1Vorlesung WKA

1. Lecture Industrial Energy Management

Thermal Power PlantHistory and general survey

2Vorlesung WKA

Jun-Prof. Dr. Benoît Fond

Office G10/R119

E-mail : benoit.fond@ovgu.de

Lecturer

3Vorlesung WKA

Types of Thermal power plants

Working fluidHeat source

Waste Heat

Work

• Chemical Energy

(Fossil fuels)

• Atomic Energy

(Nuclear fuels)

• Solar Radiation

• Electricity

• Motion (transport)

• Gases (e.g. Air)

• Water/Steam

• Cooling tower

• Exhaust duct

4Vorlesung WKA

Closed systems (Fixed mass)

• Otto cycle (Air)

• Diesel cycle (Air)

Open systems (Fixed region in space)

• Rankine cycle (Liquid/Vapour)

• Brayton or Joule cycle (Air)

Ideal cycles

𝑊 ≠ −න𝑃𝑑𝑉

𝑊 = −න𝑃𝑑𝑉

5Vorlesung WKA

1.Historical overview and basic thermodynamics of power plants and engines

2.Rankine cycle optimization for Steam power plants

3.Steam generation technology

4.Fossil fuel fired power plant

5.Nuclear power plant

6.Solar power plant

7.Reciprocating Engines

8.Gas turbines

Course contents

External

heat source

Internal

heat source

6Vorlesung WKA

• Worldwide

Energy Data

• Steam power plants (Coal, Biomass, Nuclear, Solar thermal)

• Gas turbines (Gas)

• Reciprocating engines (Oil)

7Vorlesung WKA

Steam power plants include :

• Coal power plant• Nuclear power plant • Biomass power plant• Some solar power plant

~ 75 % of electricity production

+ Combined cycle power plants (gas-fired)

~ 80 % of electricity production

Relevance of thermal power plant

8Vorlesung WKA

First steam engine: Aeolipile (Heronsball)

Heron von Alexander 1.Century. A.D.

AFRL Propulsion DirectorateEvolution of steam engine

1712: First steam engine by Thomas Newcomen

so called atmospheric operated with condensation

inside the cylinder

power of the first engine: 50 hp! (1 hp = 735 W)

Thermal efficiency about 0,5%

Draining of coal mines in England

T. Bohn, Grundlagen EGT

9Vorlesung WKA

Evolution of steam engine

ca. 1770: Low pressure piston steam

engine developed by James Watt

1769: first Patent: condensation

separated from cylinder

leads to lower condensation pressure

and temperature

1782: Patent on a double acting piston

steam engine

Alles aus: T. Bohn, Grundlagen der Energie und Kraftwerkstechnikhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7YlJrdlg6R8

10Vorlesung WKA

Evolution of piston steam engine

Performance: 1840: 20 hp

1876: Centennial Engine (1400hp) in Philadelphia World Fair

1910’s RMS Titanic 2x4 triple expansion cylinders

(30,000 hp) + gas turbine (16,000 hp)

1940’s: 7500 hp Steam locomotive 45 mph (Lima

Locomotive works)

Climax of evolution for piston steam engine

Triple-Expansion-Superheated Steam Engine

separation in high, medium and low

pressure expansion

Today : superseded by steam turbine

Technisches Museum Wien

11Vorlesung WKA

Evolution of steam turbines

first turbine: lock Heron’s ball

1883: principle of turbines published by Gustav de Laval

(impulse or constant pressure and reaction turbine)

1884: acquisition of patents by C.A. Parson, development of

multistage turbines

1894: launching Turbinia, speed record: 34,5 kn (63 km/h),

960 hp

Alfred John West: Turbinia

T. Bohn, Grundlagen der Energie und

Kraftwerkstechnik

12Vorlesung WKA

Evolution of steam boiler

at the beginning: wagon type boiler pmax:

1,5 bar at 110°C

by 1804: cylindrical fire tube boiler: all

shell boiler

from 1885: angular water tube boiler,

saturated steam 10bar,

180°C

1895: Boiler with superheated steam by

W. Schmidt 16bar, 450°C

followed by: once-trough steam boiler by

Mark Benson

13Vorlesung WKA

T. Bohn, Grundlagen der Energie und

Kraftwerkstechnik

1770 1769 patent application by James Watt

copper kettle 1,5bar/110°C

1800 1801 steam automobile by R. Trevithick

1803 water tube boiler by Stevens

1811 Flame tube boiler by R. Trevithick (Cornwall-boiler) 8bar/170°C

1826 High pressure piston steam engine, R. Trevithick

1832 Superheated steam boiler , R. Trevithick

1847 E. Albans: dual chamber boiler, angular water tubes

1860 G.A. Hirn: Superheater with 253°C/6bar

1885 Pearl Street Power Station in New York

1895 W. Schmidt: superheated steam 350°C

1900 1901 Introduction of superheating and water preheating (Economiser) to

power plants

1911 W. Schmidt: 450°C/60bar

1918 First pulverised coal furnace in USA, Benson

1927 Benson steam boiler, 180bar, 30t/h

1938 electrostatic precipitator (soot)

by 1950 Once-trough steam boilers benson or sulzer type

Today up to 2500 t/h at 270bar, 600°C, efficiency: 44%, 1000MWel

14Vorlesung WKA

Evolution of steam power plant

Milestones

1912: First solar thermal power plant in Meadi/Egypt: 45 kW

1954: First civil nuclear power plant in Obninsk (USSR): 5 MWel

1984: First commercially-driven parabolic through solar thermal power plant with

354 MW (SEGS, Majave Desert)

2013: Shams solar power station with 100 MW (Abu Dhabi)

http://www.csp-world.com/cspworldmap/shams-1

15Vorlesung WKA

Evolution of steam power plant

Milestones

1912: First solar thermal power plant in Meadi/Egypt: 45 kW

1954: First civil nuclear power plant in Obninsk (USSR): 5 MWel

1984: First commercially-driven parabolic through solar thermal power plant with

354 MW (SEGS, Majave Desert)

2013: Shams solar power station with 100 MW (Abu Dhabi)

http://www.csp-world.com/cspworldmap/shams-1

16Vorlesung WKA

Carnot cycle – Fully reversible cycle

• Heat exchange at fixed temperature

• All reversible processes

By definition of temperature scale

• The most efficient cycle to convert heat into work between two given temperature.

• Efficiency only depends on Th and Tc

The ideal thermal power plant

𝑄ℎ𝑄𝑐=𝑇ℎ𝑇𝑐

η =𝑊

𝑄ℎ= 1 −

𝑇𝑐𝑇ℎ

17Vorlesung WKA

The steam power plant

• Working fluid is

water/steam

• Ideal gas law does

not apply

• Truly closed cycle – the

water/steam in closed

circuit

• Heat addition from

variety of sources, e.g.

• Burning coal or

biomass particles

• Nuclear reactions

• Waste Heat

• Turbine transfers shaft

work to alternator

(generator).

Basic steam plant elements

18Vorlesung WKA

Why not a Carnot cycle ?

-> Carnot Cycle has maximum

efficiency

• Evaporation and

Condensation : Constant

temperature heat rejection

• Why can’t we use a Carnot

Cycle.

1. Stopping condensation

at state 1 where s is

precisely s2 (=s’(Th)).

2. Compressing

liquid/vapour is

difficult

• Condensation to

saturation liquid is needed

– Clausius Rankine Cycle hth =1-

TH

TC

19Vorlesung WKA

Rankine cycle

• Rudolf Clausius (1822 – 1888)

• William Rankine (1820 – 1878)

Four processes :

• 1 – 2 : Isentropic compression

– Pump

• 2 – 3 : Constant pressure (and

temperature) heat addition –

Boiler

• 3 – 4 : Isentropic expansion –

Turbine

• 4 – 1 : Constant pressure (and

temperature) heat rejection –

Condenser

20Vorlesung WKA

Droplets in state 4 lead to blade damage

Superheating increases x4

Basic Clausius-Rankine cycle Clausius-Rankine cycle with superheat

20

Rankine cycle with superheat

21Vorlesung WKA

Cycle Efficiency

Calculate cycle efficiency

21

22Vorlesung WKA

Cycle efficiency – Summary :

hth =W12 +W34

Q23

=

h2 - h1 + h4 +c4

2

2- h3

h3 - h2

=h1 + h3 - h2 - h4 -

c4

2

2h3 - h2

hth »h3 - h4

h3 - h2

If we neglect pump work and kinetic energy

22

23Vorlesung WKA

Pump work