Devices a';n4i ts

FoU1i Ldt2fl

David A. Bell

Prentice-kh eNew Deini- 110 OOi2004

I ms inaian eprInt—Ks. 325.00(Original U.S. Edition—Rs, 3202.00)

ELECTRONIC DEVICES AND CIRCUITS, 4th Ed.by David A. Bell

© 1999 by David A. Bell. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form,by mimeograph or any other means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

ISBN-81-203-2358-0

For s&e in India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Cambodia, China, Fiji, Laos, Malaysia, Nepal. Pakistan,Philippines, Singapore, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Taiwan Thailand and Vietnam.

Published by Asoke K. *ale Limited, M-97, Connaught Circus,New Delni-110001 and Printed by Jay Print Padk PlivM Limmiteci, 'w uCinil iuu.

Contents

Chapter 1 Basic S2rniconductor and pn-Jwic lionTheory 1

Objectives 1Introduction 21-1 Atomic Theory 21-2 Conduction in Solids 51-3 Conductors, SemiconducLrs, and sdators 71-4 n-Type and p-Type Semiconductors 91-5 Thepn-junction 121-6 Biased Junctions 14Revie\\ Questions 18

Chapter 2 Semiconductor Diodes 21Objectives 21Introduction 222-1 p'?-Ju ncuon Diode 222-2 Characteristics and Parameters 232-3 Diode Approximations 2624 !X Load Line Analysis 292-5 Temperature EffecLc 322-6 "AC Equivalent Circufts 352-7 Dcde Specifications 372-8 Diode Testing 392-9 Zener Diodes 41Review Questions 46Problerrs 47Pract i se Problem Answes 50

^pter3 Diode Applications 51Obje:tive 51Introduction 523-1 Half-Wave Rectification 523-2 F ull-Wave Rectification 543-3 Half-Wave RecUfier LX- Power Supj 57

3-4 Full-Wave Rectifier DC Power Supply 643-5 Power Supply Perfo'rnance 0 83-6 Zener Diode Voltage Regulators 703-7 Series Clipping Circuits 743-8 Shunt Clipping Circuits 763-9 Clan-ping Circuits 803 - I0 DCvoltageMuluplicrs 063-11 Diode Logic Gates )0Review Question; 91Problems 93Practise Problem Answers 97

H]

Chapter 4 Bipolar 1UII( i)n Tranis1orsObjectRes 91)

ntrod ution 1004-1 Transistor Operatnii 1104-2 Transistor \'oItares and i 044-3 Amplification 104-4 (orinion-Base (iarciciktics4- ConlInoIs-EfnIt1er Chaiat-t- -

-h ( ion(olkc.1.. (bar' •- 13

1ranotnr Testing I I

Re. ie Que'.tions 118Plencs 119Practie Problein ,-\n\ eN,

Ic 101 12431 ix: Lead line3-2 [4ae I1,i (ic ccii 4)

-3 (14e ' tor-I() cS' iii,' 44;_4 c'e E)i'. clr 1i-

- (' ) .1ri. r c1 it t4,i ', (-( r':c 1nit- he Ln Lit Li ;i)

5-il ,\ine Bs (!ecik 1 I

-9 lb' rn,l t.,htit, Hi.3-10 B i.con lrcte3Ieie' ic. )cii4ie' 1

107

6 AC .4i Iy-L ui BIT CircuitsI '.rs I 3

Ilu 'dcce'n 1:46-1 Coupling gild 4y1).iSsin2 Clj)a(.iVrs 171

6-2 - Load I ens 16-3 asistor Models and l,iraciceIer 1796-4 ( n,inon-Enitk'r CicCiLiI \n,1lysi5 1836-3 c I (jrcnit with Lhld)ascl [milter Resistor 189

/ 64) Corni)n-Colk(IL) CIr( it ;\r.Is sis 1926-7 Comnon-3ae c ucnit AnaIs,i 1966-8 Comparison of CC, CC, and (LI Circuits 201Review Questions 204Problems 207

\practise Problem Ancwers 210

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Cpter 7 Semiconductor Device and ICFabrication 211

Objectives 211Introduction 2127-1 Processing of Semiconductor Material7-2 Diode Fabrication and Packaging 2137-3 Transistor Construction and Perforrnanc7-4 Transistor Fabrication 2167-5 Integrated Circuits 21976 Integrated Circuit Components 2207-7 Transistor and IC Packaging 222Review Questions 223

Chap fr / Transistor Specificationsand Performance 225

Objectives 225Introduction 2268-1 Transistor Data Sheets 2268-2 Decibels and Frequency Response 229

- BIT Cutoff Frequency and Capacitances 232

44 BIT Circuit Frequency Respnnse 2345 1 ransistor Switching Times 238

8-6 Transistor Circuit Noise 2398-7 Transistor Power Dissipation 2438-8 F eat Sinking 247Review Questions 250Problems 252Practise Problem Answers 254

Chapter 9 Field Effect Transistors 257Objectives 257Introduction 2589-1 junction Field Effect Transistois 2589-2 JFET Characteristics 2619 3 JFET Data Sheet and Parameters 2 6794 / U Amplification 2739-5 MOSFETs 275Review Questions 282Problems 283Practise Problem Answers 286

Chapter 10 F7Liasing 28-'Objectives 287Introduction 28810-1 DC Load Line and Bis Point 28810-2 Gate Bias 29110-3 Self Bias 29410-4 Voltage Divider Bias 297

V

212

215

10-5 Comparison of Basic JEET Bias Circuits 30010-6 Trouble-ShootingiFfT Bias Circuits 30110-7 JFET Bias Circuit Design 30410-8 More JEET Bias Circuits 31010-9 Use of Universal Transfer Characteristic 31510-10 MOSFET Biasing 31810-11 Biasing FET Svtching Circuits 322Review Questons 324Problems 327Practise Problem nsvers 333

Chapter 11 AC Analysis of FF1 Circuits 3

Objectives 333Introduction 33011-1 Coupling. B' passing, and AC Load Lines 33611-2 FET Modek and Parameters 33811-3 Common Soice CIR cit Anaiss 339114 CS Circuit With L nb passed Source Resistor 34311-3 Common Drain Circuit Analysis 34611-6 Common Cate Circuit Analysis 35011-7 Comparison of FET and BIT Circuits 35311-8 Frequenc Response of FEE Circuits 356Review Questions 358Problems 361Practise Problem \ns. ers 364

Cha Pter4 Small Signal Amplifiers 36.kObjectives 65Introduction 366

12-1 Single-Stage Common-Emitter Amplifier 366

12-2 Single-Stage Common-Source Amplifier 37312-3 Cpacbor-Coupled Two-Stage CE Am plifier 373

4 Direct-Coupled Two-Stage Circuits 38212-5 Two-Stage Circuit with Emitter-Follower Output 387

12-6 DC Feedback Pair 390

12-7 BIFET Circuits 395

12-8 D i fferential Amplifier 399

12-9 Small-Signal High-Frequency Amplifiers 40512-10 Amplifier Testing 409Review Questions 412Problems 415Practise Problem Answers 419

Chapter 13 Amplifiers with Negative Feedback 421Objectives 421Introduction 422

13-1 Series Voltage Negative Feedback 422

13-2 Two-Stage CE Amplifier with Series Voltage

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Negative Feedback 428

13-3 More Amplifiers with Series Voltage Negative Feedback 434

13-4 Two-Stage Differential-Input Amplifier withNegative Feedback 437

13-5 Emitter-Current Feedback 443

13-6 Parallel Current Negative Feedback 449

13-7 Additional Effects of Negative Feedback 453Review Questions 458Problems 460Practise Problem Answers 463

Chapter 14 IC Operational Amplifiers and BasicOp-amp Circuits V,5

Objectives 465Introduction 46614-1 Integrated Circuit Operational Amplifiers 46614-2 Biasing OperatkuI Amplifiers 46814-3 Voltage Followe r Circuits 47114-4 NoninvertingAruplitSers 475145 Inverting Amphflers 4814-6 Summirg Amplifier 43114-7 Difference Amplifier 483148 Instrumentation Amplifier 48614-9 Voltage Level Detectors 43914-10 Schmitt 1rigr Circuits 452Review Questions 457Problems 500Practise 'Problem Answers 304

Chper 15 Operational A; :plifier FrequencyResponse and compensation 505

Objectives 505In' rod rirlion 5061 5-1 Operational Amplifier Circuit Stab!!ity 50615 2 Frequency Comp'usation Methods 51115-3 Op-amp Circuit hanclwidth and Slew Rate 51415-4 Stray Capacitance Effects 5815-5 Load Capacitance Effects 52015-6 Circuit Stabi t ay F :cautions 573'c-iew Questions 524

Problems 525Practise Problem Answers 527

Chapter 16 Signal Generators 529Objectives 529Introduclion 530

16-1 'base Shift C)rciihnors 53016-2 Colpus Oscillators 534

VII

16-3 Hartley Oscillators 53816-4 Wein Bridge Oscillator 54116-5 Oscillator Amplitude Stabilization 54316-6 Square Wave Generator 34816-7 Triangular Wave Generator 55016-8 Oscillator Frequency Stabilization 553Review Questions 557Problems 559Practise Problem Ans\\ ers 361

Chapter 17 Linear and Switching VoltageRegulators 563

Objectives 563Introduction 56417-1 Transistor Series Regulator 36417 2 lmpro ing Regulator Performance 56917-3 Current Limiting 575174 Op-amp Voltage Regulators 57917-3 IC Linear Voltage Regulators 38217-6 Switching Regulator Basics 58617-7 Step-Down, Step-Up, and Inverting Converters 5897-8 IC Controller for Switching Regulators 595

Resiew Questions 599Problems 601Practise Problem Answers 60

Chapter 18 Audio Power Amplifiers esObjectives 605Introduction 60618-1 Transformer-Coup! l Class-A Amplifier 60618-2 Transformer-Coupled Class-B and Class-AB Amplifiers 61218-3 Transformer-Co pled Amplifier Design 61718-4 Capac i to r -COL] . - J and Direct-Coupled Output Stages 62018-5 Modifications to :mprove Amplifier Performance 62618-6 BIT Power Am lifier with Differential Input Stage 63118-7 Complementary MOSFET Common-Source Power Amplifier 63518-8 BIT Power Amplifiers with Op-Amp Driver 63918-9 MOSFET Power Amplifier with Op-Amp Driver Stage 64518-10 Integrated Circuit Power Amplifiers 653Review Questions 660Problems 663Practise Problem Answers 668

Chapter 19 Thyristors 669Objectives 669Introduction 61019-1 Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR) 67019-2 SCR Control Circuits 675

VIII

19-3 More SCR Applications 60119-i TRJ\C and D!AC 68319-5 TRL\C Control Circuits 60-319-6 SUS, SBS, CTO, and Si13,-VC 69219-7 Unijunction Transistor (Vii) 69619-8 Programmable Unijunction Transistor (PUT) 703Review Questions 707Problems 709Practise Problem Answers 712

Chapter 20 Opt oelectronic Devices 713

Objectives 713Introduction 71420-1 Light Units 71420-2 Light Emitting Diode (LED) 71620-3 Seven-Segment Displays 719204 Photoconductive Cell 7222(53 Photodiode and Solar Cell 72720-6 Phototransistors 73220-7 Optocouplers 735Reiew Questions 738Problems 740Practise Problem Answers 743

Chapter 21 Miscellaneous Devices 745

Objectives 745Introduction 74621-1 Voltage-Variable Capacitor Dicles 74621-2 Thermistors 74921-3 Tunnel Diodes 752Review Questions 758Problems 739Practise Problem Answers 760

AppendiceS 7611 Device Data Sheets 7622 Standard Component Values 7843 Answers for Odd-Numbered Problems 787

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Index 791

Preface

This book Is Intended for use as an electronics technologycourse text in colleges and universities, and as a referencetext for practising professionals.

The objectives of the book are to provide Clear explanationsof the operation of all impo.tait elcetronics devices gener-ally available today, and to show how each device is usedIn appropriate circuits. I am convinced that an under-standing of devices and circuits is most easily achieved bylearning how to design circuits. Practical circuit design Lsusually quite simple: much simpler than some methods ofcircuit analysis.

After discussing device operation, characteristics, and para-meters, typical circuits using the device are explained.Then, circuit design and analysis are treated. Many prac-tical examples are included in the text, using parametersfron device manufacturers' data sheets. The circuit designprocedure most often involves determining appropriatecurrent and voltage levels, and then applying Olun's lawand the capacitor lmpcdance equation. Most equations arederived, so that the student knows exactly what Is goingOn. Instead of rigorous analysis methods, practical approx-imations are employed wherever possible.

Conventional current direction is used because it is thedirection nonnally employed by device and integrated circuitmanufacturers; also, because every device graphic symboluses an arrowhead that Indicates conventional currentdirection.

I am always grateful for suggestions that might Improve mypresentation of the material, or for additional topics thatshould be treated. Comments concerning this book wouldbe very welcome.

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