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HyspIRI

Visible ShortWave InfraRed (VSWIR) Imaging Spectrometer+

Multispectral Thermal InfraRed (TIR) Scanner

Plant Physiology and Function Types (PPFT)

(VSWIR Imaging Spectrometer) Multispectral TIR Scanner

HyspIRI

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Prepared byMission Concept Study Leads: Francois Rogez, Cate Heneghan/JPLNASA Center Science Lead: Simon Hook/JPLNASA Center Instrument Lead: Tom Pagano/JPLScience Working Group: Mike Abrams/JPL, Martha Anderson/USDA, James Crowley/USGS, Mariana Eneva/ImageAir, Louis Giglio/SSAI, Fred Kruse/Horizon GeoImaging, Dimitar Ousounov/GSFC, Anupma Prakash/UAF, Dale Quattrochi/MSFC, Vince Realmuto/JPL, David Roy/SDSU, Paul Silver/Carnegie Institution, Robert Wright (HIGP)

NASA HQ Science POC: John LaBrecque, Diane Wickland

Thermal Infrared Multispectral Scanner NASA Mission Concept Study

SURFACE TEMPERATURESURFACE TEMPERATURE EVAPOTRANSPIRATIONEVAPOTRANSPIRATION

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Measuring the surface temperature and emissivity of the Earth and how these parameters respond to natural and human-induced changes at the local, regional and global scale

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The National Academy of Sciences Decadal Survey (2007) placed “critical priority” on a:

• “Mission to observe surface composition and thermal properties: Changes in mineralogical composition affect the optical reflectance spectrum of the surface, providing information on the distribution of geologic materials and also the condition and types of vegetation on the surface. Gases from within the Earth, such as CO2 or SO2, are sensitive indicators of impending volcanic hazards, and plume ejecta themselves pose risk to aircraft and to those downwind. These gases also have distinctive spectra in the optical and near IR regions.”

• “A multispectral imager similar to ASTER is required in the thermal infrared region. For the thermal channels (5 bands in the 8-12 μm region), the requirements for volcano eruption prediction are high thermal sensitivity, on the order of 0.2 K, and a pixel size of less than 90 m. An opto-mechanical scanner, as opposed to a pushbroom scanner, would provide a wide swath of as much as 400 km at the required sensitivity and pixel size..”

Scientific and Societal Context

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• Q1. Volcanoes– What are the changes in the behavior of active volcanoes? Can we quantify the amount of material released into the atmosphere by volcanoes and estimate its

impact on Earth's climate? How can we help predict and mitigate volcanic hazards?

• Q2. Wildfires – What is the impact of global biomass burning on the terrestrial biosphere and atmosphere, and how is this impact changing over time?

• Q3. Water Use and Availability– As global freshwater supplies become increasingly limited, how can we better characterize trends in local and regional water use and moisture availability to help

conserve this critical resource?

• Q4. Urbanization– How does urbanization affect the local, regional and global environment? Can we characterize this effect to help mitigate its impact on human health and welfare?

• Q5. Land surface composition and change– What is the composition and temperature of the exposed surface of the Earth? How do these factors change over time and affect land use and habitability?

Science Questions

Overarching

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Q2. Wildfires:

• How are global fire regimes (fire location, type, frequency, and intensity) changing in response to changing climate and land use practices?

• Are regions becoming more fire prone?

• What is the role of fire in global biogeochemical cycling, particularly atmospheric composition?

• Are there regional feedbacks between fire and climate change?

Science Questions

Topic Areas

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How are global fire regimes changing?

Central Siberia

30 May 2001

30 m ASTER scene with

MODIS pixels superimposed

(black squares)

High resolution thermal instrument can distinguish between the forest and non-forest parts of the flaming front allowing the fire type, intensity, etc., to be determined which indicates fire regime.

White squares show fire pixels detected by MODIS. Insufficient information to detect fire type

MIR band provides radiant flux to estimate rate at which biomass combusted and instantaneous emission estimate

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Q3. Water Use and Availability:

• How can we improve spatial information about evapotranspiration (water loss to the atmosphere) to facilitate better management of our Earth’s freshwater resources?

• How can we obtain better information about vegetation water stress conditions at spatiotemporal scales that are beneficial for global drought early detection, mitigation, and impact assessment efforts?

• What is the current global irrigated acreage, how is it changing with time, and are these changes in a sustainable balance with regional water availability?

• Can remote sensing-based technologies improve irrigation efficiency in water-scarce agricultural regions

Science Questions

Topic Areas

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How can we improve spatial information about evapotranspiration (water loss to the atmosphere) to facilitate

better management of our Earth’s freshwater resources?

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MONITORING RIPARIAN WATER LOSSESMONITORING RIPARIAN WATER LOSSES

<100m resolution required to resolve riparian zone<100m resolution required to resolve riparian zone

San Pedro River BasinSan Pedro River Basin

Higher rates of evapotranspiration (ET) lead to lower temperatures along the San Pedro River.

Estimates of consumptive water use by riparian vegetation is important for river water management decisions and for negotiation and regulation of interstate water contracts

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Science Rationale

STM Wildfires

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Science Objectives Measurement ObjectivesMeasurement Requirements Instrument Requirements

Other Mission and Measurement Requirements

How are global fire regimes (fire location, type, frequency, and intensity) changing in response to changing climate and land use practices?

Fire detection, fire intensity

Detect flaming and smoldering fires as small as ~10 sq. m in size, fire radiative power, 4-10 day repeat cycle

Low and normal gain channels at 4 and 11 µm. Low-gain saturation at 1400 K, 1100 K, respectively, with 2-3 K NEdT; normal-gain NEdT < 0.2 K. Stable behavior in the event of saturation. 50-100 m spatial resolution. Accurate inter-band coregistration. Opportunistic use of additional bands in 8-14 µm region.

Daytime and nighttime data acquisition, sun synchronous orbit

Are regions becoming more fire prone?

Fire detection

Detect flaming and smoldering fires as small as ~10 sq. m in size, 4-10 day repeat cycle

4 and 11 µm channels having 390 K saturation, < 0.2K NEdT. Stable behavior in the event of saturation. 50-100 m spatial resolution. Accurate inter-band coregistration.

Daytime and nighttime data acquisition, sun synchronous orbit

What is the role of fire in global biogeochemical cycling, particularly atmospheric composition?

Fire detection, fire intensity, burn severity, delineate burned area

Detect flaming and smoldering fires as small as ~10 sq. m in size, fire radiative power, 4-10 day repeat cycle

Low and normal gain channels at 4 and 11 µm. Low-gain saturation at 1400 K, 1100 K, respectively, with 2-3 K NEdT; normal-gain NEdT < 0.2 K. Stable behavior in the event of saturation. 50-100 m spatial resolution. Accurate inter-band coregistration.

Daytime and nighttime data acquisition, sun synchronous orbit, vegetation cover for fuel potential

Are there regional feedbacks between fire and climate change?

Fire detection, fire intensity

Detect flaming and smoldering fires as small as ~10 sq. m in size, fire radiative power, 4-10 day repeat cycle

Low and normal gain channels at 4 and 11 microns. Low-gain saturation at 1400 K, 1100 K, respectively, with 2-3 K NEdT; normal-gain NEdT < 0.2 K. Stable behavior in the event of saturation. 50-100 m spatial resolution. Accurate inter-band coregistration.

Daytime and nighttime data acquisition, sun synchronous orbit

Wildfires: How are global fire regimes changing in response to changing climate and land use practices? Are regions becoming more fire prone? What is the role of fire in global biogeochemical cycling, particularly atmospheric composition? Are there regional feedbacks between fire and climate change?

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Science Measurements

Approach

• Measure the land surface temperature and emissivity

• 5 day equatorial revisit to generate monthly, seasonal and annual products.

• 45 m spatial resolution

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Wavelength (um)

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H1 (m21)H2 (m28)H3 (a10)H4 (a11)H5 (a12)H6H7H8 (m32)

• 7 bands between 7.5-12 µm and 1 band between 3-5 µm

• 3-5 µm band saturates at 1400K

• 7.5-12 µm bands saturate at 400K

TIR at 45 m

1000 m

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Mission Concept

TIR Overview

• Duration: 4 years development, 3 years science

• Coverage: Global land every 5 days

• Day and Night imaging (1 day and night image at a given location obtained every 5 days)

• Data download using dual-polarization X-band at high-latitude stations

• Instrument: 41.9W, 45.3kg, 1.2X0.4X0.5 m

• Spacecraft: LEO RSDO bus (SA-200HP)

• Launch: Taurus-class launch vehicleElectronicsModule

Sunshade

ScanMirror

Blackbody(V-Groove)

CassegrainTelescope

ThermallyIsolated &ControlledOptical Bench

PassiveRadiator

ActiveCryo-Cooler