1-History and Basics of Computers

8/2/2019 1-History and Basics of Computers

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1.10 Looking Ahead

The User Sees Software, Speed, Storage Capacity,

And Peripheral Device Functionality.


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Course Books to buy? Text Book

Computer Organization and Architecture

(7th Edition)

By: William Stallings

Reference BookComputer System Architecture

By:M. Morris Mano


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Course Assessment

Quizzes : 05%

Assignments : 05%

Project /Research Paper : 15% Midterm Exam : 25%

Final Exam : 50%

TOTAL : 100%


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4Different Aspects of Computer


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The History and Basics of Computers

1.1 Computer Applications

1.2What is a Computer?

1.3 History and Evolution

1.4 Computer Generations1.5Classification of Computers


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Computer Application Education

Banking System

Aerospace

Business & Marketing

Government Entertainment


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A computer is an electronic machine that can be programmed toaccept data(input), processit into useful information(output), andstoreit in a storagemedia for future use

System Unit

What is a Computer?


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History & Evolution

Abacus

Difference Engine

Analytical Engine1944 MARK IHoward Aiken at

Harvard University1951 - UNIVAC1

first commercial computer

1954 - Hewlett and PackardMet and setup shop inGarage at Silicon valley

Mechanical Calculator


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Abacus


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Difference Engine Analytical Engine

10


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Mechanical Calculators


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UNIVAC 1


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1975 Microsoft FoundedBill Gates with Paul Allen

1976

Apple I and Apple II

1981-IBM PC

PC wasintroduced.

1989 WWW

Invented by

Tim Berners-Lee

1969 Internet wasfounded
http://www-1.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/index.html


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1994 NetscapeFounded by

Jim Clark and Marc Andreesen

Many more.


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Question -

PROCESS

OUTPUT

INPUT

What is a Computer?

A computer is an electronic machine that canbe programmed to accept data(input), processit into useful information(output), and storeit ina storagedevice for future use


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Computer Generation

1. 1st Generation2. 2nd Generation3. 3rd Generation4. 4th Generation

5. 5th Generation


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1st Generation (1944 - 1958) : Vacuum Tubes

Memory was made upof hundreds of vacuumtubes or sometimesmagnetic drum

Gave off so much heatthat even if they werecooled by gigantic airconditioners.

Input and output mediawere punched cards andmagnetic tapes

IBM Punched Card (input)

Magnetic Tapes (output)Vacuum Tubes(memory)


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UNIVAC ENIAC


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An electronic switch that alternately allow or disallowelectronic signal to pass, replaces vacuum tubes

These transistors were made of solid material, some ofwhich is silicon, therefore they were very cheap to produce

Much smaller than vacuum tubes, draw less power, andgenerate less heat, conduct electricity faster.

2nd Generation (1959 - 1964) : Transistor


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Minicomputer


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An electronic circuit that packages transistors and otherelectronic components into one small silicon chip calledsemiconductor.

The number of transistors that is placed on a single chip hasincreased, shrinking both the size and cost of computers.

Keyboards and monitors were used.

Magnetic disks were used widely as secondary storage

3rd Generation (1964 - 1970) : Integrated Circuit


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Minicomputer


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A silicon chip on which transistors areintegrated onto it.

Microprocessor can do all the processingof afull-scale computer smaller in size , faster in

speed.

4th Generation (1971-Present) : Microprocessor

These circuit integrations are known as Large-scale integrated (LSI) and Very Large-scaleintegrated (VLSI) circuits

Microprocessors led to the invention of personalcomputers.


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Artificial Intelligence (AI) concernswith making computers behave andthink like humans.

The branch of computerscience that deal with writingcomputer programsthat cansolveproblems creatively

AI studies include robotics, expertsystems, games, etc..

5th Generation (Present & Beyond)

: Artificial Intelligence


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Three Directions of Computer Development

size Everything has become smaller

power Miniaturization allowed computer makers to cram

more power into their machines, providing fasterprocessing speeds and more data storage

capacity.

expensive The price of the hardware is getting cheaper


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Classification of Computers(1) Supercomputers

The mightiest computer

The most expensive.

Process billions of instructions in a second Used by some exclusive group only

(2) Mainframes

Process data at very high speed

Less expensive than Supercomputer

Used for processing large amount of data

User work with terminal e.g Maybank Mainframe


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(3)Workstations

Powerful desktop computers

Used by engineers and scientistsfor engineering applications,software development, applicationthat require a high amount ofcomputing power


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(4) Mobile Computing

Small, portable, wirelesscommunication device.

Ex: laptops, wearablecomputers, PDAs, USB

flash drives.


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The most common for home users ,computers that can fit on a desktop or inone's briefcase.

Can perform all of its input, processing,

output and storage activities by itself.

(6) Microcomputers / PC


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i. Mini tower

ii. Desktop

Types of PC


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Why are computersso useful?

Storage Reliability

Speed

Accuracy Communication


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Types of Users

Individuals who uses theproduct after it has beenfully developed and

marketed.

End Users

Small Business Users Small companies

Mobile Users Traveling people


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Milestones in Computer Architecture


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Milestones in Computer Architecture


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Von Neumann Machine


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PDP-8 Innovation

Single Bus


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Technological and Economic Forces

Moores law predicts a 60-percent annual increase in

the number of transistors that can be put on a chip.

Data points given in this figure are memory sizes,

in bits.


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The Computer Spectrum

The current spectrum of computers available.

The prices should be taken with a grain

(or better yet, a metric ton) of salt.


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Personal Computer

A printed circuit board is at the heart of every personal

computer. This figure is a photograph of the Intel D875PBZ

board. The photograph is copyrighted by the Intel Corporation,

2003 and is used by permission.

1. Pentium 4 socket

2. 875P Support chip

3. Memory sockets

4. AGP connector

5. Disk interface

6. Gigabit Ethernet7. Five PCI slots

8. USB 2.0 ports

9. Cooling technology

10. BIOS


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Intel Computer Family

The Intel CPU family. Clock speeds are measured in MHz

(megahertz) where 1 MHZ is 1 million cycles/sec.


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The Pentium 4 chip. The photograph is copyrighted by the Intel

Corporation, 2003 and is used by permission.


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Moores law for (Intel) CPU chips.


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MCS-51 Family

Members of the MCS-51 family.

Documents

1-History and Basics of Computers