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JAXA’s Earth Observation- GCOM, GPM, EarthCARE, GOSAT -

4th WCRP Observations and Assimilation Panel Meeting29-31 March 2010

Klima Campus University of Hamburg

Tamotsu IgarashiJAXA/EORC

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Long-Term Plan of Earth ObservationTargets 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Disasters & Resources

Climate Change & Water

Water Cycle

Climate Change

Greenhouse gases

　 Phase　AOn　orbit ExtensionMission　status

[Land　and　Disaster　monitoring]　

GPM/DPR

Aqua/AMSR-E

GCOM-C1/ SGLI

[Vegetation,　aerosol,　cloud,　SST,　ocean　color]

[Cloud　and　Aerosol　3D　structure]

[CO2,　Methane]

TRMM/PR

GCOM-W1/ AMSR2[Wind,　SST　,　Water　vapor]

Phase　B~

[Precipitation]

[CO2,　Methane]

GCOM-W2

GOSAT-2

ALOS-3 Optical

ALOS-2 SARALOS/PALSAR

ALOS/PRISM AVNIR2

ALOS

EarthCARE/CPR

GCOM-C2

GOSAT

TRMM

　 Pre-Phase　A

AQUA

250m, multi-angle, polarization

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Concept of the Global Change Observation Mission (GCOM)

GCOM-W GCOM-C

Orbit

Type : Sun-synchronous, sub-recurrentAltitude : Approx. 700 kmInclination : 98.19 degreesLocal time of ascending node : 13:30

Type : Sun-synchronous, sub-recurrentAltitude : Approx. 800 kmInclination : 98.6 degreesLocal time of descending node : 10:30

Satellite overview

Mission life 5 years

Launch vehicle H2A launch vehicle

Instrument Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2 (AMSR2)

Second Generation Global Imager (SGLI)

Launch (target) Japanese Fiscal Year (JFY) 2011 JFY 2014 (TBD)

• GCOM aims to construct, use, and verify systems that enable continuous global-scale observations of effective geophysical parameters for elucidating global climate change and water circulation mechanisms.

• GCOM will consist of 2 satellite series (GCOM-W and C) spanning 3 generations in order to perform uniform and stable global observations for 13 years.

GCOM ECVs• Climate change

observation will be performed by the SGLI on the GCOM-C satellite.

• GCOM-C sensors will observe clouds, aerosol, ocean color (marine organisms), vegetation, snow and ice.

• Water cycle variation will be observed by the AMSR2 on the GCOM-W satellite.

• GCOM-W will observe precipitation, water vapor, sea surface wind speed, sea water temperature, soil moisture, snow depth and etc…

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Atmosphere

Land Ocean

Cryosphere

Predicted　Change　Measured　Variables

・ For improving accuracy of parameters; radiation budget, carbon cycle in model.・ For improving accuracy of prediction by comparative validation of water cycle.

Radiation•Cloud, Aerosol•Reflectance•Snow Property•LST

Carbon•Ground NPP•Land cover•Ocean NPP•Coastal Envi.

T above GroundSSHSnow and IceEnvi. Change•Precipitation•Extreme weather•Land cover

change

Climate Model

Compare

Input

EO Satellite Climate Model

For　monitoring　global　environmental　change　and　prediction.

Improve

Cooperation with Model

Goal of GCOMlong term monitoring and climate change models

Role of JAXA with GCOM

Attributing environmental change to particular cause for effective measure of adaptation and reduction.

Result

Decision MakingData distribution to operational users; fishery, ocean route, weather forecast, agriculture, etc. .

Data

Operational UseGlobal environmental change monitoring and contribution to elucidation of change mechanism.

Result

Knowledge

Water, Energy•WV, Cloud, Precip.•Soil Moisture•Sea Ice, Scow

Cover•SST, SSW

3-generation continuous

global frequent observation system

GCOM-CGCOM-W

For the elucidation of mechanism of Radiation Budget, Carbon Cycle, Water/Energy Cycle, Long Term Observations are necessary. By the cooperation with model developing organizations, contributions to the improvement of accuracy of prediction by models are challenges for EO program.

Coopera

tion w

ith US

and E

urope

Prog

ram

*NPOESS(米)　　Sentinel( 欧 )　　

Near　Real　Time　Product Requirement　(after　observation)

AroundJapan

Level　1B　Brightness　Temperature　

80%　　within　0.5　hours95%　　within　0.8　hours

Level　2 　 Sea　Surface　Wind　

80%　within　1　hour

　

Global

Level　1B　Brightness　Temperature　

70%　within　2.5　hours90%　within　4.1　hours

Level　2　Sea　Ice　Concentration　

70%　within　3　hours90%　within　5　hours95%　within　8　hours

Level　2　Snow　Depth　 90%　within　5　hoursLevel　2　Soil　Moisture　 90%　within　5　hoursLevel　2　Sea　Surface　Temperature　

70%　within　3　hours90%　within　5　hours95%　within　8　hours

Level　2 　 Sea　Surface　Wind　

70%　within　3　hours

Data Latency Requirement (JMA)

Tropical　Rainfall　Measuring　Mission

• TRMM is ; – Japan-U.S. joint mission, flying since Nov. 1997– World‘s first and only space-borne precipitation

radar (PR) on-board with microwave radiometer and visible-infrared sensor

– Still operational, and continues to provide the data• Results of the TRMM

– Accurate and highly stable rain measurement in the tropical and sub-tropical region, over the land as well as the ocean

– More than 10 years rain observation data archive– Proved that the radar (PR) and microwave

radiometer (TMI) is a very good combination for rainfall measurement

– PR greatly contribute to the improvement of the rainfall retrieval error by microwave radiometer

– Precipitation system three dimensional structure, diurnal cycle, seasonal change, long term variation such as El-Nino and La-Nina observation

– New products development such as latent heating, soil moisture, and sea surface temperature

– Demonstrated that TRMM data is valuable for the operational use, such as flood prediction, numerical weather forecast, typhoon prediction

Launch 28 Nov. 1997 (JST)

Altitude About 350km (since 2001, boosted to 402km to extend mission operation ）

Inc. angle About 35 degree, non-sun-synchronous orbit

Design life 3-year and 2month (still operating)

Instruments

Precipitation Radar (PR)TRMM Microwave Imager (TMI) Visible Infrared Scanner (VIRS)Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS)CERES (not in operation)

US-Japan joint mission

Japan: PR, launch

US: satellite, TMI, VIRS, CERES, LIS, operation

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TRMM/PR Latent Heating

　

Latent heat distribution during December, January, and February using TRMM PR 3D data between 1998 and 2007. The data can be utilized for evaluation of global water & energy cycle and for improvement of climate models.

(a) Latent heat at altitude of 7.5km

(b) Latent heat at altitude of 2km

Latent Heat Research Product -- http://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/TRMM/lh/index.html

• JAXA/EORC began to provide the Latent Heat Products estimated by SLH algorithm as research product via web page from May 2008.

• Level2 (Non Grid & Gridded) and Level 3 LH data are available to download from launch to latest.

• Co-operative study with Prof. Y. N. Takayabu (Univ. Tokyo) and Dr. Shige (Osaka Pref. Univ).

GSMaP (Global Satellite Mapping for Precipitation)

• GSMaP was originally funded by JST/CREST during 2002-2007, led by Prof. K. Okamoto.

– Development of reliable MWR algorithm consistent with TRMM/PR and precipitation physical model developed using PR (Aonashi et al., 2009).

– Combination with microwave radiometer and GEO IR by the moving vector (like CMORPH) and new Kalman filtering method (Ushio et al., 2009).

• JAXA/EORC began to provide near-real-time version data of GSMaP (GSMaP_NRT) 4 h after observation via password protected ftp site since October 2008.

• Hourly browse images, kmz files for Google Earth, and 24 h movies are also available from Web server.

Global Rainfall Map in near-real-time -- http://sharaku.eorc.jaxa.jp/GSMaP/

Cyclone "NARGIS" attacked Myanmar

Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM)

Core Satellite• Joint mission between Japan & U.S.• Dual-frequency Precipitation Radar

(JAXA and NICT)• Multi-frequency Radiometer (NASA)• July 2013, H2-A Launch• Non-Sun Synchronous Orbit• ~65° Inclination• ~407 km Altitude

Constellation Satellites• Small Satellites with Microwave

Radiometers• Aggregate Revisit Time,

3 Hour goal• Sun-Synchronous/Non-sun-

synchronous orbit• 500~900 km Altitude• International Partners; NOAA,

NASA, JAXA, CNES/ISRO, etc.

OBJECTIVE: Understand the Horizontal and Vertical Structure of Rainfall and Its Microphysical Element. Provide Training for Constellation Radiometers.

OBJECTIVE: Provide Enough Sampling to Reduce Uncertainty in Short-term Rainfall Accumulations. Extend Scientific and Societal Applications.

Global Precipitation Processing Centers

• Capable of Producing Global Precipitation Data Products as Defined by GPM Partners

Precipitation Validation Sites • Global Ground Based Rain

Measurement

CPR

ATLIDBBRMSI

EarthCARE/CPR

• Mission– Vertical profile of clouds, aerosol– Interaction between clouds and aerosol– Cloud stability and precipitation

• Orbit– Sun synchronous– Equator crossing time 　 13:45– Altitude 　 400km

• Instrument– CPR (Cloud Profile Radar)– ATLID (Atmospheric LIDAR)– MSI (Multi-Spectral Imager)– BBR (Broad Band Radiometer)

• Task sharing– JAXA/NICT （ CPR ）– ESA （ LIDAR, MSI, BBR, Spacecraft)

• Launch target– JFY2013

Climate monitoring of earth radiation, cloud and aerosolCooperation between ESA and Japan (JAXA/NICT)

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Science derived from EarthCAREFour instruments onboard EarthCARE(CPR: Cloud Profiling Doppler Radar ATLID: Lidar MSI: Imager BBR: Broad-band Radiometer)Algorithms for these active sensors yield vertical profiles of microphysical parameters of cloud with its phase and aerosol with its species, and can detect drizzle and light rain.Especially Doppler velocities of particles can be retrieve to give us new information.

Parameters: verticalcloud, aerosol,

drizzle, vertical motionfrom active sensors

Parameters: verticalcloud, aerosol,

drizzle, vertical motionfrom active sensors

Parameters: horizontalcloud, aerosol

from MSI

Parameters: horizontalcloud, aerosol

from MSI

Parameters: 3Dcloud, aerosol

Parameters: 3Dcloud, aerosol

collaboration with Model

Model Use:assimilationvalidation

Model Use:assimilationvalidation

Model Improvement:Cloud-Aerosolinteraction

Model Improvement:Cloud-Aerosolinteraction

Scene Generator&

Signal Simulator

Scene Generator&

Signal Simulator

Radiatve Transfer&

3D Montecarlo

Radiatve Transfer&

3D Montecarlo

Cloud SchemeImprovementCloud SchemeImprovement

Radiative Flux:BBR Data

Radiative Flux:BBR Data

Radiative Transfer CalculationVS.

BBR data (True)

(Miura et al., 2007)

Ear

thC

AR

E

NICAM MJO simulation

MTSAT-1R satellite OLR

Algorithm development

IPCC

Aerosol - Water Vapor – Cloud - Precipitation Processes of Water Cycle

Aerosol

Water Vapor

Cloud Formation

Precipitation

EarthCAREGCOM-C GCOM-W

GPM

Profiles of cloud and aerosol

Evaluation of flux profile

Cloud/Aerosol interaction

Horizontal distribution of cloud and aerosol

Horizontal distribution of column water vapor, precipitation

3-DPrecipitation

Global mapping satellites

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GOSAT “IBUKI” Status & Plan

CO2 Column averaged on Jan. 2010

CH4 Column averaged on Jan. 2010

Data download avalable from: http://data.gosat.nies.go.jp/

• Launched on Jan. 23, 2009 (= L)• Early Phase completed (~ L+3 months)• Operational Phase

– Early CAL/VAL Phase (~ L+6 months)• GEO Carbon Tasks WS (May 20, 2009)• Initial analyzed CO2, CH4 column data release (May 28, 2009)

– Operational Observation Phase (L+6 month ~ L+5 years)• Data Release for general users (L1: L+9 months ~, L2: L+12 months (Feb.

18 2010~ )• Extended Utilization Phase (L+5 years ~)

CEOP Satellite Data Gatewayhttp://www.ceop.net/

• Three Scales– 250km rectangular covering each Reference

Sites, – Monsoon Regional – Global Area

• Product Levels– Level-1b: Radiance product with full resolution

at reference sites. – Level-2: Geophysical product at the same

resolution at reference sites and monsoon regions.

– Level-3: Statistical geophysical product in space and/or time at reference sites, monsoon regions and global. (example: Monthly mean rain rate at reference sites, etc.)

• Metadata– Consist of an image element and a metadata

part element that is compliant with the ISO-19115 metadata standard.

Reference Sites

Monsoon Regional

Global Area

Cross-Cutting/InterdisciplinaryScience at JAXA/EORC

Other SatellitesTRMM

Aqua/AMSR-E

ALOS GOSAT

DisasterEco-system

Water Cycle

Coordinated studies directly contribute to societal needsMODIS

NILIMPWRIMLIT

UniversitiesResearch OrganizationsGEO/GEOSS

For keep track of disaster status, improvement of prediction accuracy,and from real-time analysis to long-term prediction of variabilities

Data Sets

GCOM-WGCOM-C

GPM

EarthCARE/CPR

Summary• JAXA has been developing, operating, and providing earth

observation data for climate change and operational use. • Earth observation program for climate change are on-going.

– GCOM-W1 will be launched in JFY 2011.– GPM/DPR, EarthCARE/CPR will be launched in JFY 2013.– GCOM-C1 will be launched in JFY2014

• JAXA has been contributing to CEOP by providing dedicated satellite datasets. – Archived datasets are available via CEOP Satellite Data Gateway.

• JAXA/EORC has started cross-cutting activities in eco-system, water cycle and disaster prevention.– Eco-System theme: Precise Land-Use and Land-Cover Map development

and PAR generation for models.– Water Cycle theme: Real time offline simulation system of a land surface

model is under development as for a basis of future land data assimilation system.

– Climate Change theme: the synthesis of observation and model is under planning.