1. Grammar Subject

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1. Grammar subject

THE VERB

Affirmative Interrogative Negative

PRESENT SIMPLE

S + V/V...s.(pers. a III sg.) Do/Does + S + V ? S + o!"t/oes!"t + V.

Wewritea composition every week.

Heusually writesgood composition.

Do you writecompositions every week ?

Does heusually writegood compositions ?

We dont writecomp. every day.

Heusually doesntwrite bad comp.

It is used to express Tran

actiuni obisnuite, repetate. Se foloseste cu:

every day!wee"!year#et$.on$e!twi$e a wee"!a month#et$usuay#aways#never#often#sedom#et$.

PRESENT #$NTIN%$%S

S + am/&s/are + V...&!'. (m/Is/(re + S + V...&!' ? S + a&!"t/&s!"t/are!"t + V...&!'.

We are studying English now. Is he studying English now ? I am not studyingBiology now.


actiuni in desfasurare in momentul vorbirii. Se foloseste cu: now#at the moment#at present#et$.

PRESENT PER)E#T SIMPLE

S + *ae/*as + Verb ,r. Hae/Has + S + Verb ,r ? S + *ae!"t/*as!"t + Verb ,r.

He has drun"his tea.

They haveustsaid ! "ood#bye$.

Has healreadyseenthe photographs ?

Have you seenhim lately ?

He hasnt %eenhere since %ovember.

We havent ta"edto her this week.


(.o actiune terminata al carei moment nu este precizat e&act o actiune trecuta incheiata recent.Se foloseste cu:&ust#atey#re$entyaready#yetadver%e de fre$venta

o actiune terminata intr#o perioada de timp care nu s#a incheiat. Se foloseste cu:today#this wee"!year#et$.

perfectul

B.o actiune inceputa in trecut care continua in prezent. Se foloseste cu: sin$e#for

PRESENT PER)E#T #$NTIN%$%S

S + *ae/*as + bee! + V...&!'. Hae/Has + S + bee! + V...&!' ? S + *ae!"t/*as!"t + bee! + V...&!'.

We have %een oo"inga photo's for ( hrs. Have you %een ivinghere since )*+ ? They havent %een readingall this time.


o actiune inceputa in trecut care continua in prezent.

P(ST SIMPLE

S + V...e/Verb -! D& + S + V ? S + &!"t + V

-esterday,he rea$hedschool at +./ am.

He wentto school when he was younger.

Did he rea$hschool at +./ am yesterday ?

Did he goto school when he was younger ?

He didnt rea$hschool at + yesterday.

He didnt goto school when he was y...


(.o actiune savirsita si incheiata intr#un moment trecut. Se foloseste cu:

yesterday#ast'wee" month#et$...... agoin *+,#on -onday#et$.

perfectul

B.actiune obisnuita, repetata in trecut. Se foloseste cu: often#freuenty#usuay#et$. im

P(ST #$NTIN%$%S

S + as/ere + V...&!' as/ere + S + V...&!' ? S + as!"t/ere!"t + V...&!'

He was tea$hingat * am yesterday.

We were waitingfor him when he arrived

Was he tea$hingat * am yesterday ?

Were you waitingfor him when he arrived

He wasntteaching at + yesterday.

We werentreading, when he arrived.


o actiune in desfasurare intr#un moment trecut. 0specificarea momentului trecut e obligatorie1

2omentul trecut se e&prima prin:adverb 0locutiune1:%y / o$o$"#0aturday#et$.

subordonata temporara:at this time# yesterday

im

P(ST PER)E#T SIMPLE

S + *a + Verb ,r Ha + S + Verb ,r ? S + *a!"t + Verb ,r

We hadalready eftwhen you arrived. Had he eftbefore they arrived ? He hadnt eftby 3 p.m. yesterday.


o actiune din trecut anterioara unui moment in trecut sau a unei alte actiuni din trecut.

2omentul trecut se specifica prin:adverbe 0locutiuni1:%y / o$o$"#0aturday#et$. subordonate temporale:at this time# yesterday

mai mult ca

P(ST PER)E#T #$NTIN%$%S Situation: Yesterday afternoon at 4 Mary started practicing the piano. At 5 oclock when her sister arrive

from work she was still practicing.

S + *a + bee! + V...&!' Ha + S + bee! + V...&!' ? S + *a!"t + bee! + V...&!'

0he had %een pra$ti$ingfor an hour when her sister

came from work.

Had she %een pra$ti$ingfor an hour ? 0he hadnt %een pra$ti$ingfor an hour


o actiune inceputa inaintea unui moment sau actiuni din trecut, continuind pina in acel moment sau

pina la acea actiune. Se foloseste cu:sin$e# for

im

)%T%RE SIMPLE


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S + s*a00/&00 + V S*a00/&00 + S + V ? S + s*a!"t/o!"t + V

We sha goto the seaside ne&t summer.

1ur friends wi $omewith us if they can.

0ha I findthem home if 4 go now ?

Wi he arrivene&t week ?

We shant %ethere when he arrives.

0he wont $omeback tomorrow.


o actiune care are loc intr#un moment viitor. 2omentul viitor se e&prima prin:

adverbe:tomorrow,ne&t week5month5year,etc. subordonate temporale

o actiune viitoare a carei act. e conditionata de alta actiune. 6onditia se e&prima prin subordonata conditionala0if1

viitorul

)%T%RE #$NTIN%$%S

S + s*a00/&00 + be + V...&!' S*a00/&00 + S + be + V...&!' ? S + s*a!"t/o!"t + be + V...&!'

They wi %e visitingthe 7illage 2useum. Wi they %e waitingfor me when 4 arrive? They wont %e standing outside...


actiune in desfasurare intr#un moment viitor. Se foloseste cu:

adverbe0locutiuni1:this time#tomorow#at 2pm#on -onday

8he 9dverb

Adverb

9n adverbis apart of speechthat normally serves to modify verbs,adectives,other adverbs, clauses, and sentences.

4n English, adverbs often have thesuffi&3y, but so do many adectives. 8he 3yis a common, but not reliable marker of an adverb.

Some others use the suffi& 3wise. 4t competed with a related form 3waysand won out against it. 4n a few words, likesideways, 3wayssurvives words

like $rosswiseshow the transition .

Some other adverbs are identical in form to their adectives. ;therwise, other adverbs are derived from adectives.

8hecomparativeandsuperlativeforms of adverbs that are identical to their adectives are generated by adding 3erand 3est. 8he comparative and

superlative forms of most other adverbs 0e&cept in poetic forms like wiseier1 use moreor most. 9dverbs also take comparisons with as ... as, ess, andeast.

8he usual form pertaining to adectives or adverbs is called thepositive.8hus the three grades arepositive


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4 know that he can write more$eary.

8he sun came out quitesuddeny.

8his species is the slightlysowergrowing one.

0>1 4n the following e&amples the adverb modifies a whole sentence.

Finally,she went home.

Suddenly, the $at $ame in.

Today, we $an go on a day trip .

Prepositions

Prepositions are connectives which introduce prepositional phrases. 8hey can be regarded as a tool which links noun phrases with other

structures. 2any prepositions in English correspond to case inflection in other languages. 2ost common prepositions are short, invariable forms, such

as a%out# after# around# as# at# %y# down# for# from# in# into# i"e# of# off# on# round# sin$e# than# to# towards# with# withoutetc.

ree prepositions have an independent meaning: the choice of preposition is not dependent upon any specific words in the conte&t. 4n contrast,

bound prepositions often have little independent meaning, and the choice of the preposition depends upon some other word 0often the preceding verb1.

8he same prepositional form can function as a free or bound preposition:

ree preposition,

4ut the ony other thing perhaps# he go &t*one of the "ids# thats a possi%iity.

Bound preposition,

Theyve got to %e wiing to part &t*that %it of money.

2any of the same orthographic words can function as prepositions, subordinators, adverbs, and occasionally even verbs and adectives,

Its ong beorethat. 0@reposition1

Hes sort of s"idded beorehe got there. 0Subordinator1

Whatever he did beoreat home Im not sure. 09dverb10Biber et al., )***: +>#*1

8here are many prepositions and adverbs that are inseparable from verbs, and are, indeed, a component part of verb phrases. Some e&amples

are: to aughat#to oo" into# to oo" at# to go through with# to tune in# to give in# to ma"e up for# to stand up for# to put up with# to tra$" down# to stand

for# to %rea" into. 8he word following the verb in such phrases as these may be either a preposition or an adverb 3 ver%a prepositionor ver%a adver%.

8he conte&t must decide in all such e&pressions ust which Auality of functioning predominates, and the part of speech thus decided upon.

4nHe wi get over, overis an adverb modifying wi get. 4nHe wi get over the %ridge , over the %ridgeis a prepositional phrase modifying

wi get. 4nHe wi get over the disappointment, he wi get overis preferably regarded as predicate and disappointmentas obect the sentence actually

saysHe wi survive or outive the disappointment. 4n this last e&ample the word overis so closely embedded in the meaning of the verb that we cant

say that overthe disappointmentis an adverbial phrase of manner modifying wi get.

8his use of preposition 0or adverb1 as part of a verb very often makes a verb transitive, as in the last e&ample above, and as again in

The ro%%ers %ro"e into the %an".

Sroka's classification 0)*+(1 differs from former classifications of the selected type of particle: in place of two traditional classes, i.e. adverbs

and prepositions, he has distinguished three, adverbs, prepositions and adverb#preposition words.

Sweet, 0)*//1 in his e&ample, I wonder where he $ame from, states that the preposition is completely detached from the noun word it

originally governed, and for this reason it is called a deta$hedpreposition.He was thought ofis liable to be dissociated from their noun#words not only

in position, but also in grammatical construction.

@repositions can have the following meanings:

a1 space, including place, rest and motion

b1 time

c1 other abstract relations such as Auantity, manner, cause deprivation.

Stanciulescu 0)*+C1 divides prepositions according to their semantic field as follows:

a) space: ahead of# %efore# in front of

%) time: ahead of# %efore# pending# prior to# ti# unti# to


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$) movement towards a special place: at# down# for# into# on# to# towards# up# upon5

d) movement in time towards a moment: against# %y# into# towards

e) space 0stative1: at# in# on

f) time of action5state: at# in# on

g) lapping: a%ove0vertically1, over0horizontally1

h) settle underneath: %eow, %eneath# down# under# underneath

i) seAuence in space: after# %ehind# %y# past

&) setting out from:from# off# out of

") seAuence in time: after# %ehind# %eyond# from# on# upon# past# sin$e

) approach in space: a%out# against# aongside# %eside# %y# near# next to

m) crossing in space: a$ross# at# athwart# %y# over# through# via

n) duration: during# for# in# inside# over# pending# through# within

o) middle: amid(st)# among(st)# %etween# %etwixt

p) cause: at# %e$ause of# %y dint of# %y reason of# for# from# in $onseuen$e of# on a$$ount of# out of# owing to# than"s to# through# with5

) reference: a%out# anent# as for# as to# $on$erning# of# on# respe$ting# tou$hing.

9 very few instances can be found where pure prepositions occur in combinations without an obect. 8here are dialectal Dcome5go with' and

the standard Ddo5go without'.

Wait a minute and I $ome with.

If there is no sugar you simpy have to do without.

8here is an apparent reversal of the underlying obect if the particle is taken as a preposition,

6randmother %rushed off her green s"irt. 0She brushed the lint off1

=eaton 0)*+>1 says that much of the confusion associated with phrasal verbs has been caused by failure to distinguish between verb and

particle forms 0phrasal verbs1 and verb and prepositional forms. 8he mere fact that a verb and a preposition may form a collocation possessing an

entirely new meaning is no indication of the formation of a phrasal verb. henever a preposition gives a verb a new meaning or causes the verb to

assume a secondary or subsidiary meaning it belongs to the verb.

7EFB G @FE@ G ;BH ; @FE@

Abide by the law

7EFB G ;BH G @FE@ G ;BH ; @FE@

A%andon a position to the enemy.

Because the direct obect of the verb is placed between the verb and the preposition in this latter sentence pattern, there is often a tendency to

confuse such prepositional verbs with separable phrasal verbs.

7EFB G ;BH G @FE@ G ;BH ; @FE@

4ring the $hid up the stairs.

7EFB G ;BH G @9F8

Bring the child up

=ill 0)*31 classifies each preposition in three groups: elementary, intermediate and advanced. 4n the elementary part prepositions have their

basic meaning and are the least numerous. e find + meanings for off, e.g.,

1ffindicating separation from being attached, in contact, part of, or on, showing motion.

There is something wrong with that $hair. 1ne of the egs has $ome off# I thin".

4n the intermediate stage the prepositions enter phrasal verbs and lose their basic, concrete meanings and are more numerous than the

elementary. 1ffhere has (( meanings, e.g.,

0ee some%ody offmeaning Dsay good bye to somebody',


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I went to the airport to see my %rother off when he eft for India ast wee".

8he advanced level includes phrases, idioms and phrasal verbs and are the most numerous. ;ff in this group has C) meanings, e.g.,

7ome offmeaning Dbe successful',

-y tri$" $ame off 8a right.9 (*/+: ,/3;)

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1. Grammar Subject