. By using an integrated Oceanic Air Traffic Control
Workstation which includes and displays all relevant information to the controller the
• Workstation can better support the controller e.g. by conflict probing.
Providing ADS information could innately change the projection task of the controller from a time-based projection to a spatial-based projection, so
• Consideration should be given to the type (spatial or time) of separation requirements given to the controller in the future and what decision support tools best support the type of projection required
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MIT MIT ICAT ICAT
Preliminary observation of oceanic functions affected by future technologies (cont.)
Structure-based abstractions (standard flows, grouping, critical points) play a role in managing the complexity of the oceanic airspace given the current limitations in surveillance, thus
• Understanding of the benefits of structure-based abstractions in the current environment would aid in understanding the underlying cognitive processes of the controller
• Consideration could be given to need for development and training of new abstractions to cope with the future environment
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MIT MIT ICAT ICAT
Preliminary observation of oceanic functions affected by future technologies (cont.)
With more information about the traffic within their airspace, pilots will be better able to decide where to move within the airspace (user preferred routing, free flight) which In the near term:
• Raises authority issues.• Causes concern in a mixed equipage environment.
In the far term• Provides opportunities for aircraft self-separation.
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MIT MIT ICAT ICAT Next steps
Gather more detailed information on Oceanic Air Traffic Control by site visits, for further development of the model.
Do a comparative analysis of the oceanic facilities Investigate the US vs Icelandic procedures NAT/PAC
Facilitate integration with the new US oceanic system with other newly developed systems FAA Tech Center ATOP tests Lockheed Site visits
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MIT MIT ICAT ICAT References
Hansman, R.J., Kuchar, J.K., Clarke, J.-P., Vakil, S., Barhydt, R., and Pritchett, A. (1997). Integrated Human Centered Systems Approach to the Development of Advanced Air Traffic Management Systems http://atm-seminar-97.eurocontrol.fr/hansman.htm
Reynolds, T.G., Histon, J.M., Davison, H.J., and Hansman, R.J. (2002). Structure, Intent and Conformance Monitoring in ATC. Air Traffic Management Research Conference 2002, Capri, Italy.
Hansman, R.J. (2002). Human Factors Considerations In Future Oceanic Air Transportation System Architectures Which Include Automatic Dependant Surveillence. (Amended 4/5/02). Unpublished research proposal.