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Introduction to TCP/IP

and Internet

Governance Computer Network SystemSirak Kaewjamnong

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What is TCP/IP

• Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol

• TCP/IP refers to an entire suite of networking protocol, developed for use on the Internet.

• TCP and IP are certainly two of the most important.

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TCP/IP Characteristics

• TCP/IP provides the services necessary to interconnect computers and to interconnect networks, creating the Internet.

• Independent from underlying network topology, physical network hardware, and OS.

• Unique IP address• Universal connectivity through out the

network

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TCP/IP Internetworking

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TCP/IP Networking Software

• TCP/IP protocol suites define a set of universal communication service/

• Service can be implemented in standardized manner in the networking software, normally bundled in OS.

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TCP/IP and Internet

• 1957 USSR Spunik , USA establish ARPA• 1969 ARPA funded ARPANET• 1971 Network with 15 nodes• 1973 Ethernet (Bob Metcalfe, Ph.D.

Dissertation)• 1983 TCP/IP as a core protocol• 1983 BSD 4.2 (U. Berkeley ) with TCP/IP

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TCP/IP Implementations

• 1983 4.2BSD: first widely available TCP/IP release

• 1986 4.3BSD: performance improvements• 1988 4.3BSD Tahoe: add slow start,

congestion avoidance and fast retransmit• 1990 4.3BSD Reno: add TCP header

prediction. SLIP compression, new routing table

• 1993 4.4BSD: add multicasting

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Internet Growth

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Internet

• The world wide group of networks combined with TCP/IP

• Who control Internet?– No single administrative organization– IETF determines standards– industry also preemptive control

standards

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Internet Technical Bodies Structure

IESG

WG

WG

IETF

IAB

ISOC International, nonprofit

organization Promote research and other

activities relating to the Internet

Technical Advisor to the ISOC Oversee the development of TCP/IP

protocol

Internet Society

Internet Architecture Board

Internet Engineering Task Force

Internet Research Task ForceIRSG

WG

WG

IRTF

A forum of working groups managed by Internet Engineering Steering Group

Develop of protocols and specifications for standardization

A forum of working groups managed by Internet Research Steering Group

Conduct long-term

research

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Internet Registries

• IP addresses space, Autonomous System Numbers (ASN), reverse resolution – ARIN : North America – APNIC : Asia-Pacific– RIPE : Europe– AFRINIC : Africa– LACNIC : Latin American and Caribbean

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Internet Standard Process

RFC

Internet Draft

Proposed Standard

Draft Standard

Internet Standard

official publication for Internet standard and other publications

entry-level, protocol specifications should be stable technically

at least 2 independence and interoperable implementation that test all specification functions

have had significant field use and clear community interest in production use.

draft version for informal review and comment

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ICANN

• Formed in October 1998

• Internationalization of Policy Functions for DNS and IP Addressing systems and Private Sector (Non-governmental) Management

Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers

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What does ICANN do?

• Coordinates policies relating to the unique assignment of:– Top Level Domain Names (gTLDs, cTLDs)– IP Address – Protocol Port and Parameter Numbers

•Coordinates the DNS Root Server System- through Root Server System Advisory Committee

Source: Andrew McLaughlin

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Does ICANN regulate/govern?

• ICANN coordinates.• What ICANN is NOT

– Technical Standard-Setting Body– Internet Police Force– Consumer Protection Agency– Competition Authority– Legislature or Court

Source: Andrew McLaughlin

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Situation Before ICANN

Most Internet DNS and IP Address coordination functions performed by, or on behalf of, the US government

– Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)• Information Sciences Institute (ISI) of University of

Southern California• Stanford Research Institute (SRI)

– National Science Foundation (NSF)• IBM, MCI, and Merit• AT&T, General Atomics, Network Solutions, Inc.

– National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)– US Department of Energy

Source: Andrew McLaughlin

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Jon PostelJon Postel1943-19981943-1998

IANA

Source: Andrew McLaughlin

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What are the IANA functions?

• Protocol parameter assignments– Under March 1, 2000 IETF/IAB/ICANN

Memorandum of Understanding• IP Address Allocations• DNS root zone file management

Source: Andrew McLaughlin

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Need for Change Globalization of Internet Commercialization of Internet Need for accountability Need for more formalized management structure Dissatisfaction with lack of competition Trademark/domain name conflicts

Source: Andrew McLaughlin

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Status of Transition from USG• 25 November, 1998 - ICANN recognized in MoU

• June, 1999 - Cooperative agreement among ICANN, US Government, root server operators

• 10 November, 1999• ICANN and Network Solutions sign gTLD registry and registrar

agreements• DoC transfers root authority over gTLDs to ICANN

• 9 February, 2000• Contract with US Government to complete transfer of IANA functions

• Year 2000:– ccTLD registry agreements– RIR (Regional Internet Registries) agreements

• LACNIC and AfriNIC

Source: Andrew McLaughlin

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ICANN Structure

Business/Commercial

Non-Commercial

ISPs

ccTLD Registries

gTLD Registries

Registrars

Trademark and IP

Domain Name Supporting Organization[3 Directors]

APNIC

ARIN

RIPE NCC

Address Supporting Organization

[3 Directors]

IETF

W3C

ITU-T

ETSI

Protocol Supporting Organization[3 Directors]

At Large Members

At Large Membership

[9 Directors]

ICANN Board of Directors[18 Directors + President and CEO]

Governmental Advisory Committee

Root Server SystemAdvisory Committee

MembershipTask Force

FundingTask Force

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ICANN Board of Directors

At Large Directors:

• Karl Auerbach (USA)

• Ivan Moura Campos (Brazil)

• Frank Fitzsimmons (USA)

• Masanobu Katoh (Japan)

• Hans Kraaijenbrink (Netherlands)

• Andy Mueller-Maguhn (Germany)

• Jun Murai (Japan)

• Nii Quaynor (Ghana)

• Linda S. Wilson (USA)

ASO Directors:• Rob Blokzijl (Netherlands)• Lyman Chapin (USA)• Sang-Hyon Kyong (South Korea)DNSO Directors:• Amadeu Abril i Abril (Spain)• Jonathan Cohen (Canada)• Alejandro Pisanty (Mexico)PSO Directors:• Helmut Schink (Germany)• Vint Cerf (USA) - Chairman• Phil Davidson (U.K.)ICANN President• M. Stuart Lynn (USA)

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New gTLDs

• .aero : aerospace • .biz : business• .coop : CoOp• .info : Information• .museum : museum under

International Council of Museums• .name : individual • .pro : professionals

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Registry and Registrar

• What is Registry?– The organization responsible for

the actual administration and maintenance to a top-level domain

• What is Registrar?– The organization responsible for

the actual registration of the domain name

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Sample Registry/Registra

Domain Registry Registrar.com, .net., .org Verisign Several accredited registrar.mil DDN NIC DDN NIC.edu EDUCAUSE EDUCAUSE.gov U.S. GSA U.S. GSA.int IANA IANA.jp JPRS JPRS.ca CIRA ~70 accredited registrar.th THNIC THNIC

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Payment Path

ICANN

Registry

RegistrarRegistrant

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Redelegation Parties

ICANN

Old-Admin

New-Admin

GovernmentAgency

• A process to transfer domain administrative authority