1-Introduction CIV1201 DKP(64s)P Sept 2013 [Compatibility Mode]

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The University of TorontoDepartment of Civil Engineering

CIV 1201 Concrete Technology and Non-Destructive Testing

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CIV1201 Concrete Technology and Non Destructive Testing, University of Toronto, Prof. D.K.Panesar

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Prof. Daman [email protected]

Office: GB 323


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CIV 1201

• Course Description• Course Description

• Expectations

• Marks Breakdown

• Reference Material


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Course Description• Review basics of concrete technology including:

constituents, fresh and hardened properties, i t t d d bilitmicrostructure, and durability.

• Study advancements in concrete technologies.

• Theory, principal, standardization, benefits, and limitations of non destructive testing (NDT)


limitations of non-destructive testing (NDT) methods applied to steel reinforced concrete

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Con’t Course Description

• Techniques to be covered include: condition assessment, surface hardness, penetration resistance, pullout, break-off test, maturity method, pull-off, permeability, resonant frequency, UPV, magnetic/electrical, radioactive/nuclear short pulse radar


radioactive/nuclear, short pulse radar, acoustic emission, infrared thermography.

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Con’t Course Description

• A review of the role of statistics in• A review of the role of statistics in experiments, testing and design of experiments. Application of significance testing, linear regression analysis and assessment of adequacy of regression models in context with non-destructive


techniques.

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Expectations:

Knowledge, Skills and Abilities

1. Gain knowledge of the principals and application of concrete materials scienceapplication of concrete materials science, and NDT techniques applied to concrete.

2. Understand the challenges and limitations of laboratory and field application of NDT.

3. Evaluate the correlation curves between NDT measurements and material properties


NDT measurements and material properties based on statistical theory.

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Expectations:

Knowledge, Skills and Abilities

4 Using statistical inference assess4. Using statistical inference assess differences between 2 or more sets of test data.

5. Develop strong technical presentation skills.

6. Work effectively in groups to present, critically analyse and discuss concrete


critically analyse, and discuss concrete materials and NDT techniques applied to civil engineering structures.

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Con’t Expectations

• Attendance• Attendance

• Participation

• Plagiarism will not be tolerated


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Course Evaluation

• Interim Submissions 20%• Interim Submissions 20%

• Project #1 15%

• Project #2 15%

• Presentation(s) 10%

• Written Final Exam 40%


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Course Notes

• lecture slides will be posted (Portal)• lecture slides will be posted (Portal)

• designed to facilitate and enhance learning

• not a complete source of reference material for this course

• are intended to be a starting point and should b l t d ith l t t i l d

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CIV1201 Concrete Technology and Non Destructive Testing, University of Toronto, Prof. D. K.Panesar

be supplemented with lecture material and material from suggested references

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Suggested Reference Material

• Handbook on Non-Destructive Testing 2nd• Handbook on Non-Destructive Testing, 2Edition, Edited by Malholtra and Carino. 2004 ASTM CRC Press

• Guide for Making a Condition Survey of Concrete in Service, ACI Report ACI201.1.

• Guideline for Structural Condition


• Guideline for Structural Condition Assessment of Existing Buildings, ASCE Standard, ANSI/ASCE11-90.

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Con’t Suggested Reference Material

• Concrete- Microstructure Properties andConcrete Microstructure, Properties, and Materials. 3rd Edition, by: Mehta and Monteiro. McGraw Hill.

• Properties of Concrete. 4th Edition, by: Neville. Pearson, Prentice Hall.

• Engineering Statistics. 4th Edition, by: M t R H b l Wil P


Montgomery, Runger, Hubele. Wiley Press 2007.

• PLUS- various journal articles will be suggested throughout the term.

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Non Destructive Testing Introduction


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Outline• Background of NDT

– Objective

– Uses

– Specific applications

– Practical considerations

Driving force


– Driving force

• Evaluation of Concrete Structures

• Case Studies: Condition Assessment

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What is non-destructive testing (NDT)?

• Non-invasive technique used to determine• Non-invasive technique used to determine the integrity or properties of a material, component or structure

• Allows inspection without interfering with a product or elements final use– Ex


Ex.

• Cost-effective approach to control quality

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Objectives of NDT

• Quality controlQuality control– Current performance – Service life– Fitness for purpose assessment – Life extension, repair or rehabilitation measures


• How do we evaluate a deteriorated or vulnerable structure?

• What is the concern?

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Visible Degradation


Ref.: J. Olek (Perdue Univ.)

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Types of Cracking, Deterioration, Textural

Features• Crazing Ab i• Crazing

• Diagonal cracks

• Hairline cracks

• Plastic cracks

• Shrinkage cracks

• Abrasion

• Bleeding

• Cold joint

• Segregation


• Shrinkage cracks

• Popout

• Pitting

• Curling

• Efflorescence

• Etc. etc….

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Evaluation Techniques

• Visual Inspection• Visual Inspection

• Take some cores

• Compare with expected results


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Evaluation Techniques• Visual Inspection

• Non-Destructive Testing

• Invasive Testing

• Analytical Methods

Assessment of


– No Action/Repair/ Replace

– Adequate or Inadequate

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ND Evaluation (NDE)• Interdisciplinary field

• Assure that a component performs its function

• Locate and characterize material conditions and flaws to prevent


and flaws to prevent– pipelines to burst, – substandard design,– bridges to collapse etc.

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Uses of NDE

• During or prior to construction – Q/C of precast units or construction insitu (bulk

properties, transport properties)

– Issues with workmanship (batching, mixing, placing, compacting or curing concrete)


– Location and identify severity of defects

– Monitor strength development

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Con’t Typical Uses of NDT

• Improves quality destructive testingImproves quality destructive testing

• - ?

• Extent of concrete variability

• Durability


y

• Long term movements

• Future proposed changes to the structure

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Con’t Typical Uses of NDT

• Improves quality destructive testingImproves quality destructive testing– Where to core?– What is in the structure, rebar map?– Number of tests? confidence level, too many or too few

• Extent of concrete variability – Locate or validate suspect regions

• Durability


• Durability

• Long term movements

• Future proposed changes to the structure

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Classification of Tests• Destructive tests

Conventional methods that enable the strength ofConventional methods that enable the strength of the concrete to be measured by coring or cutting samples from concrete.

• Non-destructiveIndirect measurement of a property which is

estimated by a correlation. The great advantage is that the structure is not damaged


• Partially destructiveConcrete is tested to failure but the damage is

localized and the member is not significantly weakened. (Ex. Pulloff)

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Examples of NDT Methods• Visual inspection

H lf ll t ti l

• Break-off Test

• Maturity Method• Half cell potential

• Permeability

• Radiography/Nuclear Methods

• Ultrasonic testing

• Surface Hardness

• Maturity Method

• Resonant Frequency

• Stress Wave Propagation

• Infrared Thermographic

• Acoustic Emissions


Surface Hardness

• Pullout Test

TEST …………. CONCRETE

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Scope of Application of NDT

• Concrete• New structures

• Existing structures

• Aging structures

• Concrete

• Steel

• Wood


g g

• Pavement

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Practical Considerations of NDT

• Section Dimensions• Section Dimensions

• Steel Configuration

• Liners or External Cladding

• Accessibility


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Practical Considerations

• Section Dimensions• Section Dimensions– wall or member thickness

• Steel Congestion– high density of reinforcing steel can distort


high density of reinforcing steel can distort signal or measurements

– end anchorage zones

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Practical Considerations

• Liners or External Cladding• Liners or External Cladding– Prevent access to surface of concrete

• Accessibility– physical geometry


physical geometry

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Driving Forces Behind NDT

1) Safety/Security1) Safety/Security– For structure, equipment or building/plant

operations

– People working in the building/structure

– Society who would be adversely affected b h d f i f h


by the dysfunction of the structure, or component.

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2) Reliability2) Reliability– Owners try to ensure their asset meet

performance at optimum costs

– Avoid failures and unplanned maintenance


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3) Codes Standards and Regulations3) Codes Standards and Regulations– Most operations, structural elements and

plant processes are controlled by standards

G d i h


– Good practice must ensure that processes, materials, etc. meet the code specifications

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Stages to use NDT

• All stages of the lifetime• All stages of the lifetime

• The reason for needing inspection or evaluation at each stage of a materials life and at each stage requires different factors need to be considered.– Manufacture


Manufacture

– Maintenance

– Repair

– Emergency situations

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Evaluation of Existing Concrete Structures

1. Collect Information1. Collect Information

2. Establish In-Service Conditions

3. Conduct Site Visit

4. Structural Evaluation Program


5. Service Life Prediction

6. Evaluation Criteria

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1. Collection and Review of Information

• Design guides, technical specifications• Design and as built drawings• Design and as-built drawings• As-built construction practices and logs• Photographs• Post construction reports, unusual events• Material test reports

St t


• Stress reports• Field or design change notices• Location and presence of instrumentation• Past repair details

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2. Establish In-Service Conditions

• Compare:– Intended Design Requirements vs. Existing

In-service Condition

• Identify Changes:– Functional Requirements

Environmental Effects (t it )


– Environmental Effects (type exposure,severity)

– Service Conditions (loads, pressures,vibration etc.)

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3. Site Visit

• Observe the visual condition (photographic )and descriptive records)

• Identify locations of:– Visual structural or connection weakness

– Cracking study (location, type, size, cause)

– Evidence of structural modifications (repairs)


Evidence of structural modifications (repairs)

– Location, and severity of deteriorated concrete

– Predict cause of damage

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Visual Inspection

• Provides insight toProvides insight to – Workmanship– Structural serviceability– Material behavior – Differentiate between various signs of

distress


distress– Preliminary indication of condition to

develop testing program

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• Inspection should not be limited to only• Inspection should not be limited to only the structure in question but also neighboring structures, surrounding environment, and climatic condition

• Diagnostic work is the most difficult


aspect of the investigation

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Equipment and Tools

• Measuring device (tape ruler crack width• Measuring device (tape, ruler, crack width gauge)…

• Chalk

• Structural drawings, plan and elevation view

• Scopes (binoculars, bore scopes, portable i


microscope…

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Procedure

• Become familiar. Review all relevant existing documents and drawings related to the structure (i.e.. technical specifications, construction reports, lab reports, methods, dates and environmental/exposure conditions)


environmental/exposure conditions)

• Systematic survey- to cover the defects, past and present use of structure

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Procedure

• Characterize defects- amount, location, type of damage and their corresponding possible causescauses

• A study of similar structures or structures within a local area with similar materials can help to provide ‘case study’ evidence

• Visual inspection beyond the surface to examine bearings, expansion joints, drainage h l


channels• Assess environmental conditions (i.e.

temperature, wetting and drying, splash zone, settlement etc. )

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Visible Degradation



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Physical DeteriorationFrost Action and De-icing Agents



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Chemical DeteriorationAlkali Attack-ASR

Map Cracking



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4. Structural Evaluation Techniques

Condition of concrete determined by:Condition of concrete determined by:

a. Non-destructive testing

b. Destructive testing

c Computational methods (reliability)


c. Computational methods (reliability)

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• Visual Inspection• Surface Hardness Tests

4. Structural Evaluation Techniquesa) Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) Examples

• Surface Hardness Tests• Penetration Resistance (Windsor Probe)• Pull-Out Test• Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity• Resonant Frequency Method

A ti E i i


• Acoustic Emission• Impact-Echo Method• Delamination Detection• Concrete Cover to Reinforcing Steel etc..

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4. Structural Evaluation Techniques

b) Destructive Testing

• Obtaining concrete cores:• Obtaining concrete cores:– Core Size

– Drilling locations should include sound and deteriorated areas

– Sample Size


• Testing program to determine: physical, chemical and mechanical properties

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• Petrographic analysis

4. Structural Evaluation TechniquesDestructive Testing - Examples of Common

Lab Tests of Cores

• Air void system

• Strength tests

• Chloride content

• Chemical and other tests


– Cement and aggregate content, aggregate size distribution

– Chemical analysis of paste• Ex.) Mercury Porosimeter and Thermal Analysis

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4. Structural Evaluation Techniquesc) Reliability Assessment

• Statistical description of load and• Statistical description of load and resistance parameters to evaluate safety or reliability indices


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5. Service Life Prediction

• Objective of evaluation:– assess the extent of degradation and

– predict the remaining service life or life extension based on the structures current condition

• Estimate service life or remaining life by:


Estimate service life or remaining life by:– Deterministic Methods

– Probabilistic Methods

– Service Life Approach

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Replace or Repair or No ActionReplace or Repair or No Action

• Experienced engineering judgment• Intended service life • Cost estimate of options


p

• **what we understand and how we act can have significant implications on….

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Replace or Repair or No ActionReplace or Repair or No Action

• **what we understand and how we act can have significant implications on….

• SafetyE i t


• Environment• Society• Cost

In class exercise- Work in teams of 2 or 3

- Please write your name and student ID# at the top f th

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of the page

- Please see instructions

- Submit to instructor at the end of the class.


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In class exercise• As a group, review the distributed articles and discuss the implications

and interconnections of the following topics as they relate to your articles or to aging infrastructure in general:

St t l d i

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• Structural design

• Concrete materials

• Construction approaches

• Environment

• Society

• Safety

• CostCost

• The goal is to list 10 implications/interconnections for each of the categories above. In some cases you your observations may be context specific to a particular infrastructure element or failure mode.


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Case Study: Condition Assessment of Water Distribution Pipes

Ref.: Grigg, N. Condition Assessment of Water Distribution Pipes, gg pJournal of Infrastructure Systems, Sept. 2006 pp.147-153.

• Condition Assessment = evaluate the readiness of a component to perform its function.

• Managing water distribution systems (hundreds of billions worth) with average replacement


of billions worth) with average replacement rates once in 200 years requires EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT in terms of CONDITION ASSESSMENT AND PLANS FOR RENEWAL.

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Infrastructure Readiness or “ will it last?”

1) how vulnerable is the infrastructure to1) how vulnerable is the infrastructure to damage due to natural or human-caused threats

2) how robust is it against degradation (I.e. corrosion)


CHALLENGES- INVESTIGATION AND TESTING OF OF BURIED

INFRASTRUCTURE

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Framework for Condition Assessment of Water Pipes

System Goals Infrastructure Operational

and Criteria Readiness Readiness(will it last?) (provide capacity?)

- not vulnerable to disaster - provide quantity - not degrade too fast - provide quality

Condition Physical integrity Losses

Indicators Repair history PressureOperability Flow

ComplaintsWater quality

Energy use


Grigg, N. Condition Assessment of Water Distribution Pipes, Journal of Infrastructure Systems, Sept. 2006 pp.147-153.

Energy use(capitol side) (operations side)

System Indicators Integrity Water Quality FlowReliability Losses Pressure

Decisions Renewal Maintenance BudgetWork

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Condition & System Indicators

Required information in the proposed framework requires testing to:framework requires testing to:

• Understand and identify failure mechanism of pipe, joint, lining, leaks, breaks, coating deterioration

Ex. Smart pigs to locate adjacent buried infrastructure


• Smart implanted chips to improve pigs.• Need to develop better tools for specific

applications.

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Case Study 2: Bridge Management

• Rens et al. Bridge Management and Nondestructive Evaluation, Journal of ,Performance of Constructed Facilities, ASCE, Feb 2005.

• City and County of Denver uses the Bridge Evaluation using Nondestructive Test (BENT) approach to evaluate major bridge network

• BENT can be applied to timber steel and


• BENT can be applied to timber, steel and concrete

• Example is given for concrete components of the bridge network

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BENT- Step 1: Determination of Bridges to be Inspected

• Using a deterioration model to• Using a deterioration model to determine critical structures in conjunction with:– Inspection reports and

– Photographs


– NDT methods to provide estimate (quantified) extent of deterioration

• Critical structures identified.

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BENT- Step 2: Determination of Deterioration Mechanisms

• Inspection reports photographs andInspection reports, photographs and written descriptions help to identify deterioration mechanism.

• Commonly reported mechanisms in concrete bridges:

Efflorescence indicates contaminated


– Efflorescence- indicates contaminated concrete. Typically calcium carbonate precipitates in crystalline form to the surface of the concrete

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Con’t: BENT- Step 2:

• Efflorescence (usually white) with rust stains indicates corrosion of steelindicates corrosion of steel

• Cracking-– Hairline cracks do not typically jeopardize the

structural integrity of the structure

– In prestressed concrete- cracks are associated with serious problems


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– NDT is useful in investigating extent, cause and implications of cracks

• Delamination and Spalling

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BENT Step 3: Definition of NDT for Each Type of Deterioration

NonDestructive Efflorescence Cracking Delamination RelativeTest Method Spalling Costp g

Acoustic Emission P P P highElectrical Methods P P F lowImpact Echo P G G lowMagnetic Method G F F lowRadar P P G highRadiography P F F highSonic Methods P P G lowSurface Hardeness P P P low


Surface Hardeness P P P lowThermography P P G highAcoustic Tomography F G G lowUltrasonic F G G low

•Rens et al. Bridge Management and Nondestructive Evaluation, J. of Performance of Constructed Facilities, ASCE, Feb 2005.

(P=poor, F=fair, G=good)

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BENT Step 4: Application of NDT

• Select suitable testing techniques based• Select suitable testing techniques based on type of deterioration

• Gather equipment

• Data collection –establish a grid

• non-destructive application of a test


• non-destructive application of a test method or a combination of test methods

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BENT Step 5: Rate a Component

• Analyze the NDT results• Analyze the NDT results

• Re-assess the original rating (which was based on visual inspection, photos etc.) to be:– Same, less severe damage or more severe

damage

• Re-run deterioration model to yield more


Re run deterioration model to yield more accurate predicted deterioration curves.

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Other Condition Assessment Approaches

1. Dias and Jayanandana, Condition Assessment of a Deteriorated Cement Works,Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities ASCE Nov 2003Constructed Facilities, ASCE, Nov 2003.

2. Chen, Field and Lab Investigations of Prematurely Cracking Pavements, Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, ASCE, Aug 2007.

3. Chen et al. Detailed Forensic Investigation and Rehabilitation Recommendation on Interstate Highway –30. Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, ASCE M 2005


ASCE, May 2005.4. Rens and Kim, Inspection of Quebec St Bridge in

Denver, Colorado: Destructive and Non-Destructive Testing, Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, ASCE, May 2007

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1- Introduction


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1-Introduction CIV1201 DKP(64s)P Sept 2013 [Compatibility Mode]