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What is Chemistry?What Does a Chemist Do?
• Studies the atomic composition and structural features of substances.
• Investigates the varied interactions among substances • Utilizes natural substances and creates artificial ones.
• Comprehends the complex chemistry of living organisms.
• Provides a molecular interpretation of health and disease.
“Take white lead, one part, and any glass you choose, two parts, fuse together in a crucible and then pour the mixture. To this crystal add the urine of an ass and after forty days you will find emeralds”
Stillman, J. M. The story of Alchemy and Early Modern Chemistry;Stillman, J. M. The story of Alchemy and Early Modern Chemistry;Dover: New York 1960, p. 160.Dover: New York 1960, p. 160.
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Main Divisions of Chemistry
Organic Chemistry
Inorganic Chemistry
Physical Chemistry
Analytical Chemistry
Industrial Chemistry(Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry)
Biochemistry
How Does She/He do it?
Materials Chemistry
Environmental Chemistry
Forensic Chemistry
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What is Organic Chemistry?
Physical Organic Chemistry
Largest area of specialization among the various fields of chemistry
Synthetic Organic Chemistry
Pharmaceutical Chemistry
Pulp and Paper Chemistry
Dye and Textile Chemistry
Formulation Chemistry (paint, food, petroleum products, adhesives, etc.)
Agricultural Chemistry
Polymer Chemistry
Correlates the physical and chemical properties of compounds with their structural features.
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We are interested in the multistep synthesis of natural products, as well as the development of newmethodology, particularly to address problems of regio- or stereocontrol. At present (1999), we are working on problems suggested by structures such as those of germine, taxol, cardenolides and codeine
Synthetic Organic Chemist: Professor Gilbert Stork
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2-acetylnerifolin (class Cardenolide)Natural Product with Antitumor Activity
TaxolNatural Product with Antitumor Activity
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Among our areas of current interest in the anticancer field are epothilone and eleutherobin. While structurally diverse, these two compounds seem to function by a taxol-like mechanism in their ability to inhibit microtubule disassembly.Several projects are addressed to goal systems with immunochemical implications. Here we areparticularly concerned with the construction of a carbohydrate-based tumor antigen vaccine.
Synthetic Organic Chemist / Bioorganic Chemist:
Professor Samuel Danishefsky
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In most cases this involves investigating the interaction of small molecules with their biopolymeric receptors. The recent dramatic advancement in isolation, purification andmicrospectroscopic methods has made it possible for chemists to become involved in such studies on a molecular structural basis
Natural Products Chemist : Professor Koji Nakanishi
We deal with structural aspects of bioactive compounds and elucidation of their mode of action.
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We view the photon as a reagent for initiating photoreactions and as a product of the deactivation of electronically excited molecules.
Physical Organic Chemist / PhotochemistMaterial Chemist:
Professor Nicholas Turro
Our group is developing a novel field termed "supramolecular" photochemistry, or photochemistry beyond the conventional intellectual and scientific constraints implied by the term "molecule". In supramolecular processes non-covalent bonds between molecules play a role analogous to that of covalent bonds between atoms.
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What is Inorganic Chemistry?
Deals with the properties of elements ranging from metals to non metals
• Organometallic Chemistry
• Bioinorganic Chemistry
• Ceramics and Glass
• Semiconductors
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Organometallic Chemist / X-ray Spectroscopist: Professor Gerard Parkin
One of our interests is concerned with compounds with metal-ligand multiple bonds, which are species of considerable current interest in terms of both their bonding and reactivity.
We have a continuing interest in exploring unusual artifacts resulting from X-ray diffraction experiments (e.g. "bond stretch" isomerism)
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Bio-organic Chemist : Professor Ronald Breslow
In our major effort we are trying to prepare artificial enzymes that can imitate the function of natural enzymes.
A related study involves the synthesis of mimics of antibodies or of biological receptor sites, constructing molecules that will bind to polypeptides with sequence selectivity in water, using mainly hydrophobic interactions. These couldbe very useful in modulating the activity of peptide hormones, for instance.
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Measures, correlates, and explains the quantitative aspects of chemical processes
What is Physical Chemistry?
Theoretical Chemistry
Devoted to Quantum and Statistical Mechanics.
Theoretical chemists use computers to help them solve complicated
mathematical equations that simulate specific chemical processes.
Chemical Thermodynamics
Deals with the relationship between heat, work, temperature,
and energy of Chemical systems.
Chemical Kinetics
Seeks to measure and understand the rates of chemical
reactions.
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Physical Chemistry
Electrochemistry
Investigates the interrelationship between electric current and chemical change.
Photochemistry, Spectroscopy
Uses radiation energy to probe and induce change within matter.
Surface Chemistry
Examines the properties of chemical surfaces, using instruments that can provide a chemical profile of such surfaces.
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My research is concerned with structural and dynamic processes in condensed phase systems and biomacromolecular systems.
Theoretical Chemist: Professor Bruce Berne
Because the systems studied are often complex many-body systems, it is necessary to utilize the powerful analytical methods of statistical mechanics as well as state-of-the-art methods of computer simulation involving molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo techniques.
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My research is materials, surfaces and nanocrystals, especially in relation to optical and electronic properties. This work can include theoretical modeling, experimental chemical physics, and synthetic chemistry. We try to understand the evolution of solid state properties from molecular properties, and to create new materials with nanoscale structure by both kinetic and thermodynamic self-assembly methods.
Materials Chemist: Professor Louis Brus
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Our research program involves the design, synthesis, and detailed physical investigation of novel molecular and nanoparticle materials which display unique self-organized hierarchical structures and specific optical, electronic, and/or magnetic properties. Emphasis is placed on materials with potential applications in light-emitting devices, optical memory devices, molecular level and single particle level switching devices, and chemosensory devices. Our research is necessarily interdisciplinary where students and post-doctoral researchers are exposed to modern aspects of inorganic, physical, and materials chemistry.
Materials Chemist / Near Field Microscopist Professor David Adams
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We investigate molecularcollisions that lead either to chemical reaction or to the exchange of energy betweenmolecules. In particular, we have developed the infrared diode laser absorption probetechnique to investigate collisions between molecules.
Experimental Physical Chemist / Surface Chemist Professor George Flynn
We also study the structure of molecules adsorbed on surfaces by using the Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM).
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What is Analytical Chemistry?QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS deals with the detection of elements or compounds (analytes) in different materials.
QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS refers to the measurement of the actual amounts of the analyte present in the material investigated.
Chemical and Biochemical Methods
•Gravimetry
•Titrimetric Analysis
•Enzymic Analysis
•Inmunochemical Analysis
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Analytical Chemistry
•Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)
•Electron Spin Resonance (ESR)
•Mass Spectrometry (MS)
•Vibrational Spectroscopy (IR, RAMAN)
•X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis (XPS)
•Electronic Spectroscopy (UV, VIS, Luminiscence)
•Atomic Spectroscopy (AA, ICP)
•Rotational Spectroscopy (Microwave, FIR)
Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopic Methods
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Analytical Chemistry• Chromatographic Methods (Partition equilibrium)
•Gas Chromatography (GC)
•High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
•Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC)
•Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC)
•Ion Chromatography
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Analytical Chemistry
•Electrogravimetry
•Electrophoresis
•Conductimetry,Potentiometry
•Polarography
•Voltammetry
Electrochemical Methods
Thermal Methods
•Thermogravimetry (TG)
•Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA)
•Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
•Thermomechanic Analysis (TMA)
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We study enzyme mechanisms using NMR. A variety of experiments allow us to probe structural details,dynamics or chemical details such as protonation states.
Biophysical Chemist / NMR Spectroscopist: Professor Ann McDermott
In photosynthetic reaction centers, light energy is converted to chemical potential energy through long-range electron transfer events. A wealth of crystallographic, mutagenic, and spectroscopic work on these centers still leaves important mechanistic questions unanswered.
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Molecular Biologist / Organic Chemist: Professor Virginia Cornish
This research is interdisciplinary, bringing together the techniquesof small-molecule synthesis, molecular and cellular biology,computer modeling, and mechanistic enzymology and structural biology. The need for efficient catalysts is fundamental. Biological catalysts drive cellular processes, and the chemical industry relies on catalysts for the synthesis of compounds ranging from pharmaceuticals to materials.
Our research interests center on the development of selectionstrategies for identifying enzymes from large pools of proteins.
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The Tools of the Trade
Periodic Table of the Elements
Ag
Na
Li
Fr
Cs
Rb
K
Be
Ca
Mg
Ra
Ba
Sr
Sc
La
Y
Ac
Ti
Hf
Zr
Rf
V
Ta
Nb
Ha
Cr
W
Mo
Sg
Mn
Re
Tc
Bh
Fe
Os
Ru
Hs
Co
Ir
Rh
Mt
Ni
Pt
Pd
Cu
Au
Zn
Hg
Cd
Ga
Al
Tl
In
Pb
Sn
Bi Po
B
Ge
Si
As
Sb Te
At
H
C N
P
O
Se
S
F
Br
Cl
I
Ne
Kr
Ar
Rn
Xe
He
Ce
Th
Pr
Pa
Nd
U
Pm
Np
Sm
Pu
Eu
Am
Gd
Cm
Tb
Bk
Dy
Cf
Ho
Es
Er
Fm
Tmi
Md
Yb
No
Lu
Lr
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11
3
87
55
37
19
4
20
12
88
56
38
21
57
39
89
22
72
40
104
23
73
41
105
24
74
42
106
25
75
43
107
26
76
44
108
27
77
45
109
28
78
46
29
79
30
80
48
31
13
8l
49
82
50
83 84
5
32
14
33
51 52
85
1
6 7
15
8
34
16
9
35
17
53
10
36
18
86
54
2
58
90
59
91
60
92
61
93
62
94
63
95
64
96
65
97
66
98
67
99
68
100
69
101
70
102
71
103
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Interesting Applications
The KSC-ALS Breadboard Project
• Humans take in oxygen, food and water, and expel carbon dioxide and organic waste. Plants utilize carbon dioxide, produce food, release oxygen, and purify water. Inedible plant material and human waste are degraded by microorganisms to recycle nutrients for plants in a process termed resource recovery.
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• produce food
• purify their water supply and
• create oxygen from the carbon dioxide they expel.
When humans establish permanent bases on the Lunar surface or travel to Space for exploration, they need to develop systems to:
Physico-chemical processes can perform the two latter tasks, but only biological processes can perform all three.
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• A life support system that would perform these regenerative
functions, whether strictly by biological means or by a
combination of biological and physical-chemical methods,
has been called a Controlled Ecological Life Support System
(CELSS).
• Biological systems utilize plants and microorganisms to perform these life support tasks in a process termed bioregeneration.
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A CELSS is a tightly controlled system, using crops to perform life support functions, under the restrictions of minimizing volume, mass, energy, and labor.
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A career alternative for chemists, a multidisciplinary arena to prove the role of Chemistry as a "central science".
