1. Is terrorism significant for IR?2. Prescriptions on counteracting

terrorism.3. Distinguishing what

globalization is and how significant.

Has world politics Has world politics fundamentally changed?fundamentally changed?

Except 2001, more Americans killed by lightning or drowning in toilets than by terrorism. (Mueller)

Until terrorism hit US, no thought that IR theories had to change to account for terrorism.

Need to redefine actors, threats, definition of security in theories?

At least 4 suggested approaches: Approach 1 broadly compatible

with realism. Approach 2 less clearly linked to

debates among IR theories. Approach 3 taken from

bureaucratic politics/ organizational process.

Approach 4 suggested by postcolonial theory.

Pursue and eliminate groups with military action.

Do not bargain with terrorists and they will give up.

Military response especially needed when terrorists have no demands (common today).

Takes a long time but effective in finding and destroying terrorists.

Need reform & strengthening of counterterrorist intelligence. (Hoffman)

Need strengthening of homeland border security. (Pape)

Military campaigns increase hostility from countries where terrorists based.

Strike level of terrorist groups: groups motivated NOT by external goals but by need to sustain organization.

Don’t try to eliminate groups by force or erect defenses.

Solution to prevent people from joining groups and give incentives to leave.

View of “us” vs “them” and linkage of Islam to terrorism is a cultural construction born from particular history.

We tend to view Islamic fundamentalism as “premodern”, while it is specifically modern political project.

Need to resolve by addressing root political issues directly – retreat from imperialist projects in Middle East.

GLOBALIZATION

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY “GLOBALIZATION”?

Globalization: “entrenched and enduring patterns of worldwide interconnectedness” (Held & McGrew).

Distinct from random encounters.

MODERN CHARACTER OF GLOBALIZATION

Since WWII, communication & transportation technology improved dramatically connecting groups, institutions, states in new ways.

World is smaller and faster. Brings both benefits & harm to actors.

GLOBALIZATION: ECONOMIC, POLITICAL, CULTURAL

1. Economic: Trade, capital flows, MNCs, macroeconomic policy

decisions. 2. Political:

International law & regional institutions governing world.

Transborder military/ political problems. Institutions, ideas (democracy, HR).

3. Cultural: Homogenization of world culture?

GLOBALIZATION: ECONOMIC, POLITICAL, CULTURAL

3 dimensions of globalization operate with different patterns and speeds.

Varying configurations in different places.

SKEPTICS:IS GLOBALIZATION NEW? NO

In previous centuries, world has been as globalized as now in many ways.

16th C onward: trade & cultural diffusion. Underlying argument: we are historically

myopic. 1930s-1970s may have been anomaly.

SKEPTICS:IS GLOBALIZATION INEVITABLE? NO

1. Realists: globalized economic and social relations created by preferences of powerful states.

Hegemon needed to support open economy.

2. Marxists: globalization is ideological construction to legitimize neoliberal capitalist project.