1

Income Inequality, Poverty and

Discrimination

2

Functional Distribution of Income

Based on Types of Income: Wages, Rent, Interest, Profit

3

Personal Distribution of Income

Division among households by quintile

4

Measures of Inequality

• Inequality can be measured in several different ways, and each different way may be the most appropriate for a particular kind of analysis

• Measures of inequality are based on how the average income of a given country is distributed across its population

• To obtain a measure of inequality, we need information of income for each single individual in the country, or for a “sample” of individuals

5

The Lorenz Curve

The Gini coefficient is the ratio of the areas A/(A+B) in the figure above

6

• To summarize inequality in a single number, some statistics were developed

• The most popular one is the Gini coefficient

– The ratio of the areas A/(A+B) – Larger Gini coefficient means larger inequality (note that

the coefficient is between 0 and 1) – Keep in mind, however, sometimes the value is based on

100 point scale.

• Another popular approach is to compare the income of different fractions of the population; for example: ratio between income of the 20% richest and income of the 20% poorest

The Gini Coefficient

7

8

9

– inequality in access to education and credit

(entrepreneurship);– culture and social structures associated with discrimination;– inequality in political representation;– Market power– Luck, connections, and misfortune

– also, some degree of inequality is necessary to generate incentives in the market this is the way to make people work hard, or to give right incentives for creative people to innovate

Inequality Depends on Factors that are Persistent Through

Time

10

The Concept of Poverty

• Food (and nutrition) and shelter: directly related to real income

• Health: Social:– infant mortality - caste, gender– general health - freedoms – overall life expectancy

• Education: Vulnerability:– Literacy - probability of being exposed – Skills to any type of deprivation

We usually think of poverty as making less than a certain amount of income. Poverty, however, has many dimensions.

http://feedingamerica.org/hunger-in-america/hunger-facts/hunger-and-poverty-statistics.aspx

11

Daily Life in Developing CountriesSo what would it be like living on $1.50 per day

• Get rid of your car and all of your furniture and appliances except one chair and one table – no TV, stereo, refrigerator, dishwasher, clothes washer, dryer, or even lamps.

• Get rid of all your clothing except your oldest, most beaten-up shirt and pair of jeans. If you're the head of the family, you can keep one pair of shoes. If not, get rid of them too.

• Remove the food from the kitchen. You can keep one small bag of flour, some sugar and salt, and a few potatoes, onions, cabbages or dry beans. You'll cook with firewood or dried cow dung.

• Shut off the water, gas and electricity. While you're at it, dismantle the bathroom. Your new bathroom will be the local stream or pond. You'll get your drinking water from there too.

12

• Move out of the house and into the toolshed. Your neighborhood will be a small village or shantytown.

• Don't waste any time on newspapers, books and magazines. They'll be meaningless to you because you'll give up literacy.

• Hold $10 in case of emergency – no bank account, pension plan or insurance policies.

• Cultivate three acres as a tenant farmer. If the weather's good, you can expect $300 to $500 per year in cash crops. You'll pay one third of that to the landlord and another tenth to the moneylender.

• No need to worry about keeping yourself busy in retirement, because you'll be lucky if you live past 55 or 60.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zwIEZDMDBo4