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How Animals work Theme is Biology: Form and function
What a structure can do is influenced by it’s form
The form of a structure is uniquely suited to what that structure does
Both the form and function evolve together Areas of Biological study:
Anatomy: the structures of an organism (form)Physiology: how the structures work (function)
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We are a tube within a tube We are a thick walled tube Running through the
center of the tube is a digestive system, another tube.
http://biology.kenyon.edu/courses/biol112/Biol112WebPage/Syllabus/Topics/Week%207/Resources/coelom.GIF
http://www.mscd.edu/~biology/231course/cavity.jpg
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Which way is which?
http://anthro.palomar.edu/animal/images/dorsal.gif
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Tissues A tissue is a group of similar cells that
usually have a similar embryological origin and are specialized for a particular function.
Tissue cells are often separated by non-living, intercellular materials that cells produce. This substance is called the matrix.
Histology – the study of tissues
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Four Principal Types of Tissues:
Epithelial –covering and lining; and glands
Connective – protects and supports, binds organs together, stores energy, and provides immunity
Muscle – movement Nervous –transmits impulses that
coordinate body activities
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Feature of Epithelial Tissue Closely packed cells with little extracellular
material Epithelial cells are arranged in continuous sheets,
in single or multiple layers Epithelial cells have two surfaces
One side is up against other tissuesThe other side faces an open space
http://www.cnas.missouristate.edu/labimages/biology/bio122/images/Week%208%20Images/trachea.jpg
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Connective Tissue Connective tissue is the most
abundant and widely distributed tissue in the body .
The functions of connective tissue:Binding, attachment and support (bones,
tendons and ligaments, organs)Protection- bones and adipose tissue Insulation - adipose tissueStorage - of energy and fat soluble
substancesTransportation - blood
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Skeletal Smooth Cardiac voluntary involuntary involuntarycells are long short, spindle-shaped branchedmany nuclei single nucleus single nucleusstriated nonstriated striated
intercalated disks
Muscle Tissue
Diagram of skeletal muscle
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Nervous tissueSends signals to other parts of body
neurons : Dendrites - (one or many) receive
incoming signalsCell bodyAxon - (one) transmits outgoing signals
neuroglia : protective and supporting cells
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dendrites
Axon
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Organs are two or more tissues which together perform a specialized function.
Epithelial membranes are thin structures that usually contain both epithelial and connective tissue.
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Integumentary system is the skin and the organs derived from it (hair, glands, nails)
One of the largest organs2 square meters; 10-11 lbs.Largest sense organ in the body
The study of the skin is Dermatology
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Three types of epithelial membranes
Serous MembranesLine cavities and cover organs
Mucous membranes Line cavities that open to the exteriorLayer of epithelium over connective tissue;
Cutaneous membrane is the skin the major organ of the integumentary system
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Functions:
1. Regulation of body temperatureCellular metabolism produces heat as a
waste product .High temperature
Dilate surface blood vessels Sweating
Low temperature Surface vessels constrict shivering
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2. Protection
physical abrasion
dehydration
ultraviolet radiation
3. Sensation
touch
vibration
pain
temperature
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4. ExcretionSweat, rid excess salt for example
5. Immunity/ ResistanceKeeps microbes out, fights infections
6. Blood Reservoir8-10 % of blood in a resting adult
7. Synthesis of vitamin DProduced by exposure to UV lightaids absorption of calcium
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Anatomy Epidermis Skin Dermis Subcutaneous layer or hypodermis
See next two slides
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The Skeletal System comprised mostly of connective tissue In the case of most vertebrates, a skeletal
system is comprised of bone Various bone types
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Functions of Bone Support
For soft tissuesFor attachment of skeletal muscles
Protection Movement Storage : minerals, fat Blood cell production – hematopoiesis
Erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets
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Matrix As a connective tissue, bone is living cells
embedded in a matrix consisting of Secreted substances (proteins)
Proteoglycans and glycoproteinsCollagen – reinforces, gives tensile strength
Mineral salts Tricalcium phosphate (hydroxyapatite) and
calcium carbonateCalcium is thus needed for bone.
Bone is an active, living material!
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Remodeling Bone is continually being broken down and
reformed 3-5 % of bone calcium exchanged each year In response to stress on bones Balance between actions of osteoclasts and
osteoblastsOsteo means boneOsteoblasts MAKE bone, osteoclasts dismantle it.
Vitamins needed for maintenance, esp. D
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3 related organ systems Two important things that animals do: feed
and breedWe’ll skip “breed”, but explore 3 organ
systems by looking at “feed” Part of “survival of the fittest” is being able
to procure nutrients to survive and live long enough to breed.Digestive system: processes nutrientsRespiratory exchanges nutrients and wastesCardiovascular system transports these
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Needed to function (but not discussed) Urinary system: without kidneys to filter
waste products from the blood for excretion, we’d be in trouble.
Muscles: movement required for animals. Nervous system and endocrine system:
nerve cells allow communication by electrochemical signals
Coordinated with chemical signal: hormones
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Digestive system Food is needed
Organic materials to break down for energyOrganic molecules as building blocks for
cellular materialSpecific organic molecules (amino acids,
vitamins) we are unable to make ourselvesCertain minerals needed to assist enzymes
How much?We need enough energy (measured in
calories) to power our activities.Over and under nutrition can occur.
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A digestive system needed A large organism has a system for
extracting nutrients from food for distributing to the rest of the body.
Food must be physically broken down Food must be chemically broken down Nutrients must be absorbed Excess water used in digestion must be
recovered Waste must be excreted
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Parts of a digestive system Mouth
Teeth for breaking up foodSaliva for wetting, breakdown of starch
Esophagus: muscular tube for transferring food to the stomach
StomachPhysical digestion; muscular stomach churnsChemical: low pH (high stomach acid)
dissolves food; enzymes also breakdown food
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Food passes into small intestineBile salts and enzymes from liver (via
gallbladder) act as detergents, break up fats.Pancreas neutralizes stomach acid, adds
enzymes that break down food more. Small intestine: site of nutrient absorption
Possesses a high surface areaCells are arranged in villiEach cell is covered with microvilliEach villus contains lots of blood capillaries
for transporting nutrients away
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Form and function in the small intestine
http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/V/villi.gifhttp://distance.stcc.edu/AandP/AP/imagesAP2/digestion/microvilli.jpg
villi
High surface area for lots of absorption.
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The end of the line Large intestine = colon
Most of the water is absorbed here In an irritated colon, material is moved
through quickly before all the water is absorbed: diarrhea
Home to billions of bacteria Most are anaerobic Responsible for bad odors, production of
gas from fermentation Feces are mostly bacterial bodies;
undigested food a smaller proportion
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Respiratory system During metabolism, cells “burn” organic
molecules.E.g. glucose ultimately gets converted to CO2,
energy is released.Process needs oxygen, releases CO2
Respiratory system must efficiently get O2 into the bodyYet protect from microbes, dirt and dust,
drying out, etc.
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Respiratory anatomy Nose, sinuses Trachea = windpipe, tube that leads from
oral cavity (mouth) to lungs Bronchi: the trachea branches Bronchioles: the bronchi branch into
smaller tubes that lead to the lobes of the lung
Alveoli = air sacs: small compartments in which gasses are transferred between air and bloodstream
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Lungs
http://www.aduk.org.uk/gfx/lungs.jpg
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Respiratory protections Ciliated epithelium
Surfaces lined with cells that secrete mucus, push mucus along with cilia
Mucus with entrapped bacteria, dust, pushed towards mouth for coughing out or swallowing
Swallowing leads to stomach, acidThings that kill epithelium interfere with these
protections Influenza virus smoking
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Single ciliated cell
Cilia
http://n2.bioeng5.bioeng.auckland.ac.nz/ontology/images/RespiratoryEpitheliumCiliatedEpithelialCell.png
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Where does Oxygen go?
http://training.seer.cancer.gov/module_anatomy/images/quiz_dd_pulmonary_circulation.jpg
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Cardiovascular terms to know Cardio means heart; vascular means tubes From big to small
Arteries, arterioles, capillaries: Take blood AWAY from the heart
Veins, venules, capillaries Bring blood TO the heart
Capillaries are where exchange of materials between blood stream and cells occurs.
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Status of blood
Pulmonary circulationBlood traveling AWAY from heart to lungs has
little O2 content (in blue): pulmonary artery
Blood traveling from lungs TO heart has lots of O2 (in red): pulmonary vein.
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The rest of the circulation Heart has 4 chambers in a mammal
2 atria and 2 ventriclesPulmonary and systemic circulation
Blood returns from body into right atrium Flows into right ventricle, pumped to lungs Returns from lungs to left atrium Flows into left ventricle, pumped to the rest
of the bodyMain artery leading to rest of body: aorta
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Heart structure
Ao = aortaLA = left atriumLV = left ventriclePA = pulmonary arteryRA = right atriumRV = right ventricle
Match up with description on previous slide.
http://www.rch.org.au/cardiology/media2/Fontan_pic1.gif