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Mavko lectures about petrophyscis basics
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Stanford Rock Physics Laboratory - Gary Mavko
1
Introduction to
Rock Physicsby
Gary Mavko
Stanford Rock Physics Laboratory - Gary Mavko
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ContentsIntroduction 1Basic Geophysical Concepts 14Porosity 26Conceptual Overview of Factors Impacting Velocities 28Effective Medium Models 71
Bounds 72Wyllie Time Average 79Raymer-Hunt-Gardner Relation 81Backus Average 83Fluid Substitution 85Ellipsoidal Inclusion Models 112
Shaley Sand; Velocity-Porosity Relations 123Critical Porosity 126Clay Effects 136Cementing/Sorting Trends 151
Sand Models 163Fluid Flow and Permeability 175Velocity Dispersion and Q 189Partial Saturation 225Upscaling 253Vp/Vs - Rock Physics of AVO 267
Empirical Vp/Vs Relations 277Krief, et al 282Greenberg, Castagna 287Gardner’s Relations 289
North Sea Facies Classification 292AI/EI 3124D Summary 330
Stanford Rock Physics Laboratory - Gary Mavko
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Courtesy Per Avseth
What Controls Amplitude over thisNorth Sea Turbidite?
Lithology, porosity, pore fluids, stresses… but also sedimentation and diagenesis
Stanford Rock Physics Laboratory - Gary Mavko
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From Nestvold, 1989
Image of Saturation and ReservoirHeterogeneity.Can we understand this quantitatively?
Stanford Rock Physics Laboratory - Gary Mavko
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Seismic Signatures of Pore Fluidsand Saturation Heterogeneity
Blangy, 1992
Oil and Gas
Water
Stanford Rock Physics Laboratory - Gary Mavko
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Buried Stream ChannelSand or Clay? Water or Oil?
Stanford Rock Physics Laboratory - Gary Mavko
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2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Vp (k
m/s
)
Sw (fraction)
Drainage
Imbibition
K.1
Seismic velocity depends onpore fluids … but not uniquely!
After Knight and Nolen-Hoeksema, 1990
It also depends on saturation scales.
Vp
(km
/s)
Sw (fraction)
Imbibition, Fine Scale
Drainage, Coarse Scale
Stanford Rock Physics Laboratory - Gary Mavko
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•Downscaled Saturations•Increasing Patchiness•Decreasing total gas thickness
4D Signature of saturation, dependson rock stiffness, fluids, porosity, …and saturation scale
Courtesy Madhumita Sengupta
Observedfrom fieldseismic
Prediction based onupscaled flow simulatorare poor
Δ RMS Amp (Near)
Δ R
MS
Am
p (M
id)
Stanford Rock Physics Laboratory - Gary Mavko
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Fractures have a variety of seismicsignatures, depending on lithology,fracture orientations, pore fluids
Gas: smallerazimuthal AVOthan water!
Stanford Rock Physics Laboratory - Gary Mavko
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Water-filled Fracturesin Cap Rock
Gas-filled Fracturesin Reservoir
Pitfall: Water saturated fractured capresembles gas-saturated fractured Res.
Stanford Rock Physics Laboratory - Gary Mavko
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Rock PhysicsDiscover, understand relationsbetween1. Seismic Attributes:•Velocity•Impedance•Reflectivity•AVO•Attenuation•Etc.
2. Rock and Fluid Properties:•Rock type, mineralogy•Porosity•Pore fluids, saturation•Stress, Pore, Pressure, Temperature
Why?•Quantify Seismic Interpretation•Understand the links between geology & seismic•Make smarter extrapolations•Quantify uncertainty
•Understand, Minimize Interpretation Risk
Stanford Rock Physics Laboratory - Gary Mavko
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Rock physics:• understand relations between geophysical
measurements and rock properties;• emphasis on interpreting seismic, sonic,
and ultrasonic data
Petrophysics:• interpretation of logs for formation
evaluation.• similar to rock physics, with emphasis on
well logs, and often ignoring sonic logs andseismic
Rock Mechanics:• Emphasis on stress, faulting, fracture
processes
People Often Ask the Difference:
Stanford Rock Physics Laboratory - Gary Mavko
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Goal of this course:
•Synthesize, generalize the currentstate of the art•Provide recipes, recommendations
•Point out pitfalls in the use of Rockphysics and shortcomings of ourknowledge
•Hopefully, to give you new tools touse back at the office