#1 L’anse Aux Meadows (not in book)• Year: 11th century• First European settlement in North American. (Located on the coast of

Newfoundland) • Settled on by a group of Vikings from Iceland called Norsemen.• Represents a new age of European exploration in the world. • Consists of eight wooden framed grass covered buildings similar to Viking

buildings of the time period. • Discovered and excavated in the 1960’s.

http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fichier:L_Anse_aux_Meadows.jpg

#2 Norsemen (not in book)

• Years: 9th- 11th century• Group of Vikings that founded L’anse Aux Meadows in

Newfoundland.• Norsemen is the name given to the Scandinavian Vikings.• Norsemen settled on the coast of Europe, in Iceland, and

in Newfoundland.• Groups of Norsemen would raid European settlements in France, and England during 9th and 10th century. • Advanced technology in sailing and travel. • Unbeknownst to many, these were the first European

explorers to reach the New World

www.worldhistoryplus.com/worldhistorypictures/1CE-999 9.html

#3 John Rolfe (page 30-31)

• Year: 1585-1622• One of first people to settle in Jamestown colony. Lived in Jamestown during the

starving time.• Created a type of tobacco that grew well in North America.• Married Pocahontas and created a time of peace between the settlers and the Native Americans.• Died during an Indian raid on Jamestown in 1622.

http://pursuingindependence1776.blogspot.com/2012/07/john-rolfes-legacy.html

#4 John Smith (page 29)

• Year: 1579-1631• He helped govern the colony of Jamestown.• Was captured by the Powhatan tribe and almost killed before being saved by Pocahontas.• Led the people of Jamestown through the starving time.• Legs were badly injured in a black powder explosion, whichcaused him to return to England.• Could not return to American and died in London in 1631.

http://www.shmoop.com/jamestown/photo-john-smith.html

#5 Mayflower Compact (page 36)

• Year: November 1620• Formed laws and a government within the new colony.• Signed by all “household leaders” of the colonists (41 total). • Written because other colonies failed due to lack of government/authority. • Governed the colony until 1691. • Written by Pilgrims when they landed in Plymouth.

http://rerii6.blog.com/2011/10/26/mayflower-compact-facts/

#6 Puritans (page 22)

• Year: settled in American in 1630• Wanted to reform the English church.• Settled in America and established the Massachusetts Bay Colony after being

persecuted by the English church.• Settled in new England region and established Boston.• Were strict Calvinists and believed in predestination.• Lead/ governed by John Winthrop.

https://www.superstock.com/stock-photos-images/1443-572

http://www.ushistoryscene.com/uncategorized/puritanspilgrims/

#7 Bacon’s Rebellion (page 34)

• Year: 1676• A rebellion in Virginia over shortage of land in the

expanding western frontier. • Farmers wanted Native American land to grow tobacco.• Nathaniel Bacon and a group of poor farmers attacked

Native American tribes. • Governor William Berkeley raised forces to put downthe rebellion, but a small civil war followed. • Rebellion came to quick end with Bacon’s death. • Showed the growing divide between the wealthy and

poor classes.

http://www.virginiaplaces.org/military/baconsrebellion.html

#8 Roger Williams (page 38)

• Year: 1603-1683• Forced to leave the Massachusetts Bay Colony.• Thought government should not have connections with Church.• Established the city of Providence with land bought from Native Americans.• City grew and became the capital of the Rhode Island colony.• The colony accepted all religious beliefs.• Led Providence’s militia in the King Philips War.

http://eslnotepad.blogspot.com/2010/07/how-search-for-religious-freedom-led-to.html

#9 Anne Hutchinson (page 38)

• Year: 1591-1643 • Banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony and excommunicatedfrom the Boston Church • Thought that clergy were not among the “elect”.(Antinomian heresy)• Made open attacks against the clergy of Massachusetts. • Moved to Narragansett Bay with her family and followers.• Later moved to New York and died in an Indian uprising.

http://www.nwhm.org/educationresources/biography/biographies/anne-marbury-hutchinson/

#10 King Phillip's War (page 40)

• Year: 1675-1676• Battle between English settlers and the Wampanoag tribe.• War led by Metacomet (referred as King Phillip by English)

killed thousands in raids against Massachusetts’ towns.• Metacomet killed by the Mohawk tribe in 1676.• After his death settlers quickly over powered the weakened Native American alliance.• Many lives lost because of the new technologies usedin war.

This was the first major conflict between the Natives and English settlers.

https://historymartinez.wordpress.com/2013/08/07/king-philips-war-powerpoint/

#11 William Penn/ Quakers (Page 45) • Year: Pennsylvania founded in 1681• Charles the Second settled a debt with William Penn by granting him land.• The land is used to create a Quaker colony in America called Pennsylvania.• William Penn went to Pennsylvania in 1682 to oversee the colony. • The Quakers were unpopular in England because they are pacifists.• Looked for land in America as an asylum from the English.

http://www.rightwords.eu/authors/biography/william-penn

#12 Benign Neglect (term not in book) • Year: Formation of colonies until Navigation Acts (1660’s)• A period of time when colonies were free to govern

themselves with little inputfrom parliament or the king of England.• Ended when parliament put restrictions on trade with theNavigation Acts of 1660’s.• Led to anger between colonies and England becauseParliament began to take freedoms away from the people.

Because of Benign Neglect, colonists became used to being afforded freedoms, further frustrating them when England tried to reinforce control over them.

http://community.weber.edu/weberreads/salutary_or_benign_neglect.htm

#13 Navigation Acts (page 54)

• Year: 1660, 1663, 1673• Closed all colonial trade from nations other than England.• Required the colonies to export goods only to England.• All goods sent to the colonies from Europe must be taxed in England.• Taxed all trade between the colonies.• Appointed officials to collect taxes and enforce theNavigation Acts.• Angered the colonist because they were beingtaxed without representation in England.

http://mrvanduyne.com/revcauses/tightgrip02.htm

14. Glorious Revolution (pg 55-56)• Date: 1688

• King James II was very unpopular at this time in England and the American colonies for trying to control Parliament and appointing Catholics to high office in government.

• Parliament offered King James II’s daughter, Mary, and her husband William of Orange, ruler of Netherlands, the throne. James II did not resist and fled

• The overthrow of James II was called the Glorious Revolution and gave power back to the Protestants in government. It also established America as part of the British Empire more than ever.

http://www.landofthebrave.info/glorious-revolution.htm

Triangular Trade- ID #15

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The Triangular Trade was a trade route between Europe, Africa, and the Americas. A variety of goods were traded between the many countries involved. Africa exported slaves to the Americas. This caused a growth of plantations throughout the Americas and a increase in crops such as: Tobacco, Indigo, Cotton, and Sugar cane. The Triangular trade routes did not only transport goods, but it Transported disease, culture, and ideas. Many diseases were brought from Europe and introduced in the Americas. One problem with the trade routes were that there was no common currency. The trade routes began during early exploration and continue between countries today. Refer to pages 72-73 in the textbook for more information.

Consumerism- ID #16

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Consumerism is the growth use and purchase of material goods. Growing commercialism of these goods caused a increase in their consumption. As classes became more divided in the colonies, upper class members began to show off their wealth. This was one reason for its increase. The rise in consumerism was a sign on the industrial revolution. People began to make goods cheaper and in larger quantities to accommodate the command. In the eighteenth century people sought to become more gentlemanly or ladylike. Refer to pages 74 for more information.

Salem Witch Craft Trials- ID #17

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Tensions building in Puritan colonies caused events such as the Salem Witch Trials in 1680s and 1690’s. Young woman were being accused of voodoo witch craft. Hundreds of people were accused and many put to death. People began to accuse disliked, vulnerable people in the community. Radical Puritans accused people that began to turn away from the Church. People at this time did not use reason, but thought by God alone. The Trials finally ended in 1692. Many accusers recanted and admitted their stories had been fabricated. Trials like this happened all over the colonies. These Trials cause people to think with reason rather then by God alone. Refer to pages 77-79 fro more information.

Great Awakening- ID #18

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The Great awakening was a religious movement in the colonies between 1730-1740. Colonists everywhere began to believe that religious piety was on a decline. Woman and second children that would inherit less land became interested in Great Awakening ideas because Heaven and God gave them something better to live for. The Great Awakening called to break away from constraints and start anew with their relationship with God. The Awakening brought a divide between the New Light (revivalists) and Old Light (traditionalists). Some important Great Awakening leaders are Jonathan Edwards, George Whitefield, and the Wesley brothers. Jonathan Edwards spoke of traditional Puritan ides like predestination, salvation by Gods grace alone, an absolute sovereignty of God. This movement along with others began to give America a identity. Refer to pages 82-83 fro more information.

Jonathan Edwards- ID #19

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Jonathan Edwards was the primary leader of the Great Awakening. Edwards was an Old Light traditionalists that preached traditional Puritan ideas. Edwards believed in predestination, absolute sovereignty of god, and salvation by God alone. Predestination is the idea the your fait after death is pre-decided by God when you are born. Salvation by God alone is an idea that means that your salvation can only be found by following God and living a good life because your fait is in His hands. Absolute sovereignty of God is the idea that God is all powerful. The Great Awakening movement peaked in the 1740’s. Refer to pages 82-83 for more information.

Enlightenment- ID #20

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Unlike the Great Awakening, the Enlightenment was a intellectual movement. The movement influenced rational thought and human reason. The Enlightenment was sparked by great scientific and intellectual discoveries in the early 17th century. Early Enlightenment thinkers came from Europe such as John Locke and Francis Bacon. Later Americans such as Thomas Paine, Ben Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, and James Maddison. Ideas from these men increased societies interest in education and politics rather then religion. The movement brought a increase in schools in the colonies. Due to the movement in 1647 Massachusetts required a school in every town. Refer to pages 83-85 for more information.

French and Indian War- ID #21

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The French and Indian War began because of British expansion onto French territory in the Ohio River Valley due to trade agreements. The French felt threatened by this expansion. The French began to build forts in the valley to secure the area. The English tried to stop the French movement with a unsuccessful attempt at Fort Necessity in 1754. Native tribes were forced to choose sides do to trade agreements. William Pitt, the English secretary of State convinced parliament that winning the war was the most important. Pitt took control of the army and forced the colonists to join fight. The war in the colonies ended September 13, 1759 due to the fall of Quebec. The war officially ended in 1763 with the Peace of Paris. The war caused colonists to resent growing imperial power and begin the revolution. Refer to pages 94-97 for more information.

Fort Necessity- ID #22

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French felt threatened by English trading relations with the Natives in the Ohio River Valley. This caused them to build Forts such as Fort Duquesne. In 1754 the governor of Virginia sent a militia force to the Ohio River valley to build a small fort called Fort Necessity. This was built to stop French Expansion. The Virginian militia staged a unsuccessful attack on the French Fort. The French staged an counter attack that caused the death of half of the militia, and forced Washington to surrender. This began the French and Indian War. Refer to pages 94-97 for more information.

William Pitt- ID #23

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William Pitt was the British Secretary of state during the French and Indian War. Pitt convince Britain that winning the war was the most important. In 1757 Pitt brought the war fully under British control for the first time. Pitt himself planned strategy, appointed commanders, and issued orders to colonists. His contributions led to the success of the English in the War. Fort Duquesne later became Pittsburg because of Pitts contributions. Pitt continued to have imperial control on the colonies, which later led to the American Revolution. Refer to pages 94, 98, and 102 for more Information.

George Greenville-ID #24

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George Greenville was made prime minister in the colonies in 1763. Greenville believed that the colonies should obey the laws and pay a part of the cost of defending and administering the empire. Greenville continued to gain authority in the colonies by issuing acts such as: The Mutiny Act of 1765, Sugar Act of 1764, the Currency Act of 1764, and the Stamp Act of 1765. These laws began to anger the colonists, and revolution began to be in sight. The Greenville laws allowed colonists to overcome internal conflicts and come together as one to fight against the English imperial threat. Refer to pages 98,100-101 for more information.

25. Battle of Quebec (pg 95)

http://www.britishbattles.com/battle-of-quebec.htm

Date: September 13, 1759British General: WolfeFrench General: Marquis de Montcalm

• End of the French and Indian War

• During the siege of Quebec, General Wolfe of the British army led his troops up a hidden ravine under darkness and surprised the larger army of the French, under Marquis de Montcalm

• The British defeated them in the battle, and this was the beginning of the end of the war

26. Proclamation of 1763 (pg 100)

https://www.haikudeck.com/proclamation-of-1763-education-presentation-ttVP5W7Rs8

Date: 1763• After the defeat of the French in the French and Indian War, colonists started

moving over the mountains and into Native American territory in the Ohio Valley.

• An alliance of tribes under Chief Pontiac, struck back• The British were afraid that the fighting would affect Western trade, and issued

the Proclamation of 1763• This proclamation stated that the colonists within the British colonies of

America were restricted from moving past the Appalachians • The purpose of this was to quell the dissension between the colonists and the

Native Americans west of the mountains • This angered the colonists because they felt that they had the right to make

their own decisions and take their own risks, and not have to abide by what Parliament tells them from across the Atlantic

27. Pontiac’s War

• Date: 1763• This was the fighting that ensued after the French and Indian War was

over. The French and Indians had lost, so white colonists immediately started expanding west into the Ohio River Valley. Parliament was afraid that the fighting would affect western trade so they passed the Proclamation of 1763, forbidding expansion past the Appalachian Mountains. The Indians viewed this as the best thing that could have happened and hoped it would finally end westward expansion.• Page 100

28. Treaty of Paris

• Date: February 10, 1763• The Treaty of Paris was the treaty signed between Great Britain and

France that ended the Seven Years War. The treaty was signed by both countries who were both looking to ending the war. This treaty was a huge blow to France who lost almost all of their territory in the New World. Spain, who sided with Great Britain, received much of France’s lost land west of the Mississippi, but lost possession of Florida in order to retain control of Cuba. The British citizens mostly disapproved of the treaty while the colonists praised it for bringing a new large amount of land.

29. Sugar Act

• Date: 1764• This act passed by the British parliament caused there to be a tax on

all sugar and molasses transported or imported into the colonies. This act didn’t affect all of the people in the colonies because not everyone transported sugar. It mainly affected the traders along the coast. However, it was an act that all colonists felt was unfair and helped to start the resistance against Britain.• Page 100

30. Stamp Act

• Date: 1765• This was the act passed by the British that imposed a tax on all

printed documents in the colonies in order to pay off the costs of the Seven Years War. This was different from the Sugar Act because it didn’t only affect the traders in the ports, it affected everyone. This act was strongly resented and repealed in 1766 because of the resentment of the colonists and the negative effect on trade.• Page 100

31. Townshend Acts

• Date: 1767• This was the group of acts passed after most of the earlier acts were

repealed. In this act, there was a tax on lead, paint, paper, and tea. Townshend also suspended the New York Assembly. Townshend also placed a commission in Boston which virtually ended smuggling, even though there still was small-scale smuggling occurring. All colonies resented the suspension of the New York Assembly and called it a threat to all state legislatures.• Page 102

32. Boston Massacre

• March 5, 1770• This was the incident that happened in Boston when a group of

civilians were throwing rocks and snowballs at a group of British soldiers stationed at a customs house. There was a scuffle and someone said, “Fire!”, but to this day we don’t know who said it. The British soldiers killed 5 civilians when they fired into the crowd. The soldiers were put on trial and defended by John Adams. They were only found guilty of manslaughter with token punishment.• This further enflamed anti-British sentiment throughout the colonies• Page 103

33. Boston Tea Party

• Date: December 16, 1773• On this day, 50 men dressed as Mohawk Indians went onboard a

British vessel and dumped the crates of tea into the harbor in order to protest the new Tea Act imposed by parliament. This event was in the middle of the day, and there was a crowd watching. This event helped the resistance movement , especially after parliament closed the port of Boston. Boston was then seen as the “martyr” of the colonies.• Britain passed the “intolerable” acts to punish the colonists for this

event• Page 108

34. Intolerable Acts

• Date: 1774• The Intolerable Acts, or “Coercive Acts”, were acts placed on Boston

after the series of resistance in the previous years. In these acts, they closed the port of Boston, drastically reduced the government’s power in Massachusetts, and then they made the colonists quarter the troops. These acts backfired on the British and made Boston the “martyr” of the colonies. The other colonies boycotted British goods in support of Boston.• Page 108

35. First Continental Congress(pg.110-111)

Washington meets with the 1st Continental Congress

• Established in 1774• Made 5 Major Decisions

• Rejected a plan for a colonial union under British authority• Endorsed a relatively moderate statement of grievances

• Addressed King as “Most Gracious Sovereign”• Also demanded repeal for oppressive legislation

• Recommended military preparation for defense against attack from British troops in Boston

• Agreed to a series of boycotts to stop all trade with Britain • Formed a “Continental Association” to see agreements

enforced• Lastly, delegates agreed to meet again the following spring.• This meeting sent out a feeling of Union to prepare for war

with Britain for liberty

36. Committees of Correspondence

• Date: 1772• This was the idea created by Sam Adams to publicize the grievances

against Britain. Other colonies followed Massachusetts’ lead and created their own committees of correspondence. Now there was a loose intercolonial network of political organizations to keep the resistance movement alive.• Page 104

37. Lexington and Concord(pg. 111-112)

Concord Bridge

• First Battle of the Revolutionary War• Began April 18th, 1775• Many farmers and townspeople in Massachusetts had

stockpiled arms and ammunition• Also prepared “Minutemen” who were ready to fight

British troops in a minute’s notice• Gen. Thomas Gage was ordered to arrest Sam Adams

and John Hancock in Lexington• Gage tries to seize gunpowder in Concord

• Colonials fight back• 18 Casualties

• “Shots heard ‘round the world” had been fired• Marked the start of the War for Independence

38. Second Continental Congress(pg. 115-116)

Meeting of the Second Continental Congress

• Met in Philadelphia in the Summer of 1775• Three weeks after Lexington and Concord• Delegates from all colonies but Georgia which had

no representative • Agreed to support the war effort, but disagreed about

its purpose• Opinions on the outcome of the war were split, Patriots

and Loyalists• Moderates wanted quick reconciliation with Great

Britain• Most Americans believed they were fighting for

independence but for a redress of grievances within the British Empire

39. Olive Branch Petition(Found in Notes PowerPoint)

Olive Branch Petition

• Presented to Britain July 8th, 1775• Moderates who wanted reconciliation with Britain• Stated the colonies were not angry with the King• Instead, they stated the anger was for the Parliament • The Petition asked for Representation in Parliament• It was Denied and resulted in a blockade in the colonies

40. Thomas Paine(pg. 116)

Thomas Paine

• Author of Common Sense pamphlet• Based on Human Rights• Common Sense is 47 pages• Attacks the King and Parliament

• Wanted the Americans to break away from the political system that could inflict brutality on its own people.

• Helped build support for the idea of independence in the early months of 1776

41. Declaration of Independence(pg. 116-117)

Declaration of Independence

• Continental Congress appointed a committee to draft a formal document, declaring independence on July 2nd, 1776

• Two days later, on the 4th, Congress approved the Declaration

• Written by Thomas Jefferson• Based on the ideas of “Natural Rights”• Launched a period of energetic political innovation• Colonies now referred to as states• Called for revolution

42. Thomas Jefferson(pg. 116)

Thomas Jefferson

• Virginian , who at the age of thirty-three wrote most of the Declaration of Independence, with the help of Benjamin Franklin and John Adams, July 2nd 1775

• Jefferson borrowed heavily from other declarations drafted from meetings and organizations such as the Sons of Liberty

• Theory of government is to protect “Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness”

• Listed the crimes of the king who violated the contract with colonists and thus forfeited the claim to their loyalty

43. George Washington(pg.117-118, 120-121)

George Washington

• Commander in Chief of the Continental army• Strong leader born in Virginia• Following his military success, he took the role of the

president of the United States• Inaugurated in NY on April 30th, 1789• Chosen to be president by the constitutional

convention• General in the French and Indian War and

Revolutionary War• Set term precedent as president

44. Bunker Hill(pg. 119)

Battle of Bunker Hill

• June 17th, 1775• One of the first battle of the Rev. War• 2,400 Red Coats• Great Britain lost over one thousand men• The Continental Army only retreated due to

depletion of ammunition• Moral victory for the United States Army that

they could compete and hold off the strongest army in the world

45. Trenton and Princeton

• British settle for winter in NJ, Hessian outpost placed at Trenton• George Washington crosses Delaware River, surprises

Hessians, and occupies Trenton (December 25, 1776)• Washington Continues to Princeton, drives British

out• Washington unable to hold both locations for long,

eventually fled• Despite eventual loss, small victories proved

colonists’ potential and boosted their confidence• Page 120

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Princeton#mediaviewer/File:Princetonwashington.jpg

46. British Revolutionary War Strategy

• Britain’s vast material advantages led them to believe victory would come quickly. (1775-1776)• When Americans become a true

threat, focus turns to capturing American capital: Philadelphia• Britain planned (1777) to divide the

US into two parts• As a last effort, British try to enlist

American Loyalists (1778-1781)• Pages 119-120, 123

http://heffalumpsandwinniethepooh.blogspot.com/2010/11/britains-strategy-fail.html

47. Valley Forge

• Winter 1777-1778• Colonial army settles at Valley Forge for

winter to wait until fighting resumes• Extremely harsh winter, few supplies, little

shelter• Thousands of soldiers died• After surviving this winter, the soldiers

morale was very high and they were confident in their war effort moving forward• Page 121

www.bravodigs.org/valleyforge.html

48. Saratoga

• Howe abandons Burgoyne in North to seize Philadelphia• Burgoyne moves into Vermont, sends men to seek

supplies• These men attacked by New England militiamen,

Burgoyne and men are stranded with limited resources. They withdraw to Saratoga• Horatio Gates surrounds them, Burgoyne

surrenders (October 17, 1777)• Proved to France that American effort was worth

supporting• Page 121 http://www.andythomas.com/battle-of-saratoga---revolutionary-w

ar.aspx

49. French/American Alliance

• Colonists realize the best candidate for an alliance is France, which would gain from Britain’s loss• Benjamin Franklin travels to Paris to seek

diplomatic recognition for American colonies• Patriot victory at battle of Saratoga proves

that their cause stood a chance• France grants diplomatic recognition to

colonies in hopes of securing British defeat (February 6, 1778)• Pages 122-123

http://theworldoftheamericanrevolution.blogspot.com/2011/04/french-alliance-with-colonies.html

50. Lord Cornwallis

• 1738-1805• British commander in southern New

England during American Revolution• Finds early victories• Defeated at Battle of Yorktown (51)• His defeat lowered British confidence in

a sure victory over colonists• British Citizens begin to call for an end

to the war• Pages 124-125 http://etc.usf.edu/clipart/12600/12681/lord-corn_12681_lg.gif

51. Battle of Yorktown

• October 1781• Cornwallis moves South to Yorktown in order

to maintain defensive position• French and American armies, led by

Washington and the Count de Rochambeau, catch up to Cornwallis• Cornwallis quickly surrenders after little

resistance (October 17, 1781)• Defeat leads to decrease in British confidence

in victory. This essentially gave the colonists victory over the British.• Page 125

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown#mediaviewer/File:Surrender_of_Lord_Cornwallis.jpg

52. Benjamin Franklin

• 1706-1790• American diplomat• Travelled to France to secure alliance,

eventually succeeds (49)• Helps maintain peace between Britain

and France after disagreement over Gibraltar, maintaining French Alliance (September 3, 1783)• Pages 122-123, 125

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/Franklin-Benjamin-LOC.jpg

53. Articles of Confederation

• 1781-1789• Central government comprised of Congress• Focused on maintaining weak central power

and strong state power• Ultimately failed due to many shortcomings

• No common currency• Unable to collect taxes• Weak army and navy

• Was proven insufficient by Shays’ Rebellion• Page 134

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation

54. Land Ordinance of 1785

• System created by Congress to survey and sell western land (1785)• Divided territory North of Ohio River

into rectangular townships, each divided into 36 sections• Four sections per township reserved for

use/sale by government• Eliminated uncertainty of property

ownership• Profit from government sections went

towards public services• Page 135

http://www.maps.com/ref_map.aspx?pid=11366

55. Northwest Ordinance (p.137)

• http://www.mikalac.com/map/map2.html

• In 1787 Congress passed a piece of legislation that created a single Northwest Territory out of the northern lands of Ohio. This was the Northwest Ordinance.

• The Northwest Territory guaranteed freedom of religion, the right to trail by jury, and most importantly prohibited slavery.

56. Shays’ Rebellion (p.139)

• http://shaysrebellion.stcc.edu/shaysapp/person.do?shortName=daniel_shays

• Shays’ rebellion done by former veterans of the revolutionary war who did not receive compensation after the war to help sustain a life following the war.

• Shays demanded paper money, tax relief, and the abolition of imprisonment for debt. He raised armies to fight for what he had demanded.

• Shays rebellion was squashed quickly by Thomas Jefferson in January of 1787. Jefferson showed the great power and little tolerance the federal government had towards rebellions like Shays.

• This rebellion forced the federal government to produce a new national constitution which would specifically outline the abilities of the federal government of the United States.

57. Alexander Hamilton (p.142)

• http://www.biography.com/people/alexander-hamilton-9326481

• Alexander was a major political figure during the debate over the Constitution. Hamilton was a federalists who helped write the federalists papers. He was also the Secretary of Treasury under President Washington from 1789-1795.

• Hamilton used his position as Secretary of Treasury to create the National Bank of the United States.

• Hamilton called for a national convention to replace the Articles of Confederation in 1786. This was called the Annapolis Convention because it was held in Annapolis, Maryland. The convention passed Hamilton’s proposal to hold a convention of special delegates from all states to meet in Philadelphia, PA known as the Constitutional Convention in 1787. This was where the debate over the Virginia Plan and New Jersey Plan occurred.

58. James Madison (p.143-144)

• http://politicsstudio.wikifoundry.com/page/James+Madison+Raps

• James Madison was a congressman from Virginia. During the Constitutional Convention in 1787, he proposed the Virginia Plan. The plan favored states with larger populations, because voting was determined by the total population. States with larger populations received more votes. The plan also called for a bicameral house where the lower house consisted of congressman from each state based on population, and the members of the upper house would be voted in by the members of the lower house.

• James Madison’s plan would be a major part of the Great Compromise Roger Sherman would make combining the Virginia plan and the New Jersey plan. In order to create the new constitution.

59. VA/NJ Plan (p.144-145)

• http://constcon2010.wikispaces.com/p5.10+Virginia+Plan+Page

• https://constcon2010.wikispaces.com/p3.10+New+Jersey+Plan+Page

The Virginia plan was proposed by James Madison in 1787 at the Constitutional Convention. He was from Virginia which is where the plan got its name. The plan was proposed in order to replace the previous constitution, the Articles of Confederation. This plan called for a bicameral house. The lower house consisted of representatives proportionate to the population of each state. For instance, the picture to the right depicts Virginia and New Jersey. Since Virginia had a larger population, they received more representation, and since New Jersey has a smaller population it received less representation in the lower house. The members of the upper house were elected by the members of the lower house. This posed a problem because the smaller states may not receive fair representation because those states have less members that were able to vote compared to the larger states. This plan was important when it came to Roger Sherman making the great compromise between this plan and the New Jersey Plan.

The New Jersey plan was proposed by William Patterson in 1787 at the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. This plan called for a one-house legislature in which all states had equal representation. The plan gave Congress more power to tax and regulate commerce. This plan stirred debate within congress and it forced Roger Sherman, the great compromiser, to make the great compromise combining parts of the Virginia plan with parts of the New Jersey plan giving the United States a new constitution.

60. Checks and Balances (p.146)

• http://www.socialstudieshelp.com/lesson_13_notes.htm

Checks and Balances was apart of the Constitution of 1787. It was a system that ensured no tyrant may rule the United States of America or not one branch could gain more power than the other two. This system gave each branch a check on another. For instance, the legislative branch has the ability to pass laws, but a check on that branch from the judicial branch is declaring that law unconstitutional making it null and void. Another is the check on the legislative branch, this time from the executive branch, is the President can veto any piece of congressional legislation. This system was important and very successful in keeping an equal balance of power in the United States Government.

61. Bill of Rights (p.150)

• http://brianvanyo.com/our-bill-of-rights-limiting-federal-power/

The Anti-Federalists were against the ratification of the new constitution, because they felt it gave the federal government too much power. They believed in power residing with the states. This was why the Bill of Rights was added to the new constitution, created by Roger Sherman, that was ratified. The Bill of Rights was made up of the first ten amendments. It was created because the Anti-Federalists wanted a list of rights written down ensuring individuals basic rights that the government was not able to take away. This bill helped the United States move forward by agreeing upon a new and more useful constitution. This was one of the many important compromises that will be made in the government of the United States. It was finally added to the constitution in 1789 along with two other amendments.

62. National Bank Debate (p.151-153)

• http://www.conservapedia.com/First_Party_System

The National Bank Debate was a debate over the grey areas of responsibility in the government. As Secretary of Treasury, Alexander Hamilton believed he had the ability to create a national bank that would help make the government money, so it could spend it on necessary purchases. An example would be a purchase during the time of war on ammunition. The National Bank would have two types of taxes creating revenue for the government. The first was a tax on alcoholic beverages like whiskey. Another was a tariff on imports. It would also buy up all of the states’ debt from war creating a national debt and making the states in debt to the government. Hamilton’s Plan offered a new stable government. This idea caused debate. Congressman did not agree on creating national debt, because states with smaller debt would help pay for states with larger debt owed to the National Bank. Additionally, some were not sure if the federal government had the authority to create a National Bank. Naturally a compromise was made moving the nations capital to Washington D.C. and allowing the Hamilton to create a National Bank, which started operations in 1791.

63. Whiskey Rebellion (p.154)

• http://www.ttb.gov/public_info/whisky_rebellion.shtml

The Whiskey Rebellion was in 1794. It occurred because of the new tax on making whiskey. Farmers in western Pennsylvania refused to pay it and began terrorizing tax payers, as depicted to the right. News quickly reached Washington D.C., and George Washington immediately sent out an army to squash this rebellion. This showed the governments power and intolerance for rebellions like this. The people of the west now gave their loyalty to the Union by being accepted as states into the Union.

64. Jay’s and Pinckney’s Treaty (p.156)• Congress passed Jay’s Treaty in

1794. Jay’s Treaty was a treaty with Great Britain that attempted to secure compensation from Britain for the recent attacks on American shipping. Also, for the British to withdraw their forces from their posts on the frontier of the United States, and negotiate a commercial treaty with Britain. The Treaty overall failed; however, it did end conflict with Britain avoiding a possible war. Jay’s treaty paved the way for the United States to settle difficulties with Spain.

• In 1795 Thomas Pinckney signed Pinckney’s Treaty. This treaty gave the U.S. the right to transport goods down the Mississippi river and deposit goods in the Spanish port of New Orleans. Also, Spain agreed to fix the northern boundary of Florida moving it to the 31st parallel. This also prevented the Indians in Florida from launching raids north across the border. Pinckney’ s Treaty expanded the United States and its ability to trade through a major port in the south.

http://www.snipview.com/q/Jay%20Treaty

http://ztopics.com/Pinckney's%20Treaty/

65. The XYZ Affair

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XYZ_Affair

French and American relations were quickly deteriorating after the Americans lacked to pay off debt from the Revolutionary War. French vessels were capturing American ships. Adams sent negotiators to France in July of 1897 to help solve the conflict but Prince Talleyrand demanded loans for France but the Americans and Charles Pinckney declined. When President Adams heard of the incident, Congress deleted the names of the French officials and replaced them with X, Y, and Z. This would lead to an undeclared war with France from 1798-1799. (p. 157)

66. Alien and Sedition Acts

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien_and_Sedition_Acts

The Federalists took advantage of the conflict with France in 1798-1799 to silence the Republican party. They created the Alien Act in 1798 was used to place more obstacles among immigrants, it gave the president more power to deal with these kind of issues. The Sedition Act, also passed in 1798, gave the government the ability to prosecute those who enraged in sedition . There were very unspecified conditions on sedition, it allowed the government to win every case. (p.157-158)

67. Election of 1800

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1800

The Election of 1800 was between Federalist, John Adams and Republican, Thomas Jefferson. Both of the oppositions claimed that if the other president were nominated that it would bring tyranny and war of magnitude of the French Revolution. The Republicans intended that one elector wouldn’t vote for the vice president, Aaron Burr. The election came out as a 73-73 tie between vice president and president. The vote came down to the House of Representatives and Thomas Jefferson became president by defeating John Adams. This election shows the first peaceful transfer of power in the United States. (p. 159)

68. Judiciary Act of 1801

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Adams

In Adams’ last few months as president, he and the Federalists reduced the number of supreme court justices from 6 to 5. He did increase the number of federalist judges as a whole though and appointed Federalist, John Marshall to be chief justice of the supreme court. Even with all of this, the Republicans still viewed it as a victory because they saw it as saving the country from federalist tyranny. (p. 160)

69. Eli Whitney

http://www.biography.com/people/eli-whitney-9530201

As the Industrial Revolution hits America, many inventions arise. In 1793, American Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin. This machine quickly removes the seeds from short-staple cotton in a quickly manner. This further expanded and alowed slavery to grow because cotton could be purified quicker so the cotton industry grew tremendously. Within a few decades, the southern region of the United States was nicknamed “king cotton” because it was the location of the largest cotton industry in the world. (p. 169-172)

70. Marbury v. Madison

http://mrkash.com/activities/marbury.html

When Thomas Jefferson took office, the secretary of state, James Madison, refused to hand over the commission to William Marbury. Marbury tried to get the supreme court to direct Madison to his official duty but the supreme court claimed that Marbury had the right to his commission, but didn’t have the authority to make Madison deliver it. In 1803, the Supreme Court ruled that Congress had exceeded its powers then meaning that the Judiciary Act of 1789 was unconstitutional. This power of the SC to deem a law unconstitutional is known as judicial review. Chief justice, John Marshall was in favor of the federalists and this case made the judiciary branch as equal to the executive and legislative. (p. 178)

71. Louisiana Purchase

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/349302/Louisiana-Purchase

Thomas Jefferson sent negotiators Livingston and Monroe to make a deal with Napoleon fro the Louisiana territory. Faced with France’s huge war debt, Napoleon had to make the deal. On April 30, 1803, France sold the Louisiana Territory to the United Stats for $15 million and exclusive privileges in the port city of New Orleans. There was controversy over the deal because there was debate on whether or not it was constitutional to accept the deal. Nonetheless, the US purchased the territory and it is one of the greatest purchases of all time. (p. 179-180)

72. Lewis and Clark

http://www.ducksters.com/biography/explorers/lewis_and_clark.php

Jefferson appointed Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to explore the newly bought Louisiana Territory and try and find a route to the Pacific. They were both veterans of Indian wars and experienced frontiersmen. They left in the spring of 1804 from the Missouri River in St. Louis with 4 dozen men. Sacajawea helped them greatly on their journey by interpreting. They reached the Pacific Coast in 1805 and returned to St. Louis in 1806. (p. 180-181)

73. War of 1812

http://www.history.com/news/10-things-you-may-not-know-about-the-war-of-1812

America’s main cause for the war of 1812 was the impressment of US soldiers beginning in 1807. Because of this, Jefferson passed an embargo that didn’t allow any American ships to go to any foreign ports. Once Madison took office, he passed the Non-Intercourse Act in 1810 which allowed trade with all other countries except Great Britain and France. Madison and Congress declared war on Great Britain on June 18, 1812. The British invaded Washington D.C. in August of 1814 and burnt the city to the ground. They moved north to Baltimore where they were defeated in September of that same year. Andrew Jackson led American troops into New Orleans and defeated the British in January of 1815 but the Treaty of Ghent had already been signed which officially ended the war. (p. 184-191)

74. Battle of Baltimore

http://vaviper.blogspot.com/2014/09/200-years-ago-this-weekend-battle-of.html

The Battle of Baltimore was crucial battle in the war of 1812. Actually taking place in September of 1814, the British moved North after burning Washington D.C. to the ground. Fort McHenry successfully stops the British advance North and saves the country from disaster. Francis Scott Key was on board a British ship during the battle where he wrote “The Star-Spangled Banner.” (p. 189)

75. Battle of New Orleans

Click here.

• Page 189• January 8th, 1815• A large group of veteran British soldiers landed South of New Orleans and advanced north

up the Mississippi River, and were planning to attack American troops led by Andrew Jackson. The exposed British troops stood no chance against the protected Americans. After several waves of attack, the British retreated. 700 British were killed, 1,400 were wounded, and 500 were captured by Americans. Only 8 Americans died, and 13 were wounded. This battle gave Andrew Jackson his status as a war hero. The battle did not mean anything in the War of 1812 because the Treaty of Ghent had already been signed, but the news had not yet travelled down to Jackson and the others.

76. Andrew Jackson

Click here.

• Pages 210-211, 217-218• President from 1829-1837. He won the elections of 1828 and 1832.• Andrew Jackson was the “victim” of the Corrupt Bargain election in 1824. Immediately

after that election, he started to campaign for the election of 1828 by portraying himself as a “common man.” Jackson said that the government should offer equal protection and benefits to all white male citizens, and not show favoritism to one social class or region over another. He used the spoils system to get rid of the men he did not want in offices, and replaced them with his own supporters. This cemented the spoils system in politics. The nullification crisis occurred during Jackson’s presidency, and he called nullification treason. Jackson was the president who forced the Native Americans onto the Trail of Tears, a movement which he believed was necessary.

77. Treaty of Ghent

Click here.

• Pages 191-192• Signed on December 24th, 1814• The Treaty of Ghent ended the War of 1812. When negotiations began, both sides brought forth

huge demands, but the final treaty did not do much else besides ending the fighting. The Americans abandoned their demand for the British to pay back the U.S. for the impressment of American Naval officers and the demand for the British to cede Canada. The British abandoned the demand for an Indian buffer state in the Northwest, but made minor territorial concessions. Both sides accepted this treaty for reasons outside of the War of 1812. The British were exhausted and in debt from their war with Napoleon, and the Americans realized that the British would have no reason to continue to interfere with American commerce after the defeat of Napoleon in Europe.

78. Great Migration

• Pages 198-201

• 1800-1820

• This westward movement was an extremely important development in the 19th century for the white American population. There were several reasons for westward expansion at this time. Most Americans were still farmers, and the land in the East was packed and overused. The West was simply becoming more attractive to people in the East. Indians were also being pushed farther West, so more land was opening up for settlement. Fur trade and trapping also increased with this movement west. People who insisted to remain in the East continued to view the Midwest as a desert-like area that would be unfit for cultivation.

Click here.

79. Era of Good Feelings

Click here.

• Pages 201-204• 1814-1819• The Era of Good Feelings saw the end of the first party system because everyone came

together as “Americans” after the war of 1812. Nationalism began to rise because people were proud of their new and young nation. During this time, John Quincy Adams acted diplomatically to acquire Florida from Spain through the Adams-Onis Treaty. Monroe’s Goodwill Tour took place and he was reelected without opposition in 1820. This appeared to be the end of the Federalist Party. This Era of Good Feelings was ended by the Panic of 1819, which was started by new management in the national bank who began to tighten credit, call in loans, and foreclose mortgages. This Panic was followed by six years of depression.

80. Adams-Onis Treaty

• Page 204

• 1819

• Andrew Jackson and his troops were in Florida raiding and taking over Spanish forts in Florida. John Quincy Adams told the U.S. government to take responsibility for the claims instead of condemning them. This made it seem that America was considering taking Florida by force. Luis de Onis realized that it would be smarter if he negotiated a settlement with John Quincy Adams. In this treaty, Spain gave all of Florida to the United States and gave up its claim to the 42nd parallel in the Pacific Northwest. The United States, in return, ceded its claims to Texas, which would only last for a short amount of time.

More info

81. Missouri Compromise

Click here.

• Pages 205-206• 1820• Missouri applied for statehood in 1819, and, if accepted, it would throw off the balance of slave

states to free states. As a result, this caused a huge controversy. Maine also applied for statehood as a free state. Henry Clay informed Northerners that if they denied the acceptance of Missouri, then Southerners would deny the acceptance of Maine. The Senate realized that they could combine the applications of Maine and Missouri into one bill, in which Maine would be accepted as a free state and Missouri would be accepted as a slave state. This would keep the slave state to free state ratio balanced at 12. The southern boundary of Missouri was also set as the northernmost boundary of slavery. This bill helped to retain unity in the United States.

82. John Marshall

Click here.

• Pages 177-178, 206-208• Served as Chief Justice from 1801-1835• John Marshall helped form the development of the Constitution by strengthening the

Supreme Court, by increasing the power of the Federal government, and by advancing the interests of the propertied and commercial classes. Marshall ruled over many very important court decisions including Mculloh v. Maryland in 1819, Gibbons v. Ogden in 1824, and Worcester v. Georgia in 1832. Marshall was actually the man who forgot to deliver the commission to William Marbury, starting the Marbury v. Madison debate. Marshall also managed to make the Judicial Branch equal in power to the Executive and Legislative Branches.

83. Monroe Doctrine

Click here.

• Page 209• 1823• Although it was called the Monroe Doctrine, this policy was mainly written by John Quincy

Adams. This work declared that the American continents were not to be subject to future colonization by European powers. Any foreign challenge to the sovereignty of the American nations would be considered an unfriendly act. This was issued as a result of American fear that Spain’s European allies would help Spain to retake its lost empire in the Americas. Another fear was acquisition of Cuba by Great Britain. Monroe and Adams wanted Cuba to be controlled by the Spanish until the United States were able to take it. This doctrine had few immediate effects, but it expressed the growing spirit of American nationalism in the 1820s, and it established the idea of the United States as a world power.

84. Corrupt Bargain

• Page 210

• 1824

• The corrupt bargain took place in the election of 1824. In the election, Andrew Jackson won the most popular and electoral votes out of the candidates, but he did not win the majority of them. When this happens in an election, the vote goes to the House of Representatives. After the vote went to the House, one of the candidates, Henry Clay, withdrew, and told his supporters to vote for John Quincy Adams. With Clay’s help, John Quincy Adams won the election, and he named Henry Clay to Secretary of State. At this time, the Secretary of State was seen as the next in line for presidency, so Jackson and his followers were outraged because it seemed as if Adams and Clay were setting up a dynasty for the future.

Click here.

Tariff of Abominations #85 Pg. 211

http://alexmedianews.blogspot.com/2010/04/tariff-of-abominations-1828.html

• Northern industries being put out of business because of the competition from lower-costing foreign imports

• Tariff passed in 1828 by the John Q. Adams administration

• Tariff of 1828 was created to protect the Northern Industries from competition by taxing all of the low-costing products being imported

• Southerners are forced to buy Northern products as the Northern goods are now cheaper than the imported goods

• Cost of living for the South increases causing Adams to be hated by the Southerners, who called the bill “Tariff of Abominations”

• The “Tariff of Abominations” helps Andrew Jackson to win the 1828 presidential election and also to the Nullification Crisis

Date:1828

Election of 1828 #86 Pg. 211

http://www.sheltonstate.edu/Uploads/files/faculty/Chuck%20Boening/us%20history%20maps/Election%20of%201828.png

• Presidential election between John Q. Adams (National Republicans) and Andrew Jackson (Democratic Republicans).

• A re-match from the 1824 Presidential election (where John Q. Adams won over Andrew Jackson)

• The Presidential campaign of 1828 was a bitter one

• The Jacksonians (followers of Andrew Jackson) claimed that Adams had used government funds to buy gambling devices

• The followers of Adams called Jackson a murderer and made a “coffin handbill”, a list naming all of the men Jackson was accused of killing in the War of 1812

• However, Andrew Jackson won presidency in 1828 largely because of his image of being a “common folk”

Date:1828

Spoils System #87 Pg. 218

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoils_system

The “Spoils System” (or what Andrew Jackson like to call it, “Rotation in Office”) was a process used by Andrew Jackson that gave high-ranking government jobs to friends, family, and supporters. This caused many political jobs to be filled with people who were unqualified (such as his personal group of friends & advisers called his “Kitchen Cabinet”). Jackson strongly embraced the use of the spoils system even though he only removed 1/5th of the standing federal office holders. Nonetheless, his approval of the system created an everlasting precedent which allowed future presidents to use Jackson’s spoils system.

Date:1828-1836

Jackson’s Democratic Reforms #88 Pg. 214,224,226

http://izquotes.com/quote/92162

Jackson believed in eliminating the favored status of powerful elites and making opportunities more widely available especially for the common man. For that reason, he did many things to try to reduce the power of the federal government (but at the same time preserve the Union) and increase the opportunities for American citizens by…

• Expanding the electorate: Most of all white males able to vote

• Expanding land of the U.S: Gives farming opportunities for people

• Opposing the Bank of the U.S and creating his “pet banks” which expanded the opportunity for regular citizens to receive deposits

Date: 1828-1836

John C. Calhoun #89 Pg. 219-220

• Vice President under Andrew Jackson

• At first was a supporter of the tariff of 1828

• But then claimed that the tariff of 1828 was responsible for the stagnation of South Carolina’s economy

• Wrote the Theory of Nullification where if the federal government passed an unconstitutional law, then it could be nullified by the States

• Resigned from Vice President and ran as South Carolina’s Senator instead

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/John_C_Calhoun_by_Mathew_Brady,_March_1849-crop.jpg/220px-John_C_Calhoun_by_Mathew_Brady,_March_1849-crop.jpg

Date: 1812(War of 1812) -1836

Cult of Domesticity #90 Pg.258

• A view about women saying that…• They should only cook, clean, and keep a well kept

home.• They are under the absolute authority of their

husbands• They should not pursue the basic level of education

(meaning that lost of women were not accepted into colleges and universities)

• Effects of the “Cult of Domesticity”• Women experienced greater material comfort• Higher value of their “female virtues”• However, left many women detached from the

public worldhttp://wps.pearsoncustom.com/wps/media/objects/2428/2487068/images/Resources/imag54.jpg

Date: Late 1800’s

Nullification Crisis #91 Pg. 221

http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/nullification-crisis-of-1832-definition-summary-quiz.html#lesson

The Nullification crisis started when South Carolina had a state convention in 1832 which voted to nullify the tariffs of 1828-1832. Jackson appealed by saying nullification was treason and enacted the “Force Bill” which allowed the president to use the military to make sure that the acts of Congress were being obeyed. However, Henry Clay prevented the possibility of violence by introducing “Clay’s Compromise” which would allow the tariff to be gradually lowered to its normal level in 1842. Jackson signed both the Force Bill and the compromise on the same day causing South Carolina to repeal its demands for nullification on the tariffs, and to instead nullify the force bill.

Date:1832

Trail of Tears #92 Pg. 223

http://access.sd25.org/curriculum/NativeAmericans/images/TrailTearsmap.jpg

The Trail of Tears was the name given to the route where 1,000 Cherokees were forced to flee from their Native Lands into the Indian Reservations down in Oklahoma. The trip wasn’t an easy one as 1/4th of them died form starvation and fever. Andrew Jackson (along with the land hungry whites) was the main reason for the whole outing of the Indians. His motive for the action was simple: he absolutely despised the Indians and also, wanted more land. In this he was little different from most white Americans.

Date:1838

The “Monster Bank” #93 Pg. 226

http://chrisbrady.typepad.com/.a/6a00e54eedbee188340115711cbe7d970b-pi

The “Monster Bank” is the 2ND National Bank of the United States. During its period, Nicholas Biddle (who ran the Bank) didn’t give bank deposits to the common people which caused Andrew Jackson to despise Biddle and the bank. Also, Jackson was a supporter of the “hard-money” faction, believing that coins was the only safe currency and hated all banks that issued bank-notes (such as the National Bank). As a result, he hired Roger B. Taney who began to weaken the National Bank by taking all of the Federal deposits from it, and placing them into Jackson’s state/”pet banks”. However, Jackson completely crippled the National economy by destroying the “Monster Bank”

Date:1836

Emergence of the Whig Party #94 Pg. 228-229

• After Jackson’s tactics in destroying the Bank of the U.S and the Nullification Movement, opposition towards his authority began to arise

• Those who opposed Jackson called themselves the “Whigs” (named after the party in England who tried to limit the king’s power) and called the president “King Andrew I”

• The Whigs favored the expansion of federal power, industrial development, and commercial development

• The Whigs were favored among the wealthiest of merchants and manufactures of the Northeast, the wealthier planters of the south, and the rising farmers in the West

• However, the Whigs couldn’t agree on one candidate so they split the allegiance of the Whig Party between Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, and John C. Calhoun (Otherwise called the “Great Triumvirate”) who ran against Martin Van Buren in the 1836 Presidential Election

http://d.gr-assets.com/books/1388934061l/55784.jpg

Date:1836

95. Panic of 1837After the economic boom of 1836, state banks had to call in loans to transfer funds to the state governments. These state banks began to run out of money. Jackson feared that the banknotes being used to buy land weren’t backed up and established the “specie circular”. This meant any public land could only be purchased with money backed up by silver or gold. This caused for a financial panic during the beginning of Van Buren’s presidency. During this panic businesses failed, unemployment grew, bread riots occurred, prices fell, and railroad and canal projects failed. (Pages 229-230)

https://mstartzman.pbworks.com/w/page/31428050/Panic%20of%201837%20(fourth)

96. The Log Cabin CampaignThe presidential campaign of 1840 was the first to be reported on by the new and popular “penny press” which was a cheap newspaper that could be viewed by the ordinary voter. This meant the two candidates, William Henry Harrison for the Whigs and Van Buren for the Democrats, had to appeal to the common people. The Whigs did a very successful job in creating the image of a man who loves log cabins and hard cider for Harrison who was actually a man of wealth. (Pages 231-232)

http://faculty.isi.org/catalog/resource/view/id/1517

97. Nativism• Was the belief that Americans were superior to the

immigrants coming to the U.S. • Became popular in the mid-1800s.• Was the basis for many groups such as the Native

American Party and the Know-Nothings.

• Many Nativists worked towards taking away the rights of immigrants.

• (Page 241) http://pixgood.com/nativism-definition.html

98. Erie Canal• Construction began July 4, 1817 and it opened in October

1825.• The canal connected the Hudson River to the Great Lakes. • It opened up the Northwest to the trade system of the

East.

• Agriculture declined in the East because Northwest farm products could be easily exported.• Pages 242-243

http://www.lowbridgeproductions.com/erie-canal-images-cities.html

99. Telegraph• Samuel Morse began experimenting with long distance communication in

1832 and worked on his first telegraph line between 1843-1844.

• He invented a “language” called Morse code that involved patterns of electric pulses through a wire.

• The first line ran from Baltimore to Washington.

• The Western Union Telegraph Company had created and owned nearly 50,000 miles of wire by 1860.

• In 1866, the transatlantic cable was laid down and America could easily communicate with Europe.

• Any wires ran along the railroad tracks.

• Page 246

http://www.smithsonianmag.com/ist/?next=/arts-culture/how-the-telegraph-went-from-semaphore-to-communication-game-changer-1403433/

100. Railroads• Railroads came about because of a few innovations such as the

invention of tracks, the steam-powered engine, and the development of trains as public carriers.

• Inventors developed them throughout the early 1800s.• Stockton and Darlington Railroad in England was the first to

transport the common people.

• The Baltimore and Ohio was the first company to develop a track in the U.S.

• They increased the rate at which goods could be transported and opened up trade year-round(most importantly in the winter).

• Many towns sprung up wherever tracks were put down.

• They were a sign of American progress.• Pages 244-246

http://railroad.lindahall.org/essays/cultural-impacts.html

101. Patterns of Wealth in Society (1830s-1840s)

• The wealthy lived in very nice areas of the large cities and looked for ways of which they could show off their money.• The urban poor were mostly homeless and lived off of charity or

crime. Many were immigrants and free blacks that were rarely given jobs.

http://www.shmoop.com/muckrakers-reformers/ideology.html

• Industrialization provided many opportunities for white Americans who formed the working class. They no longer needed land to be successful but they just needed to provide skills. Most of them owned their own homes in the cities.

• Pages 254-257

102. Cult of Domesticity• It became popular in the mid-

1800s as the working class grew. • Women promoted focusing

on household tasks such as cleaning and having guests over.• Women believed that they

should not be taking jobs but they should be working solely in the home.• Page 258

http://www.mccord-museum.qc.ca/en/keys/webtours/tourID/VQ_P1_6_EN

103. King Cotton• The term used to describe the Southeast in the 1820s because

of their increased production of short-stapled cotton. • Textile mills in Britain and New England were in need of cotton

so as the South produced more their economy began to improve. • The recent invention of the cotton gin sped up their

production.• The growth in slave population also increased production as

well.• Pages 269-270

http://www.pbs.org/wnet/african-americans-many-rivers-to-cross/video/the-cotton-economy-and-slavery/

104. Transcendentalism (1830s-1850s)

• Their beliefs revolved around reason and understanding. • Two of the most famous transcendentalists were Ralph

Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau.• They believed that nature was the root for all human

inspiration. One could only gain understanding by separating themselves from society and experiencing the wilderness. • They expressed their beliefs through literature and art.

http://kartranscends.weebly.com/moral-values.html

• Pages 291-292

105. Joseph Smith (pg. 294-296)

In 1803, Joseph Smith founded the Mormon religion. He had an angel visit him telling him to start Mormonism. The angel also told him about a gold tablet with the word of God inscribed on them. When Smith died Brigham Young took over and lead the religion.

More info

106. Mormonism (pg. 294-296)

Mormonism was founded by Joseph Smith in 1803. Mormonism is a completely American founded religion. One major practice of the religion, in he old days, was polygamy. After the death of Joseph Smith, Brigham Young leads the Mormons west, across the country, to Utah.

More info

107. Horace Mann (pg. 299-300)

Horace Mann was the greatest educational reformer, in 1837. He was the first secretary of the Board of Education in Massachusetts. He thought education was the only way to preserve democracy. Some reforms were, he lengthened the school year to 6 months, doubled teachers pays, and introduced new ways to train teachers.

More info

108. Rise in Feminism (pg. 301-302)

In the 1820s and 1830s, many women started the American Feminist Movement. In the 1840s women started to compare slavery to women's rights. One major supporter was Elizabeth Cady Stanton, who wrote the Declaration of Sentiments. Another leader in the movement was Lucretia Mott.

More info

109. Abolitionism (pg. 302-308)

Abolitionism is the movement to against slavery. In 1817 a group of white Virginians organized the American Colonization Society, which proposed the freeing of slave. Both whites and freed blacks fought for Abolition. Some major advocates were William Lloyd Garrison and Fredrick Douglas. There was a divide in abolitionism. Garrison, a radical abolitionist, attacked both slavery and the government in his newspaper. Others were more moderate and helped with the Underground Railroad.

More info

110. William Lloyd Garrison (pg. 303,306-307)

William Lloyd Garrison was born in 1805. In the 1820s, he worked for the leading anti-slavery newspaper. Impatient with the moderate tone of the paper, he moved back to Boston and started the Liberator. He then went on to not only attack slavery, but the Federal Government also.

More info

111. Frederick Douglass (pg. 303-308)

Fredrick Douglas was one of the greatest African American Abolitionists. He escaped from slavery, in Maryland, in 1838. He then lectured on anti-slavery in England for two years. He returned to the United States in 1847, he the purchased his freedom and founded and anti-slavery newspaper, called the North Star.

More info

112. Underground Railroad (pg. 282, 307)

The Underground Railroad was one of the early nonviolent resistance to slavery. It was established by both whites and free blacks. They worked together to form a secret escape routes, for slaves to travel on, from the South to the North. More info

113. Harriet Tubman (not in textbook)

Harriet Tubman was born in 1822. She was a escaped slave, who became an Abolitionist. After she escaped, she came back multiple times to help other slaves. She used the Underground Railroad to help these slaves escape.

More info

114. Uncle Tom’s Cabin (pg. 307-308)

Uncle Tom’s Cabin was a book written by Harriett Beecher Stowe’s, in 1852. It was the most powerful piece of propaganda for Abolitionism. It sold over 300,000 copies within a year of its publication. It spread the idea of Abolitionism to a new audience and more people.

More info

115. James K. Polk

http://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/james-polk

The presidency of James K. Polk was one that saw lots of important progress towards the forming of America as a nation. Polk, a Democrat, gained the presidency in the election of 1844 on the platform of westward expansion (235). Polk’s presidency saw the fighting of the Mexican War, a war that for the most part was provoked by Polk himself (318-320). The war started over a boundary dispute, and boundary disputes would quickly become a common theme in Polk’s presidency, as he shortly argued with Britain over territory in Oregon before taking a much less aggressive stance then he said he would, approving of a division along the 49th degree of Northern latitude (317).

November 2, 1795 - June 15, 1849

116. Texas Revolution

http://www.thealamo.org/history/chronology/texas-revolution.html

October 2, 1835 – April 21, 1836

The Texas Revolution grew out of constant feuding between white Americans and Native Mexicans (312). After a few sporadic fights, Texas declared their independence from Mexico (312). The Battle of the Alamo saw a valiant effort by Texas patriots that gave other Texan soldiers enough time to prepare for the upcoming attacks by Mexican forces (312). With this time to prepare, they surprised the Mexican forces in the Battle of San Jacinto, and took Mexican president Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna hostage (312). While being held hostage, Santa Anna signed a treaty that gave Texas their independence (312).

117. Wilmot Proviso

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmot_Proviso

The Wilmot Proviso was proposed by Democrat David Wilmot of Pennsylvania (320). The Proviso proposed the idea of banning slavery in all territories gained from Mexico (321). This bill passed in the House but failed in the Senate (321). The importance of the Wilmot Proviso, is that it shows the growth in varying ideas about slavery, and a push for abolition.

August 8, 1846

118. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

http://www.loc.gov/rr/hispanic/ghtreaty/

The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the Mexican War (319). It was negotiated by American Nicholas Trist, and gave the United States both California and New Mexico, it also established the Rio Grande River as the border between Texas and Mexico (319). In exchange, the United States paid Mexico a fee of $15 million (320). The treaty did well to silence the calls of many to annex all of Mexico.

February 2, 1848

119. California Gold Rush

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_frontier

The California Gold Rush started when a foreman found traces of gold in the Sierra Nevada (322). The news of gold in California hit headlines, and many left everything that they had in search of a quick fortune (322). These hasty travelers came to be known as the forty-niners (322). The Gold Rush also brought some of the first Chinese migrants to America (322). With the large and rapid growth of population in California came a severe labor shortage (322). This labor shortage led to the use of Native Americans as slaves, thus exploiting them for work (322). The California Gold Rush was crucial to the growth of the western world and California.

January 24, 1848 – 1855

120. Compromise of 1850

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/general-article/lincolns-political-landscape/

The Compromise of 1850 dealt with the issue of adding California to the Union without upsetting the balance of free and slave states (323). The compromise was formed by the “great compromiser” Henry Clay (323). The compromise made multiple provisions, first and foremost, it admitted California into the Union as a free state. Secondly, it banned slavery in Washington D.C. Lastly, and most controversially, it enforced the Fugitive Slave Act in the North (323). After eight months of arguing over the compromise, it and all of its aspects were passed (324). The Fugitive Slave Act banned the harboring of, and the keeping of information about the whereabouts of any runaway slaves. This was an issue because it forced many Northerners to go against what they thought was right, furthering sectionalism.

January 29, 1850

121. Kansas Nebraska Act

https://historygcp.wordpress.com/unit-2-compromise-and-conflict/kansas-nebraska-act/

The Kansas-Nebraska Act called for popular sovereignty in both the Kansas and Nebraska territories (327). The act was formed by Illinois senator Stephen A. Douglas (327). The act repealed the Missouri Compromise (327). The Kansas-Nebraska act itself was not as important as the immediate consequences it caused. The passing of the act lead to violence and voting riots in one of the two territories, this outbreak over the vote for, or against, slavery became known as “Bleeding Kansas” (327).

May 30, 1854

122. Bleeding Kansas

http://www.legendsofamerica.com/ks-bleedingkansas.html

Almost immediately after the Kansas-Nebraska Act was passed, people from neighboring states quickly moved into Kansas with the motive of swaying the vote (327). Most of these settlers were white men from Missouri who were pro-slavery (327). These settlers were able to quickly pass pro-slavery legislature, and make Kansas a slave state (327). Some Northerners were outraged by the unjust voting and decided to move to Kansas and attempt to fight for Kansas to become a free state (327). These two ideas clashed and eventually led to violence. An example of this violence would be the Pottawatomie Massacre that saw a group of abolitionists kill five pro-slavery settlers (328). The acts of violence over the admission of Kansas as either a free or slave state gave the territory the name “Bleeding Kansas”. “Bleeding Kansas” was a sign of just how high tensions were between abolitionists, and slavery advocates.

1855 – 1861

123. Dred Scott Decision

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford

Dred Scott v. Sandford was one of the most infamous court cases of all time. Dred Scott was a slave who was brought by his master into the free states of Wisconsin and Illinois (330). After his master’s death, Scott sued his master’s widow on the grounds that by spending time in free states, he was a free man (330). His argument was solid enough for him to win his freedom in the Missouri circuit court, only to have it taken away by his master’s brother John Sanford who appealed the circuit court ruling and had it reversed by the state supreme court (330). Scott appealed to the federal courts and the decision that was brought about by Scott v. Sandford was highly controversial, and severely hurt the antislavery campaign (331). The court decided that Scott had no right to bring a case to court as he was not a citizen. In fact it declared that no African Americans were citizens, and that they were nothing more than property (331).

March 6, 1857

124. Abraham Lincoln

http://www.biography.com/people/abraham-lincoln-9382540

Abraham Lincoln’s presidency has become one of the most famous presidencies in American History. Abraham Lincoln won the Election of 1860 as a representative of the Republican Party by carrying the Northern states (335). Lincoln’s election was the final straw for white southerners, they saw the futility of their votes, and within weeks the disunion of America began (335). Lincoln was able to lead the North through the Civil War, and eventually reunify the nation. Lincoln was reelected president of the Union in 1864. Lincoln met a tragic and when he was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth while attending a play at Ford’s Theater in Washington (374). Lincoln is still celebrated today as the man who reunited the country and died because of it.

February 12, 1809 - April 15, 1865

125. Lincoln-Douglas Debates

• http://www.mrlincolnandfreedom.org/inside.asp?ID=21&subjectID=2• Took place between August and October of 1858• Definition:

o Lincoln is not nationally knowno He hopes to gain popularity by challenging Stephen Douglas to a series of Senatorial debateso The basic issue of the debates was slavery, which gained widespread attention

• Significance: o Lincoln’s views on slavery reviewed when he advocated for abolitionism, but no equalityo Lincoln gains a extensive amount of popularityo Although Douglas won in the Senate, Lincoln gained followers

• Can be found on page 332

126. Election of 1860

• http://americanhistory.si.edu/lincoln/fractured-election• Took place on November 6, 1860• Definition:

o Democrats split In the North: Lincoln vs. Stephen Douglas (supports popular sovereignty) In the South: Lincoln vs. John Breckenridge (supports federal protection of slavery in territories)

o Lincoln wins because of the disunity in the democratic party

• Significance:o Lincoln wins by solely carrying the North South insulted that he doesn’t even bother to put his

name on their voting ballotso Lincoln seen as moderateo South secedes because they no longer believe they have a chance in having power within politics

• Can be found on page 333

127. Homestead Act

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homestead_Acts• Law enacted in May of 1862• Definition:

o Assisted rapid advance in the Westo Allowed any citizen or prospective citizen to buy 160 acres of public land for a small fee after

living upon it for 5 years

• Significance:o Encouraged Westward expansiono Contributed to the Economic Nationalism being exercised by the unchallenged Northern

Republicans in office, due to the South’s secession

• Can be found on page 340

128. Copperheads

• http://freepages.history.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~mygermanfamilies/Copperheads.html• Presence is mainly prominent to Lincoln in 1862• Definition:

o Peace Democrats; named “Copperheads” by their enemieso Opposed fighting the Civil War

• Significance:o Extensive population of Peace Democrats caused problems for Lincoln in terms of

progressing in the waro Lincoln suspends habeas corpus (right to a speedy trial) in order to arrest his enemies in 1862

(those who discouraged enlistments or were disloyal to the Union in their actions)

• Can be found on page 343

129. Emancipation Proclamation

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation• Formally signed by Lincoln on January 1st, 1863• Definition:

o North slowly accepts emancipation as a main goal in the war they were giving so much up to fighto Lincoln believed that Government couldn’t abolish slavery, but the Union army can seize

“contraband” in order to hurt the Southo Only freed slaves in Confederate territory, not Union territory or the border states

• Significance:o Foreshadows the 13th Amendmento Reveals the actual goal of fighting the war, which is slavery, not preserving the Union or states’ rightso Blacks enlist in the Union army, despite their low status as soldiers

• Can be found on page 344

130. 13th Amendment

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution• Congress approves in 1865• Definition:

o Antislavery desire is strong; 2 union slaves states (MD, MO) and 3 Confederate states occupied by the Union army (TN, AR, LA) abolished slavery

o Congress approved of the 13th amendment, and states began to ratify it in 1865, which would abolish slavery in all parts of the United States

• Significance:o Two centuries later, slavery would no longer exist in the USo Blacks are no longer enslaved, so the Union has succeeded in their objective for fighting in the war

• Can be found on page 344

131. Jefferson Davis

• http://www.biography.com/people/jefferson-davis-9267899• Elected president of the Confederacy in 1861• Definition:

o Elected president of the Confederacy at the constitutional convention in Montgomeryo Generally unchallenged by his cabinet while administratingo Spent a lot of time, arguably too much, focusing on the war effort rather than leading the

Confederacy as its president

• Significance:o Davis’ abilities to enforce martial law and suspend habeas corpus were restricted by advocates of

states’ rightso Some governors attempted to keep their state troops apart from the Confederate army, which

demonstrated the disunity of the Confederacy in the war

• Can be found on page 346

132. States’ Rights

• http://www.civilwar.org/education/history/civil-war-overview/statesrights.html• Date• Definition:

o South’s main objective going into the Civil Waro Enthusiasts often resisted acts of national authorityo Although states’ rights were an obstacle to the South, it continued to move in the direction of

centralization

• Significance:o As demonstrated by post-Revolutionary war governments in America, it was challenging for the

Confederate government to operate with federal powero Created a sense of disunity among Confederate stateso Government experiments with the “food draft,” which permitted soldiers to seize crops from farms in

order to feed themselves

• Can be found on page 346

133. Ulysses S. Grant

• http://etc.usf.edu/clipart/12800/12876/grant_12876.htm• The pinnacle of his Civil War leadership began July 4th, 1863 (Vicksburg)• Definition:

o Finished lowest in his class at West Pointo After searching from 1861-1864, Lincoln discovers him o Continues to demonstrate his military excellence at the Battle of Vicksburg, after being dominant in

the Westo Shared the belief in targeting enemy armies and resources, not territory, with Lincoln

• Significance: o His morality influenced his army when other Northern generals said to hold backo His similar mindset with Lincoln allowed for easy military planning and strategizingo Their tactics eventually won the war

• Can be found on page 350

134. Robert E. Lee p. 358-367; 351-362

• Robert E. Lee was a Virginia native. Jefferson Davis made Lee his principle military advisor in 1862. Lee opposed secession and was ambivalent about slavery. Lee wouldn’t break away from VA so he fought for the Confederacy. He was the most revered of the Confederate leaders and remained a symbol to white southerners of the “lost cause” long after his surrender at Appomattox. His significance was he provided the Confederacy a strong, smart general with the ability to win. He could have won the war if he had the supplies and men. One of the best military leaders in history.

http://a3.files.biography.com/image/upload/c_fill,dpr_1.0,g_face,h_300,q_80,w_300/MTE1ODA0OTcxNjk0Nzg2MDYx.jpg

135. 13th Amendment p.344-345

• Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.

• Section 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

• Congress approved and the states ratified the 13th Amendment in 1865. It abolished slavery in all parts of the U.S. It was the first of three amendments made to help black people to gain equality in the U.S.

http://baef480c1b9a59094802-bb7fd020772cbf1cd099f3b22c712b0b.r79.cf2.rackcdn.com/B3E362F6-0ABA-4E4B-B671-597115EA5963.jpg

136. 14th Amendment p.377-378

• In April 1866, the Joint Committee on Reconstruction proposed the 14th Amendment to the Constitution.

• It offered the first definition of American citizenship. “All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside.”

• Only protects rights as citizens of the U.S., most basic civil rights were obtained through citizenship of the state.

• Supreme Court says this does not give the Fed. Govt. the right to punish whites who oppress blacks.

http://mercermazina7.weebly.com/uploads/1/5/7/0/15702428/223015112.png

137. 15th Amendment p.378

• “The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.”

• Supreme Court says it does not “confer the right to vote upon anyone” but merely lists grounds on which states cannot deny suffrage.

• Forbade both the states and the federal government from denying suffrage to any citizen of race, color, or previous conditions of servitude.

• Ratification by the states was completed in 1870.

http://e08595.medialib.glogster.com/972454/media/72/72dad63d45a3b64bbbf7f23e4e1af3c9f34a01df/15th-20amendment.jpg

138. Sharecropping p. 382; 394-395

• Sharecropping grew rapidly throughout the South in years after the Civil War because many Black’s lacked land and money during the reconstruction and this was a way for them to earn some wages and land. The former slaves had no skills in other trades, so they went back to farming. Blacks became tenants of white landowners meaning they worked their own plots of land and paid their landlords either a fixed rent or a share of their crops. Blacks enjoyed a physical independence from their landlords and had a sense of working their own land, even though in most cases they could not buy it. Sharecropping benefited the landlords more because they relieved themselves of the responsibility of buying slaves and taking care of the fields. Majority of landlords required that the blacks pay more than they earned that year so the cycle of trying to get out of debt kept going for much of the tenants life.

http://mrvanduyne.com/reconstruction/s2s/SharecropperCycle.jpg

139. Black Codes p. 376-377

• In the South during 1865 to 1866, state legislatures enacted sets of laws known as the Black Codes. It allowed unemployed blacks to be arrested for vagrancy and forced into labor. Officials arrest the unemployed Black person and tell them they have to pay a fine which they can’t because they don’t have any money, so the officials hire them out to private employers to satisfy the fines. Some codes forbade blacks from owning land or taking jobs other than working on a farm. Congress responded to the Black Codes by increasing the power of the Freedmen’s Bureau so they could nullify work agreements forced on freedmen under the Black Codes. In April 1866, Congress passed the first Civil Rights Act, declaring blacks to be citizens of the U.S. and gave the federal government power to intervene in states’ affairs to protect the rights of citizens. Johnson Vetoes Civil Rights Act of 1866 but his Veto was Overridden.

http://images.fineartamerica.com/images-medium-large/black-codes-1864-granger.jpg

140. Jim Crow Laws p.397

• Laws restricting the franchise and segregating schools were a part of the Jim Crow Laws. The Jim Crow laws by the beginning of the twentieth century institutionalized an elaborate system of segregation reaching into almost every area of southern life. Much of the new legal structure did no more than confirm what already been widespread social practice of the social practice in the South. But The Jim Crow Laws also stripped blacks of many of the modest social, economic, and political gains they had made in the late nineteenth century.

http://harpercollegelibrary.weebly.com/uploads/1/3/8/9/13894273/9587864_orig.jpg

141. Poll Tax, Literacy Test, Grandfather Clause p.397

• In order to disenfranchise black males, southern states tried to find ways to evade the 15th Amendment. Two devices emerged before 1900 to accomplish this goal. One being the poll tax or a form of property qualification, which few blacks were prosperous enough to meet the requirements. The other was the literacy or understanding test, which required voters to be able to demonstrate an ability to read or to interpret the Constitution. Many blacks failed the test, but the laws also affected poor white voters as well. This Decreased the black vote by 62% and white vote by 26%. The Grandfather Clause was a statute enacted by many American southern states in the wake of Reconstruction that allowed potential white voters to avoid literacy tests, poll taxes, and other tactics designed to disfranchise southern blacks.

http://caucuttcaucus.files.wordpress.com/2012/08/jimcrowvotinglaws.jpg

142. Compromise of 1877 p. 388-391

• The Compromise of 1877 was a alleged informal, unwritten deal that settled the intensely disputed 1876 U.S. presidential election, pulled federal troops out of state politics in the South, and ended the Reconstruction Era. Through the Compromise, Republican Rutherford B. Hayes was awarded the White House over Democrat Samuel J. Tilden on the understanding that Hayes would remove the federal troops whose support was essential for the survival of Republican state governments in South Carolina, Florida and Louisiana. The compromise involved Democrats who controlled the House of Representatives allowing the decision of the Electoral Commission to take effect. The outgoing president, Republican Ulysses S. Grant, removed the soldiers from Florida. As president, Hayes removed the remaining troops in South Carolina and Louisiana. As soon as the troops left, many white Republicans also left and the "Redeemer" Democrats took control. As regards the first and most important point, Hayes had already announced his support for the restoration of "home rule", which would involve troop removal, before the election.

http://www.sonofthesouth.net/compromise-with-south.jpg