1 Introduction to .NET Final

8/4/2019 1 Introduction to .NET Final

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[2IT434-Systems Framework and Application]

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Introduction to .NET

.NET Internet Standards

.NET depends on four Internet standards:

HTTP, the communication protocol between Internet Applications XML, the format for exchanging data between Internet Applications SOAP, the standard format for requesting Web Services UDDI, the standard to search and discover Web Services

What Does .NET Give You?

Data access Functionality of the Win 32 API that is accessible through a simple object model The VB language has been upgraded C# Memory management ASP.NET Programming languages have been moved closer together Assembly

.NET Building Blocks

Building Blocks of Microsoft.NET Platform.


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Web Services

Web Services provide data and services to other applications.

Future applications will access Web Services via standard Web Formats (HTTP, HTML, XML,and SOAP), with no need to know how the Web Service itself is implemented.

Web Services are main building blocks in the Microsoft .NET programming model.

Standard Communication

Official Web standards (XML, UDDI, SOAP) will be used to describe what Internet data is,and to describe what Web Services can do.

Future Web applications will be built on flexible services that can interact and exchangedata, without the loss of integrity.

Internet Storages

.NET offers secure and addressable places to store data and applications on the Web.Allowing all types of Internet devices (PCs, Palmtops, Phones) to access data andapplications.

These Web Services are built on Microsoft's existing NTFS, SQL Server, and Exchangetechnologies.

Internet Dynamic Delivery

Reliable automatic upgrades by demand and installation independent applications.

.NET will support rapid development of applications that can be dynamically reconfigured.

Internet Identity

.NET supports many different levels of authentication services like passwords, wallets, andsmart cards.

These services are built on existing Microsoft Passport and Windows Authenticationtechnologies.

Internet Messaging

.NET supports integration of messaging, e-mail, voice-mail, and fax into one unified InternetService, targeted for all kinds of PCs or smart Internet devices.

These services are built on existing Hotmail, Exchange and Instant Messenger technologies.

Internet Calendar

.NET supports Internet integration of work, social, and private home calendars. Allowing alltypes of Internet devices (PCs, Palmtops, Phones) to access the data.

These services are built on existing Outlook and Hotmail technologies.

Internet Directory Services


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.NET supports a new kind of directory services that can answer XML based questions aboutInternet Services, far more exactly than search engines and yellow pages.

These services are built on the UDDI standard.

.NET Framework.NET Framework

The .NET Framework is a common environment for building, deploying, and running WebServices and Web Applications.

The .NET Framework contains commonclass libraries- like ADO.NET, ASP.NET andWindows Forms - to provide advanced standard services that can be integrated into avariety of computer systems.

The .NET Framework is language neutral. Currently it supports C++, C#, Visual Basic,

JScript (The Microsoft version of JavaScript) and COBOL. Third-party languages - likeEiffel, Perl, Python, Smalltalk, and others - will also be available for building future .NETFramework applications.

The new Visual Studio.NET is a common development environment for the new .NETFramework. It provides a feature-rich applicationexecution environment, simplifieddevelopment and easy integration between a number of different development languages.
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Languages Supported By .NET

Common Type System and CLS

CLS(Common Language Specification) Compliant Attribute

A subset of Common Type System Assembly can be tagged with[assembly: System.CLSCompliant(true)] Compiler

issues a warning if non compliant types are used. Solves the cross language access problem in COM (e.g. C++ has types that is not

supported by VB) (Private) types, methods may still be marked with [CLSCompliant(false)]


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ASP.NET and Web Forms

Windows Forms

Components needed to create windows applications WIN32 at last hidden with real OOP! Visual Inheritance Same controls used from all languages Consistent naming of properties, methods and behaviour!!!! Forms + Listboxes, Buttons etc WIN32 specific

Builds pretty much on intrinsic WIN32 functionality Makes it difficult to support.

Database Support in .NET

Create your database Use Visual Studio to create Datalink and typed dataset out of your database. open OleDbConnection OleDbDataAdapter for SQL command Use the adapter to fill out your custom dataset with the requested information Modify your dataset Create update command with the OleDbCommandBuilder Update the database with the adapter (given your dataset)


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XML Support

XML Is used everywhere Store / Retrieve Datasets in XML XMLTextReader, XMLTextWriter XMLDataDocument

W3C Document Object Model (DOM) XMLNode XPath, XslTransform XMLSerialization . . .

Base Class Library

The Base Class Libraries (BCL) provides the fundamental building blocks for anyapplication you develop, be it an ASP.Net application, a Windows Forms application, or aWeb Service. The BCL generally serves as your main point of interaction with theruntime.BCL classes include


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Namespace Description

System

This namespace includes all the essential support youneed for your programming, including base types(String, Int32, Date Time, Boolean, etc.), essentialenvironmental support, and math functions, to name afew

System.CodeDomall the support necessary to be able to create code, and

run it, on the fly

System.CollectionsThe System.Collections namespace contains interfacesand classes that define various containers, such aslists, queues, bit arrays, hash tables and dictionaries.

System.DiagnosticsAll the classes you need to diagnose your application,including event logging, performance counters, tracing,and process management APIs.

System.GlobalizationThis namespace includes fundamental support forGlobalization, used throughout the rest of theFramework

System.IO

Includes fundamental Stream support which can beused by anyone, and then specifically targets the FileSystem (via File and Directory manipulation classes),Serial Ports, and Decompression

System.ResourcesUsed to allow an application to be translated intomultiple languages, and then display the appropriatetext based upon the current users language selection

System.TextThis namespace includes support for encodings, andString builder

System.Text.RegularExpressions This namespace includes regular expression support,


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for robust parsing and matching of string data

Common Language Runtime

The Common Language Runtime (CLR) provides a solid foundation for developers to buildvarious types of applications. Whether you're writing an ASP.Net application , a WindowsForms application, a Web Service, a mobile code application, adistributed application, or anapplication that combines several of these application models, the CLR provides thefollowing benefits for application developers:

Vastly simplified development Seamless integration of code written in various languages Evidence-based security with code identity Assembly-based deployment that eliminates DLL Hell Side-by-side versioning of reusable components Code reuse through implementation inheritance Automatic object lifetime management Self describing objects
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The CLR is the execution environment provided by the Microsoft .NET Framework. Itprovides many services such as

o Automatic garbage collectiono Code access securityo Simplified versioningo Simple and reliable deploymento Deep cross-language interoperabilityo Debugging across different languageso Performanceo Scalability

Because the CLR manages the code execution, all the code that is targeted for the CLR isknown as managed code. Managed code emits metadata along with the executable. This

metadata is used to describe the types (classes) and members used in the code, along withall the external references used in executing the code. The CLR uses this metadata to loadthe classes during execution and resolve method invocations during runtime.

The CLR provides automatic garbage collection of the objects that have been loaded intomemory. All objects that are created via the new operator are allocated memory on the heap.A program can allocate as many objects as are required by the program logic. However, whenan object is no longer required, there must be some mechanism to free up the memory thatwas occupied by the object.

This is accomplished in the CLR via a program called garbage collector, which collects allobjects in memory that have no references. This program runs as a low-priority thread in thebackground process and collects all unreferenced objects. Because memory management isautomatic, the chances for memory leaks in the program are minimized. However, the timewhen garbage collector would actually release the objects from the memory is not known.


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This concept is known as nondeterministic garbage collection because it cannot bedetermined in advance when the objects would be released from memory.

If sufficient memory is not available for creating new objects, the CLR throws an exceptionthat can be caught and gracefully handled by the application.

Code Access Security (CAS), as the name suggests, is used to control the access that thecode has to system resources. The CLR has a runtime security system. Administrators canconfigure policy settings by specifying the resources that can be accessed by the code.

A call stack is created that represents the order in which the assemblies get called. TheCLR's security system walks the stack to determine whether the code is authorized to accessthe system resources or perform certain operations. If any caller in the call stack does nothave the requisite permission to access the specific system resources, a security exception isthrown by the CLR.

Simplified versioning is another feature provided in the .NET Framework. It supportsversioning and also provides for side-by-side execution of different versions of the same

component. The specific versions of the assembly and the dependent assemblies are storedin the assembly's manifest. The copies of the same assembly that differ only in versionnumbers are considered to be different assemblies by the CLR.

Simplified deployment is one of the features provided in the .NET Framework. The mostimportant point to mention is that .NET componentsdo not need to be registered in theWindows registry. All code generated in the .NET Framework is self-describing becauseassemblies contain the manifest and metadata information. This information contains all thedata about the dependencies of the assembly and the specific versions of the componentsthat these assemblies would use at execution time; therefore, multiple versions of the samecomponents can coexist. The CLR enforces the versioning policy.

Cross-language interoperability is an important feature, and it was one of the design goalsof the .NET Framework. This feature is possible because of the CTS and CLS.

Visual Studio .NET allows for debugging across an application consisting of differentlanguages targeted for the CLR. In fact, the IDE also allows for debugging an application inwhich managed code interacts with unmanaged code.

CLR ensures that performance of the code execution is optimized. Compiled code is storedin cache. When the same code is called next time, this code is loaded into memory fromcache. This advantage stands out more in the case of ASP.NET applications than for ASPapplications. ASP code was interpreted every time an ASP page was requested. In ASP.NET,the code is compiled only once when the page is requested for the first time. This ensures

that performance is optimized.The .NET Framework also provides some classes for tracking the performance of the .NETapplications. These classes are known as performance counters. The .NET Frameworkprovides performance counters for getting information on exception handling, interoperationwith unmanaged code, loading and unloading code into memory, locking and threading,memory, networking operations, and so on. This performance counters help to fine-tune theperformance of the .NET applications.

COM+ Services
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.NET Software

Languages supported by .NET Framework

The table below lists all the languages supported by the .NET Framework and describesthose languages. The languages listed below are supported by the .NET Framework up to the

year 2003. In future there may be other languages that the .NET Framework might support.

Language Description/Usage

APL

APL is one of the most powerful, consistent and concisecomputerprogramming languagesever devised. It is a language fordescribing procedures in the processing of information. It can be usedto describe mathematical procedures having nothing to do withcomputers or to describe the way a computer works.

C++

C++ is a true OOP. It is one of the early Object-Orientedprogramminglanguages. C++ derives from the C language.VC++Visual C++ is the name of a C++ compiler with an integratedenvironment from Microsoft. This includes special tools that simplify

the development of great applications, as well as specific libraries. Itsuse is known as visual programming.

C#C# called as C Sharp is a fully fledged Object-Oriented programminglanguage from Microsoft built into the .NET Framework. First created inthe late 1990s was part of Microsofts whole .NET strategy.

Cobol

COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language) was the first widely-used high-level programming language for business applications. It isconsidered as a programming language to have more lines of code thanany other language.

Component Component Pascal is a Pascal derived programming language that is
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Pascal specifically designed for programming software components.

Curriculum No information.

Eiffel

Eiffel is an Object-Oriented (OO) programming language which

emphasizes the production of robust software. Eiffel is stronglystatically typed mature Object-Oriented language with automaticmemory management.

Forth

Forth is a programming language and programming environment. Itfeatures both interactive execution of commands (making it suitable asa shell for systems that lack a more formal operating system), as well asthe ability to compile sequences of commands into threaded code forlater execution.

Fortran

Acronym for Formula Translator, Fortran is one of the oldest high-levelprogramming languages that are still widely used in scientificcomputing because of its compact notation for equations, ease inhandling large arrays, and huge selection of library routines for solvingmathematical problems efficiently.

Haskell

Haskell is acomputer programminglanguage that is a polymorphiclytyped, lazy, purely functional language, quite different from most otherprogramming languages. It is a wide-spectrum language, suitable for avariety of applications. It is particularly suitable for programs whichneed to be highly modifiable and maintainable.

JavaLanguage

The Java language is one of the most powerful

Object-Oriented programming languages developed till date. It'splatform independence (not depending on a particular OS) featuremakes it a very popular programming language.

MicrosoftJScript

Microsoft JScript is the Microsoft implementation of the ECMA 262language specification. JScript is an interpreted, object-based scriptinglanguage. It has fewer capabilities than full-fledged Object-Orientedlanguages like C++ but is more than sufficiently powerful for itsintended purposes.

Mercury

Mercury is a new logic/functional programming language, whichcombines the clarity and expressiveness of declarative programming

with advanced static analysis and error detection features. Its highlyoptimized execution algorithm delivers efficiency far in excess ofexisting logic programming systems, and close to conventionalprogramming systems. Mercury addresses the problems of large-scaleprogram development, allowing modularity, separate compilation, andnumerous optimization/time trade-offs.

Mondrian

Mondrian is a simple functional scripting language for Internetapplications. It is a functional language specifically designed tointer-operate with other languages in an OO environment. Currentversions of Mondrian run on .NET. Mondrian also supports ASP.NET,allowing you to embed functional language code in web pages along

with C# code.
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OberonOberon is a programming language very much likeModula-2 in syntaxbut with several interesting features. It's based on OOP concepts andprovides a Windows-based graphical user interface.

Oz

Oz is a high-level programming language that combines constraint

inference with concurrency. Oz is dynamically typed and has first-classprocedures, classes, objects, exceptions and sequential threadssynchronizing over a constraint store. It supports finite domain andfeature constraints and has powerful primitives for programmingconstraint inference engines at a high level.

Pascal

Principle objectives for Pascal were for the language to be efficient toimplement and run, allow for the development of well structured andwell organized programs, and to serve as a vehicle for the teaching ofthe important concepts of computer programming. The Prime area ofapplication that Pascal entails is the learning environment. Thislanguage was not really developed to be used for anything other thanteaching students the basics of programming as it was originallydeveloped for this purpose.

Perl

Practical Extraction and Report Language, Perl, is a language optimizedfor scanning arbitrary text files, extracting information from those textfiles, and printing reports based on that information. It's also a goodlanguage for many system management tasks.

Python

Python is an interpreted, interactive, Object-Oriented programminglanguage. Python combines remarkable power with very clear syntax. Ithas modules, classes, exceptions, very high level dynamic data types,

and dynamic typing.

RPG

Report Program Generator, RPG, is used for generation of reports fromdata files, including matching record and sub-total reports. RPG is oneof the few languages created for punch card machines that are still incommon use today. RPG or RPG IV is a native programming languagefor IBM's iSeries minicomputer system.

Scheme

Scheme is a statically scoped programming language. It was designedto have an exceptionally clear and simple semantics and few differentways to form expressions. A wide variety of programming paradigms,including imperative, functional, and message passing styles, find

convenient expression in Scheme.

Small Talk

SmallTalk is an expressive language that uses a simple sub set ofhuman languages, nouns and verbs. Smalltalk was the first, andremains one of the few, pure object systems, which simply mean thateverything in a Smalltalk program is an object. Smalltalk is generallyrecognized as the second Object Programming Language (OPL).

Standard ML

Standard ML is a safe, modular, strict, functional, polymorphicprogramming language with compile-time type checking and typeinference, garbage collection,exception handling, immutable data typesand updatable references, abstract data types, and parametric

modules. It has efficient implementations and a formal definition with aproof of soundness.
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MicrosoftVisual Basic

Visual Basic is a "visual programming" environment for developingWindows applications. Visual Basic makes it possible to developcomplicated applications very quickly. This site is all about VisualBasic.

Visual J# .NET

Microsoft Visual J# .NET is a development tool for Java-language developers who want tobuild applications and services on the Microsoft .NET Framework. Visual J# .NET joins morethan 20 previously announced languages with its ability to target the .NET Framework andfirst-class XML Web services.

Visual J# .NET provides:

The easiest transition for Java-language developers into the world of XML Webservices.

Dramatically improved interoperability of Java-language programs with existingsoftware written in a variety of other programming languages. The opportunity for Microsoft Visual J++ customers and other Java-language

programmers to take advantage of existing investments in skills and code while fullyutilizing the Microsoft platform today and into the future.

Visual J# .NET includes technology that enables customers to migrate Java-languageinvestments to the .NET Framework. Existing applications developed with Visual J++ can beeasily modified to execute on the .NET Framework, interoperate with applications createdwith other supported languages on the .NET Framework, and incorporate new technologiessupported in the .NET Framework such as Microsoft ASP.NET, Microsoft ADO.NET, andMicrosoft Windows Forms. Further, developers can use Visual J# .NET to create entirelynew applications based on the .NET Framework.

.NET Web Services

Whats a Web Service?

A web service is a standard platform for building interoperable distributed applications. Itallows you as a developer, to interact with other information providers without worryingabout what they are running either at the backend or even their front-end.

Web Services are pieces of program logic that are programmatically available via theInternet. These pieces of program logic which are in the form of objects, can be invoked

from any client over HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol). It functions primarily throughXML in order to pass information back and forth through HTTP. By allowing datainterchange in the standard XML format, anybody can pick up the data and use it.

Basically, you can author a web service and make its properties and methods available toother developers across the web, without writing vast amounts of documentation for an APIor distributing DLLs to everyone who wishes to use them.

In a typical web services scenario, a business application sends a request to a service at agiven URL, using the SOAP protocol over HTTP. The service receives the request, processesit, and returns a response. An often-cited example of a web service is that of a stock quote

service, in which the request asks for the current price of a specified stock, and theresponse gives the stock price. This is one of the simplest forms of a web service in that the


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request is filled almost immediately.

A Web Service is defined as "a component of programmable application logic that can beaccessed using standard web protocols". It's basically a component, or an assemblyin ASP.NET, that can be accessed over the web.

The concept of sending messages between servers or remotely calling functions is not new.Technologies such as DCOM (Distributed Component Object Model) and CORBA (CommonObject Request Broker Architecture) are well-known proprietary protocols that have been inuse for years.

What is new is, web services use a standard protocol called SOAP to transfer messagesover HTTP. SOAP makes it possible for applications written in different languages runningon different platforms to make remote procedure calls (RPC) effectively, even throughfirewalls.

DCOM doesn't use port 80, which is reserved for HTTP traffic; this causes

DCOM calls to be blocked by firewalls. SOAP calls use port 80, which makes itpossible to call procedures that exist behind firewalls.

Protocols Used By Web services

Web services use the standard web protocols HTTP, XML, SOAP, WSDL, and UDDI.

HTTP

HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) is the set of rules for transferring files (text, graphicimages, sound, video, and other multimedia files) on the World Wide Web. As soon as a Web

user opens their Web browser, the user is indirectly making use of HTTP. HTTP is anapplication protocol that runs on top of the TCP/IP suite of protocols (the foundationprotocols for the Internet).

HTTP is standardized by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C).

HTTP is called a stateless protocol because each command is executed independently,without any knowledge of the commands that came before it. This is the main reason that itis difficult to implement Web sites that react intelligently to user input. This shortcoming ofHTTP is being addressed in a number of new technologies, including ActiveX,

Java,JavaScriptand cookies.

XML

XML(Extensible Markup Language), a specification developed by the W3C. XML is a pared-down version of SGML, designed especially for Web documents. It allows designers to createtheir own customized tags, enabling the definition, transmission, validation, andinterpretation of data between applications and between organizations.

SOAP

SOAP(SimpleObject AccessProtocol), a lightweight XML-based messaging protocol used toencode the information in Web service request and response messages before sending themover a network. SOAP messages are independent of any operating system or protocol and

may be transported using a variety of Internet protocols, including SMTP, MIME, and HTTP.
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WSDL

WSDL(Web ServicesDescription Language), an XML-formatted language used to describe aWeb service's capabilities as collections of communication endpoints capable of exchangingmessages. WSDL is an integral part of UDDI, an XML-based worldwide business registry.

WSDL is the language that UDDI uses. WSDL was developed jointly by Microsoft and IBM.

UDDI

UDDI(Universal Description, Discovery and Integration). A Web-based distributed directorythat enables businesses to list themselves on the Internet and discover each other, similar toa traditional phone book's yellow and white pages.

UDDI is a public registry, where one can publish and inquire about web services.

.NET Aims And Objectives

Microsoft .NET (Microsoft dotNet) is a set of Microsoft software technologies forconnecting your world of information, people, systems, and devices.It enables an unprecedented level of software integration through the useofXML Web services: small, discrete, building-block applications that connectto each otheras well as to other, larger applicationsvia the Internet.

The Goal

The goal that Microsoft has set itself is ambitious, to say the least, both in technical andstrategic terms. The new .NET platform has not evolved from the DNA 2000 technologycurrently available; rather, it is a totally new technology which is likely to shake up more

than a few deep-rooted ideas.

.NET is an entirely new platform and technology which introduces a host of new products,whose compatibility with existing technology is not always guaranteed. It offers support for34 programming languages, which share a hierarchy of classes providing basic services..NET applications no longer run innative machine code, having abandoned Intel x86 code infavor of an intermediate language calledMSILwhich runs in a sort of virtual machine calledthe Common Language Runtime (CLR).

In addition, .NET makes intensive use of XML, and places a lot of emphasis on the SOAPprotocol. Thanks to SOAP, Microsoft is hoping to bring us into a new era of programmingwhich, rather than relying on the assembly of components or objects, is based on the reuse

of services. SOAP and Web Services are the cornerstones of the .NET platform.

Microsoft .Net (Microsoft dotNet) aims to reduce the cost of software development by creatingre-useable code that can be used by all applications in the environment, regardless ofoperating system or programming language.

You may develop (or purchase) a Microsoft .Net (Microsoft dotNet) web based application thattakes new sales orders over the Internet.Dot netwill allow you to call the logic behind theapplication from any other program. For example Microsoft Excel or Word macros coulddirectly call the web based application to create new sales order. A customer could easilyand securely develop their own application interface that directly and securely places a newsales order on your website.

Microsoft .NET Frameworkis a computing platform for developingdistributed
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applicationsfor the Internet. Following are the design goals of Microsoft .NET Framework:

1.To provide a very high degree of language interoperability2.To provide a runtime environment that completely manages code execution3.To provide a very simple software deployment and versioning model4.To provide high-level code security through code access security and strong typechecking5.To provide a consistent object-oriented programming model6.To facilitate application communication by using industry standards such as SOAP

and XML.7.To simplify Web application development

.NET is multi-language

With the .NET platform, Microsoft will provide several languages and the associatedcompilers, such as C++, JScript, VB.NET (alias VB 7) and C#, a new language which

emerged with .NET.

Third party vendors working in partnership with Microsoft are currently developingcompilers for a broad range of other languages, including Cobol, Eiffel, CAML, Lisp, Pythonand Smalltalk. Rational, vendor of the famous UML tool Rose, is also understood to befinalizing a Java compiler for .NET.

Applications are hardware-independent

All these languages are compiled via an intermediate binary code, which is independent ofhardware and operating systems. This language is MSIL: Microsoft Intermediate Language.MSIL is then executed in the Common Language Runtime (CLR), which basically fulfils the

same role as the JVM in the Java platform. MSIL is then translated into machine code by aJust in Time (JiT) compiler.

Applications are portable

Applications compiled as intermediate code are presented as Portable Executables (PEs).Microsoft will thereby be able to offer full or partial implementations of the .NET platformover a vast range of hardware and software architectures: Intel PCs with Windows 9x,Windows NT4, Windows 2000 or future 64 bit Windows versions, microcontroller-basedPDAs with PocketPC (e.g. Windows CE), and other operating systems too, no doubt.

All languages must comply with a common agreement

Existing computer languages are heterogeneous: some are procedural, others object-oriented, some authorize use of optional parameters or a variable number of parameters,some authorize operator overload, others do not, and so it goes on.

For a language to be eligible for the range of languages supported by the .NET platform, itmust provide a set of possibilities and constructions listed in an agreement called theCommon Language Specification, or CLS. To add a language to .NET, all that is required intheory is for it to meet the requirements of the CLS, and for someone to develop a compilerfrom this language into MSIL.

The fact that all the .NET languages are compiled in the form of an intermediate code also

means that a class written in a language may be derived in another language, and it ispossible to instantiate in one language an object of a class written in another language.
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.NET Summary

The Microsoft .NET Framework is a software component which can be added to the MicrosoftWindows operating system.

It provides a large body of pre-coded solutions to common program requirements, andmanages the execution of programs written specifically for the framework. The .NETFramework is a key Microsoft offering, and is intended to be used by most new applicationscreated for the Windows platform.

The pre-coded solutions in the namespaces form the framework's class library and cover alarge range of programming needs in areas including the user interface, data access,cryptography, numeric algorithms, and network communications. The functions of the classlibrary are used by programmers who combine them with their own code to produce

applications.

Programs written for the .NET Framework execute in a software environment that managesthe program's runtime requirements. This runtime environment, which is also a part of the.NET Framework, is known as the Common Language Runtime (CLR). The CLR provides theappearance of an application virtual machine, so that programmers need not consider thecapabilities of the specific CPU that will execute the program. The CLR also provides otherimportant services such as security guarantees, memory management, and exceptionhandling.

The class library and the CLR together compose the .NET Framework. The framework is

intended to make it easier to develop computer applications and to reduce the vulnerabilityof applications and computers to security threats. First released in 2002, it is included withWindows Server 2003 and Windows Vista, and can be installed on most older versions.

Documents

1 Introduction to .NET Final