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Higher Education, Science & Higher Education, Science & Technology …. Imperatives for Technology …. Imperatives for Socio-economic Development Socio-economic Development

Dr. S. T. K NaimDr. S. T. K NaimConsultant COMSTECH Consultant COMSTECH 33-Constitution Avenue 33-Constitution Avenue

G-5/2, Islamabad G-5/2, Islamabad

November 2006

Knowledge critical for developmentKnowledge critical for development

Growing recognition that development “is Growing recognition that development “is

built not merely through accumulation of built not merely through accumulation of

physical capital and human skills, but on a physical capital and human skills, but on a

foundation of information, learning and foundation of information, learning and

adaptation…”adaptation…”

- World Bank, 1999. World Development Report:World Bank, 1999. World Development Report:

Knowledge For development Knowledge For development

- Promotion of Innovation CulturePromotion of Innovation Culture

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Challenges for Developing CountriesChallenges for Developing Countries

Rapidly advancing S&T knowledgeRapidly advancing S&T knowledge

Increasing use of information technologyIncreasing use of information technology

Knowledge capital replacing physical capital Knowledge capital replacing physical capital

as source of wealthas source of wealth

Higher education gaining vital importance Higher education gaining vital importance

Resulting expansion: rapid, chaotic, and Resulting expansion: rapid, chaotic, and

unplannedunplanned

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ChallengesChallenges

Low literacy level (50%) and low enrollment in Low literacy level (50%) and low enrollment in higher education higher education

High population growth rateHigh population growth rate

Low R&D expenditure Low R&D expenditure

Few scientists and engineers Few scientists and engineers

Non competitive industry and knowledge Non competitive industry and knowledge producing institutions producing institutions

Limited private sector R&D and Innovation Limited private sector R&D and Innovation activitiesactivities

Weak linkages between industry and university Weak linkages between industry and university

Brain DrainBrain Drain

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RisksRisks Excluding Nations with low investment in Education Excluding Nations with low investment in Education

and Scientific Research and Scientific Research Unskilled will be marginalized in the knowledge Unskilled will be marginalized in the knowledge economyeconomy

Brain DrainBrain Drain

Movement of highly skilled to developed countries as Movement of highly skilled to developed countries as demand exists due to ageing populationdemand exists due to ageing population

Losing competition for capital investmentLosing competition for capital investment

Capital investment follows human resource capacityCapital investment follows human resource capacity

(China’s high technology science zones with foreign (China’s high technology science zones with foreign enterprises account for 75% of its exports) enterprises account for 75% of its exports)

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PAKISTAN REFORMS PAKISTAN REFORMS

POLITICAL WILLPOLITICAL WILL

S&T Budget increased 6000%!!!S&T Budget increased 6000%!!!

Higher Education budget increased 1,200%!!!Higher Education budget increased 1,200%!!!

Full support and personal interest by Full support and personal interest by

PresidentPresident Musharraf Musharraf

A real beginning after 30 years of neglectA real beginning after 30 years of neglect

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POLITICAL WILLPOLITICAL WILL

HIGHER EDUCATION COMMISSION FORMED—HIGHER EDUCATION COMMISSION FORMED—FULLY AUTONOMOUS AND POWERFUL BODYFULLY AUTONOMOUS AND POWERFUL BODY

BUDGET FOR UNIVERSITIES RAISED FROM BUDGET FOR UNIVERSITIES RAISED FROM RS.1.4 RS.1.4 BILLIONBILLION (TWO YEARS AGO) TO (TWO YEARS AGO) TO RS.RS.27.8 BILLION27.8 BILLION IN IN 20062006

CHANCELLORS COMMITTEE DECIDED 50% CHANCELLORS COMMITTEE DECIDED 50% INCREASES IN BOTH RECURRING AND INCREASES IN BOTH RECURRING AND DEVELOPMENT BUDGETS TO REACH A FIGURE OF DEVELOPMENT BUDGETS TO REACH A FIGURE OF 1% OF GNP IN 4-5 YEARS 1% OF GNP IN 4-5 YEARS

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Strategy: Learning from Korea Growth of Per Capita GNP: PAKISTAN & KOREA

Source Pakistan: UNESCO, Statistical Year Book 1980,1982,1991 and Economic Survey of Pakistan

Source Korea: Science & Technology Policy Institute (STEPI), Korea, World Bank

US

do

lla

rs

Establishment of Korean Institute of

Science & Technology (KIST)

Establishment of KoreanAdvanced Institute for Sciences & Technology

(KAIST)

Launching of National Research & Development

Program (NRDP)

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89 363 353 409 508 443 600

15972000

5883

10076

13000

13980

187173123 35025395790

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

1960-61 1965-66 1970-71 1975-76 1980-81 1985-86 1990-91 1995-96 1999-2000 2004

Pakistan Korea

Lessons from ChinaLessons from China

Opened up to global knowledge: 1978 Imported massively capital goods and

components Reform of Universities and R&D Organizations Large number of students sent abroad for training Incubation System at Universities Attracted FDI for both domestic and export

markets Induced FDI to set up large domestic research

facilities Expatriate scientists set up high tech industries Focus on premier universities as key knowledge

institutions

– Many alliances with global universities– Spinning off high tech companies

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China China Technology Change at Industry Technology Change at Industry

Increasing domestic R&D

Larger R&D share by productive sector

Moving rapidly towards market economy

Joined WTO to lock in need for structural

reform

Has become major global player

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Strategy Strategy

Learning from past policies / review reports Learning from past policies / review reports

Peer evaluation of 228 provincial R&D Peer evaluation of 228 provincial R&D

centres and 300 S&T departments of centres and 300 S&T departments of

Universities Universities

Identification of productive centres / Identification of productive centres /

scientists scientists

Bench Marking InstitutionsBench Marking Institutions

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StrategyStrategy

Foresight for TechnologyForesight for Technology

Wide consultation with private sector, Wide consultation with private sector,

scientists, government officials and economists scientists, government officials and economists

Strategy and Action Plan proposed to fill Skills, Strategy and Action Plan proposed to fill Skills,

Technology and Policy gapsTechnology and Policy gaps

Key Projects identified with costs and possible Key Projects identified with costs and possible

impact on social / economic developmentimpact on social / economic development

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• Human Resource DevelopmentHuman Resource Development

• Up-gradating R&D Infrastructure Up-gradating R&D Infrastructure

• Technology Development & Technology Development & IndustrializationIndustrialization

• Information TechnologyInformation Technology

• Restructuring of R&D Institutions Restructuring of R&D Institutions

• Strengthening of Policy, Coordination and Strengthening of Policy, Coordination and Management StructureManagement Structure

PAKISTAN REFORMSPAKISTAN REFORMS

Major ProgrammesMajor Programmes

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Overarching ApproachOverarching Approach

Simultaneous Simultaneous Bi-Modal ApproachBi-Modal Approach RequiredRequired– Bottom-UpBottom-Up

Basic Health, Primary Education, Water ….Basic Health, Primary Education, Water …. Investment in ICT and transport infrastructureInvestment in ICT and transport infrastructure

– Top-DownTop-Down Higher EducationHigher Education Technology DevelopmentTechnology Development Industrial LinkagesIndustrial Linkages

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Faculty Development Faculty Development Programs & AchievementsPrograms & Achievements

Foreign Scholarship ProgramsForeign Scholarship Programs

– Over 1000 students being trained in Universities: Over 1000 students being trained in Universities: Germany, Germany, France, Austria, Sweden, Netherlands, Korea, and ChinaFrance, Austria, Sweden, Netherlands, Korea, and China

Fulbright Scholarship ProgramFulbright Scholarship Program

– 1000 students being trained over 5 years 1000 students being trained over 5 years – 4 years funding for graduate study in US4 years funding for graduate study in US

In service TrainingIn service Training

– University teachers exposed to modern teaching methods University teachers exposed to modern teaching methods

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Post Doctoral Research ProgramPost Doctoral Research Program

– 100 scholars sent per year abroad100 scholars sent per year abroad

Faculty HiringFaculty Hiring

– More than 250 foreign faculty participatingMore than 250 foreign faculty participating– Over 100 under long term hiring scheme (1- 5 years)Over 100 under long term hiring scheme (1- 5 years)

Indigenous Scholarship ProgramIndigenous Scholarship Program

– Over 2000 scholarships awardedOver 2000 scholarships awarded– HEC Approved Supervisor schemeHEC Approved Supervisor scheme– Current Deficiencies met through Foreign facultyCurrent Deficiencies met through Foreign faculty

Faculty DevelopmentFaculty Development Programs & Achievements Programs & Achievements (Contd.)(Contd.)

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Increasing Access / Relevance Increasing Access / Relevance Programs & AchievementsPrograms & Achievements

Enhancing EnrolmentEnhancing Enrolment

– 40% increase in enrolment40% increase in enrolment– 19% increase in Distance Learning Program enrolment 19% increase in Distance Learning Program enrolment

University Development ProjectsUniversity Development Projects

– 5- 7 year development vision of universities5- 7 year development vision of universities– Infrastructure, faculty, new programsInfrastructure, faculty, new programs

Technology Parks / Business Incubators Technology Parks / Business Incubators

– Faisalabad: Agricultural-Biological Research Faisalabad: Agricultural-Biological Research – Karachi: Herbal Pharmaceutical Research Karachi: Herbal Pharmaceutical Research 17

Promotion of Scientific ResearchPromotion of Scientific Research Programs & AchievementsPrograms & Achievements

Enhancing Research FacilitiesEnhancing Research Facilities

– 20 Centralized Research Laboratories in major universities 20 Centralized Research Laboratories in major universities

– Digital Library access to over 20,000 leading Digital Library access to over 20,000 leading e-journals i.e. 80% of world’s peer reviewed contente-journals i.e. 80% of world’s peer reviewed content

Research SupportResearch Support

– Over 240 research projects fundedOver 240 research projects funded

– International conference sponsoringInternational conference sponsoring

Research Productivity AllowanceResearch Productivity Allowance– Incentives linked to research publications Incentives linked to research publications

– 60% increase in Research publications in international journals60% increase in Research publications in international journals

HEC providing Patenting Service HEC providing Patenting Service 18

International LinkagesInternational Linkages15 collaborative research projects between Pakistan 15 collaborative research projects between Pakistan

and British universitiesand British universities

– 35 new linkages to be launched soon35 new linkages to be launched soon

– US$1.3 billion linkage programme between US$1.3 billion linkage programme between

Pak-US Universities over 10 yearsPak-US Universities over 10 years

– Research collaboration with China Research collaboration with China

Building Knowledge NetworksBuilding Knowledge NetworksPrograms & AchievementsPrograms & Achievements

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Quality AssuranceQuality Assurance

Prescribed criteria for Higher Education Prescribed criteria for Higher Education Institutions in Private sectorInstitutions in Private sectorQuality Enhancement CellsQuality Enhancement CellsEducational Accreditation CouncilsEducational Accreditation CouncilsExamination System ReviewExamination System Review

Quality of FacultyQuality of Faculty – Appointment CriteriaAppointment Criteria– Tenure TrackTenure Track– Training and Research OpportunitiesTraining and Research Opportunities

Curriculum Review Curriculum Review – Industry CollaborationIndustry Collaboration– International StandardsInternational Standards

4 - 4 - year undergraduate degreeyear undergraduate degree standardizationstandardizationProjects MonitoringProjects Monitoring

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Technology Infrastructure: Leveraging ITTechnology Infrastructure: Leveraging IT

University Computerization & NetworkingUniversity Computerization & Networking

– Computer Laboratories Computer Laboratories – Campus wide high-speed LANCampus wide high-speed LAN– Computerization of AdministrationComputerization of Administration

Pakistan Education and Research Network Pakistan Education and Research Network (PERN) (60 public sector universities (PERN) (60 public sector universities connected) connected)

Digital LibraryDigital Library

PAKSAT – 1PAKSAT – 1Distance EducationDistance Education

– Virtual UniversityVirtual University– Educational TV ChannelsEducational TV Channels– Video LecturingVideo Lecturing 21

Pakistan Education and Research NetworkPakistan Education and Research Network

University Computerization & NetworkingUniversity Computerization & Networking

– ICT infrastructure, Computer Laboratories, LAN & WANICT infrastructure, Computer Laboratories, LAN & WAN

Pakistan Education and Research Network (PERN)Pakistan Education and Research Network (PERN)

– 60 universities connected60 universities connected

– 155 Mbps International Internet Bandwidth 155 Mbps International Internet Bandwidth

– Intranet bandwidth of 50MbpsIntranet bandwidth of 50Mbps

– Institutional internet bandwidth of 5MbpsInstitutional internet bandwidth of 5Mbps

– Video conferencing, Voice-over-IP servicesVideo conferencing, Voice-over-IP services

– Satellite-based Internet Downlinks: Remote Satellite-based Internet Downlinks: Remote

institutions and campuses provided with connectivity institutions and campuses provided with connectivity

through 45MB downlink through 45MB downlink 22

FASTEST INTERNET SPREAD!!

400 cities on optic fiber!!

Oct 2005:

2339 cities / villages

23IT Infrastructure and DiffusionIT Infrastructure and Diffusion

National Digital Library ProgramNational Digital Library ProgramINASP as PartnerINASP as Partner

Availability of over 25 Publisher databases providing Availability of over 25 Publisher databases providing

access to nearly 20,000 full text journals (almost 80% of access to nearly 20,000 full text journals (almost 80% of

the world’s peer reviewed scientific content)the world’s peer reviewed scientific content)

Accessible at 220 institutions (Public Universities, Accessible at 220 institutions (Public Universities,

Private Institutions, R & D Organizations)Private Institutions, R & D Organizations)

10,000 faculty members and students trained at 10,000 faculty members and students trained at

universities/R&D institutions across the countryuniversities/R&D institutions across the country

One million articles downloaded in 2005One million articles downloaded in 2005

Access to over 10,000 e-booksAccess to over 10,000 e-books

Expansion programme with US Library of CongressExpansion programme with US Library of Congress

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Selective Approach to Strengthening Selective Approach to Strengthening S&T / Higher EducationS&T / Higher Education

Core AreasCore Areas

Information Technology Information Technology Engineering Engineering Biotechnology Biotechnology Pharmaceuticals / Chemicals Pharmaceuticals / Chemicals

Support AreasSupport Areas

Basic SciencesBasic Sciences (Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Mathematics)(Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Mathematics) Food Technology Food Technology Material Sciences Material Sciences Environmental SciencesEnvironmental Sciences Renewable EnergyRenewable Energy Water Resources Water Resources Electronics Electronics

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Improving Access / RelevanceImproving Access / Relevance

New UniversitiesNew Universities(Building Regional Knowledge Networks)(Building Regional Knowledge Networks)

– 9 New Engineering Universities to be established 9 New Engineering Universities to be established

in collaboration with Sweden, Germany, Austria, in collaboration with Sweden, Germany, Austria,

France, Korea, France, Korea, Netherlands, UK, USA, ChinaNetherlands, UK, USA, China

At strategic sites close to industrial hubsAt strategic sites close to industrial hubs

First university to be functional by 2008First university to be functional by 2008

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Technology Development and Technology Development and Industrialization Industrialization

Technology promotion through public / Technology promotion through public / private partnershipprivate partnership

Strengthening Metrology, Testing and Strengthening Metrology, Testing and Quality Institutions Quality Institutions

Common Facility Centers and Skill Common Facility Centers and Skill Development Fund Development Fund

Private sector involvement for Technical Private sector involvement for Technical Training Training

National Accreditation Council National Accreditation Council

Quality PolicyQuality Policy

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Partnership for Change: Working with Partnership for Change: Working with the Private Sector the Private Sector

Role of Government is to provide:Role of Government is to provide:

Consistency of Policy ( legal, regulatory, IPR and Consistency of Policy ( legal, regulatory, IPR and fiscal)fiscal)

Human capitalHuman capital

Measurement , Standards and Quality Testing Labs Measurement , Standards and Quality Testing Labs (need to be upgraded)(need to be upgraded)

Stability, Law and Order, fast commercial courts Stability, Law and Order, fast commercial courts

Encourage SMEs (Credit, Skill, Technology)Encourage SMEs (Credit, Skill, Technology)

Linking Technology purchases and FDI with Linking Technology purchases and FDI with knowledge transferknowledge transfer

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Policy Imperative Policy Imperative

Seed capital / start up funds for Technology Seed capital / start up funds for Technology commercialization (Venture Capital)commercialization (Venture Capital)

Special initiatives for hi-tech start up firms Special initiatives for hi-tech start up firms (China’s example)(China’s example)

Innovation Credit Scheme for Design and Innovation Credit Scheme for Design and Engineering capability in Firms Engineering capability in Firms

Performance awards to scientists for proactive Performance awards to scientists for proactive approach to smaller firmsapproach to smaller firms

Flexibility and effectiveness for Funds Flexibility and effectiveness for Funds mobilization mobilization

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THANK YOUTHANK YOU

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