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1
INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND AQUACULTURE
PRODUCTS
• DR. A LEM, FISHERY INDUSTRY OFFICER, FAO-GLOBEFISH
• NACA AQUAMARKETS 2003
• MANILA, 2-6 JUNE 2003
3
OUTLINE
• SOME WORDS ON FAO
• GLOBEFISH/INFONETWORK
• INTL. TRADE
• ISSUES THAT AFFECT TRADE
• WTO - FROM URUGUAY TO DOHA (AND CANCUN)
• CONCLUSIONS
4
FAO
• ALL ISSUES RELATED TO FISHERIES• TRADE: FISH UTILIZATION AND
MARKETING SERVICE• COFI-SUBCOMMITTEE ON FISH TRADE
• (COFI-SUBCOMMITTEE ON AQUACULTURE)
• INFONETWORK (GLOBEFISH, INFOFISH, INFOPESCA, INFOPECHE, INFOSAMAK,
EUROFISH, INFOYU)
5
GLOBEFISH
• PARTNERS:
• European Commission,
• NMFS (US),
• FROM (Spain), OFREMER (France), IREPA (Italy), DENMARK, Norwegian Seafood
Export Council, MOROCCO, Fundación Chile• ASSOCIATE PARTNERS: ACADEMIA AND
INDUSTRY
6
GLOBAL FISH EXPORTS (2001) $ 56 BILLION
• DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: 50 % OF EXPORTS
• NET EXPORT REVENUES FROM FISHERIES MOST IMPORTANT AFTER TIMBER FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES (US$ 18 billion)
7
World exports of fishery commodities in 2001, in value
Other crustaceans
7.2%
Fishmeal
3.6%
Fish oil
0.6%
Flatfish
2.1%
Other pelagics
6.6%
Sharks, rays,
chimaeras
0.6%
Shrimp
18.8%
Others
16.9%
Other demersal
fishes
1.3%
Cephalopods
4.5%
Fish for ornamental
purposes
0.3%
Tuna
8.8%
Freshwater fish
1.3%
Salmon
7.8%
Cods, hakes,
haddocks
10.0%
Coastal fishes
1.1%
Other molluscs
5.3%
Other diadromous
3.0%
8
Net exports from commodities
-5
0
5
10
15
20
Fish Coffee Bananas Rubber Cocoa Sugar Tea Tobacco Rice Meat
US$ billions
1981
1991
2001
9
AQUACULTURE EXPORTS
• PROBLEM OF ANALYSIS• TRADE STATISTICS DO NOT GIVE ORIGIN
( CAPTURE OR AQUACULTURE)• ONLY FOR SOME SPECIES IS ORIGIN
EVIDENT ( TROUT, ATLANTIC SALMON, CARP, TILAPIA )
• TRADE: A MIX OF FARMED AND CAPTURE PRODUCT (SHRIMP, PACIFIC SALMON)
10
MAJOR FARMED SPECIES FOR EXPORT
• SHRIMP
• SALMON
• BIVALVES
• CARP # 1 IN PRODUCTION BUT LIMITED TRADE
11
FASTGROWERS
• FARMED SALMON EXPORTS: 700,000+ MT,
• FARMED TROUT EXPORTS: 125,000+ MT
• FARMED TILAPIA EXPORTS: CA 70,000 MT
• FARMED SEABASS AND SEABREAM EXPORTS: CA 100,000 MT
12
World Trade of Shrimps, 1976-2001 in MT (live weight)
Source: FAOFigures in Live weight
-
500,000
1,000,000
1,500,000
2,000,000
2,500,000
1976
1979
1982
1985
1988
1991
1994
1997
2000
Total Trade Flow
13
World Trade Flow of Salmons, 1976-2001 in MT (live weight)
Source: FAO
-
100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000
600,000
700,000
800,000
900,000
1976
1979
1982
1985
1988
1991
1994
1997
2000
Total Trade Flow
14
• # 5 IN US FISH CONSUMPTION
• EXPORTS ARE GROWING (Vietnam to US)
• AMERICAN CATFISH INSTITUTE - marketing and campaigns
AMERICAN CATFISH
15
World Trade of Bivalves, 1976-2001 in MT (live weight)
-
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
1,200,000
1,400,000
1,600,000
1976
1979
1982
1985
1988
1991
1994
1997
2000
Total trade flow
16
• SCALLOP IMPORTS: 68,000 MT
• CLAM IMPORTS: 145,000 MT
• MUSSEL IMPORTS: 180,000 MT
• OYSTER IMPORTS: 41,000 MT
BIVALVE TRADE (2001)
17
World Trade Flow of Seabass and Seabream, 1976-2001 in MT (live weight)
Source: FAO
-
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
90,000
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
Total Trade
18
World Trade of Tilapia, 1990-2001 in MT (live weight)
Source: FAO
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Frozen
Fresh or chilled
Fillets, Frozen
Fillets,Fresh or chilled
20
LIVE SEAFOOD
• GROWING DEMAND• MAINLY ETHNIC MARKETS• HIGH PRICES• ASIAN ETHNIC MARKETS IN
EUROPE AND US
• (+ ORNAMENTAL OR AQUARIUM MARKET)
21
NON-FOOD OR ORNAMENTAL
• MOSTLY FRESHWATER AQUACULTURE
• MARINE AQUACULTURE GROWING
• ASIA TO EU, US AND JAPAN
• VERY DEPENDENT ON ECONOMIC CLIMATE
• IMPORTS 2000: US$ 250 MILLION
• RETAIL: US$ 3 BILLION +
22
SOME FUTURE TRADE ISSUES
1. QUALITY AND FOOD SAFETY
2. WTO: TRADE AND TARIFFS
3. FISHERIES SUBSIDIES
4. DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL DEVELOPMENT
5. DEMAND TRENDS
6. FISH TRADE-FOOD SECURITY
23
QUALITY AND FOOD SAFETY
• CODEX STANDARDS FOR AQUACULTURE PRODUCTS
• HACCP AND RISK ASSESSMENT• ISO 9000 STANDARDS• LABELLING-CERTIFICATION• TRACEABILITY AND PRODUCTION METHOD
(CONSUMER INFORMATION)• NEW EU LABELING RULES 2002• INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
25
TRADE AND TARIFFS
• !!! FISH IS A NON AGRICULTURAL PRODUCT !!!
• TARIFF REDUCTIONS OVER TIME• NTBs (NON-TARIFF TRADE BARRIERS)• TARIFF ESCALATION FOR PROCESSED
PRODUCTS• URUGUAY ROUND TRADE NEGOTIATIONS• NEW ROUND OF TRADE NEGOTIATIONS:
Doha Development Agenda
26
URUGUAY ROUND AGREEMENTS
• SPS (SANITARY AND PHYTOSANITARY MEASURES)
• TBT (TECHINICAL BARRIERS TO TRADE)
• ANTI-DUMPING
• SUBSIDIES AND COUNTERVAILING MEASURES
• DISPUTE SETTLEMENT (SHRIMP, SALMON, TUNA, SARDINES)
27
DOHA Development Agenda
• TRADE LIBERALISATION
• FISH=MARKET ACCESS FOR NON-AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS:
• PROPOSAL: ELIMINATE ALL DUTIES ON FISH AND FISH PRODUCTS
• FISHERIES SUBSIDIES: PROPOSALS FOR GREEN/RED BOXES
• ECOLABELING
28
GLOBALISATION
• INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENTS• COUNTRY MEMBERSHIP (WTO, CODEX,
REGIONAL FISHERIES COMMISSIONS) • CHINA IN WTO, RUSSIA IN 2004 ?• COUNTRY MEMBERSHIP IN TRADE AREAS
(ASEAN, EU, NAFTA, MERCOSUR)• CONVERGENCE OF POLICY• GLOBAL SOURCING-THIRD COUNTRY
PROCESSING• GLOBAL TRENDS IN DEMAND
29
DISTRIBUTION
• CONCENTRATION OF DEMAND• INCREASING POWER OF SUPERMARKETS AND
HYPERMARKETS• CUSTOMER TRUST IN SUPERMARKETS !• GREAT POTENTIAL FOR AQUACULTURE
PRODUCTS IN MODERN DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS– PLANNED PRODUCTION AND DELIVERY– STANDARD QUALITY– CONTRACT PRICES
30
DEMAND TRENDS
• FAO PROJECTIONS 2010/2030/2050
• 2050: 270 MILLION TONS
• SUPPLY GAP
• MORE FRESH FISH
• MORE LIVE FISH
• MORE VALUE-ADDED
• ORGANIC PRODUCTS
31
FOOD SECURITY
• AQUACULTURE IMPORTANT FOR DOMESTIC CONSUMPTION
• AQUACULTURE EXPORTS CREATE FOREIGN CURRENCY REVENUES
• FISH TRADE-FOOD SECURITY
32
CONCLUSIONS
• AQUACULTURE TRADE GOVERNED BY INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS (WTO)
• TRADE IN AQUACULTURE PRODUCTS GROWING, IN ABSOLUTE AND RELATIVE TERMS
• BETTER STATISTICS NEEDED• FUTURE RISE IN DEMAND MUST BE MET
BY AQUACULTURE SUPPLIES