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FILUM COELENTERATA

(CNIDARIA)

ClassificationClassification formerly formerly

2 phylum names2 phylum names

1.1. Coelenterata – hollow gutCoelenterata – hollow gut

2.2. Cnidaria – nettleCnidaria – nettle

Basic characteristicBasic characteristic

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Polyp Tubelike, usually sessile and has a cylindrical body with a mouth and tentacles at the upper free end. Other end (aboral) usually attached to a rock or other surface. Thin Mesoglea layer. Corals and Hydras are examples

Medusa; bell-shaped body/umbrella, floating, tentacles and mouth facing down, have thick mesoglea ex. jellyfish

2 body types

Diploblastic- two germ layersDiploblastic- two germ layersDiploblastic- two germ layersDiploblastic- two germ layersPhylum CnidariaPhylum CnidariaPhylum CnidariaPhylum Cnidaria

Mesoglea not true layer

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Filum Cnidaria: ubur-ubur, terumbu karang, hydroids, anemone laut

ubur-ubur

terumbu karang

hydroids

anemone laut

SymmetrySymmetry Radial symmetryRadial symmetry

Nervous SystemNervous System

Nerve NetNerve Net- Cnidarians do not have a brain but - Cnidarians do not have a brain but they have simple sensory receptors that they have simple sensory receptors that detect & respond to stimuli detect & respond to stimuli evenly spaced evenly spaced

Nerve net with stinging capsules called Nerve net with stinging capsules called nematocystsnematocysts

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TERDIRI LIMA MACAM SELTERDIRI LIMA MACAM SEL SEL EPITELSEL EPITEL OTOTOTOT((epithelioepithelio--

musclemuscle cellscells)) SEL INTERSTISIAL(SEL INTERSTISIAL(intertitialintertitial

cellscells)) SEL CNIDOCYTESEL CNIDOCYTE SEL KELENJARSEL KELENJAR LENDIRLENDIR

((mucusmucus - -secreting cellssecreting cells)) SEL SYARAFSEL SYARAF INDERINDERA (A (sensorysensory

nerve cellsnerve cells))

SEL EPITEL OTOTSEL EPITEL OTOT BERUKURAN BESAR BERUKURAN BESAR MERUPAKAN PELINDUNG MERUPAKAN PELINDUNG TUBUHTUBUH

SEL INTERTISIALSEL INTERTISIAL BERUKURAN BERUKURAN KECIL,AGAK BULAT, NUKLEUS KECIL,AGAK BULAT, NUKLEUS BESAR,TDP SEL SPERMA,SEL BESAR,TDP SEL SPERMA,SEL TELURTELUR, , CNIDOCYTECNIDOCYTE

DIDALAM CNIDOCYTEDIDALAM CNIDOCYTE TDP TDP NEMATOCYTE BENTUKNYA NEMATOCYTE BENTUKNYA SPT KAPSUL,BULAT, SPT KAPSUL,BULAT, LONJONG. DIDLMNYA TDP LONJONG. DIDLMNYA TDP BENANG/PIPA/BERDURI,YG BENANG/PIPA/BERDURI,YG DITEMBAKKAN KE LUARDITEMBAKKAN KE LUAR

NEMATOCYTENEMATOCYTE TDP DI TDP DI TENTAKEL DAN UJUNG ORALTENTAKEL DAN UJUNG ORAL

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SEL KELENJAR LENDIR MENGHASILKAN LENDIR YANG DIGUNAKAN SEBAGAI PELINDUNG UNTUK MENANGKAP MANGSA DAN MELEKAT PADA SUBSTRAT

SEL SYARAF BENTUK MIRIP MULTIPOLAR NEURON,TERLETAK PADA DASAR SEL EPITEL OTOT DEKAT DAN SEJAJAR MESOGLEA.

SEL INDRA PANJANG, LANGSING, TEGAK LURUS EPIDERMIS. Pangkal sel indera berhub dgn sel syaraf tersusun seperti jala pd epidermis dekat mesoglea.

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Lapisan epidermis terdiri atas: Sel Epitel Otot, Sel Interstisial,Sel Cnidocyte, Sel Kelenjar Lendir, Sel Saraf Indera.

Mesoglea

Pseudopodia

Nutritive muscle cell

Enzymatic gland cell

Interstitial cell

Cnidocil

Cnidocyte

Sensory cell

Epithelio-muscle cell nucleus

Nerve cell

Capturing PreyCapturing PreyLET’S EAT!!!LET’S EAT!!!

cnidarians are cnidarians are carnivorescarnivores (eat meat) that use (eat meat) that use tentacles arranged in a ring around their tentacles arranged in a ring around their mouth to capture preymouth to capture prey

when a “trigger” is stimulated on a stinging cell when a “trigger” is stimulated on a stinging cell called the called the cnidocytecnidocyte, a harpoon, a harpoon/spear/spear calledcalled nematocyst nematocyst shoots out & injects poison into shoots out & injects poison into the preythe prey

Capturing Prey: Cnidocyte and Capturing Prey: Cnidocyte and Nematocyst at work: WE DO Nematocyst at work: WE DO

WORK!!! WORK!!!

Cnidocyte (stinging cell)

Nematocyst (harpoon)

TYPE NEMATOCYTETYPE NEMATOCYTE

PENGGULUNGPENGGULUNG (VOLVENT): berukuran kecil (VOLVENT): berukuran kecil berfungsi untuk menggulung mangsaberfungsi untuk menggulung mangsa

PENUSUK (PENETRANTPENUSUK (PENETRANT) : berukuran besar ) : berukuran besar mengandung 3 duri besar dan 3 deret duri kecil mengandung 3 duri besar dan 3 deret duri kecil berfungsi menyuntikkan racun ke dlm tubuh berfungsi menyuntikkan racun ke dlm tubuh mangsamangsa

TIPE PEREKATTIPE PEREKAT (GLUTINANT): pipa halus yg (GLUTINANT): pipa halus yg ujungnya terbuka dan menghasilkan perekat.ujungnya terbuka dan menghasilkan perekat.

RACUN YG DIKELUARKAN HYDRARACUN YG DIKELUARKAN HYDRA TDK TDK MEMBAHAYAKAN, NAMUN ADA SENGATAN MEMBAHAYAKAN, NAMUN ADA SENGATAN UBUR-UBUR Physalia dan cchironex sengatannya UBUR-UBUR Physalia dan cchironex sengatannya sangat menyakitkan, panas bahkan dapat sangat menyakitkan, panas bahkan dapat mematikan.mematikan.

NEMATOCYTENEMATOCYTE hanya dipakai sekali, kemudian hanya dipakai sekali, kemudian dibuang.dibuang.

UNTUK MENGGANTINYA sel intertisial membuat UNTUK MENGGANTINYA sel intertisial membuat cnidocyte baru. Pada waktu memakan kehilangan cnidocyte baru. Pada waktu memakan kehilangan 25% nematocyte.25% nematocyte.

Penggantian kehilangan nematocytePenggantian kehilangan nematocyte tersebut tersebut memerlukan waktu 48 jam.memerlukan waktu 48 jam.

Gastrodermis terdiri atas beberapa macam sel:

1. Sel Otot Pencerna yang Berflagela

2. Sel Kelenjar Enzim

3. Sel Kelenjar LendirKecuali Hydra, kebanyakan Coelenterata

mempunyainematocyst di dalam lapisan gastrodermis.Pada beberapa jenis Hydra sp., di dalam

gastrodermisterdapat zoochlorella yang hidup bersimbiosis.

DigestionDigestion Sac w/ a digestive cavity (Sac w/ a digestive cavity (gastrovascular gastrovascular

cavitycavity) w/ a single opening that acts as a ) w/ a single opening that acts as a mouth/anusmouth/anus

Jellyfish Hydra

Digestion (cont.)Digestion (cont.)

food is pushed into the gastrovascular cavity food is pushed into the gastrovascular cavity where digestion begins (extracellular where digestion begins (extracellular digestion)digestion)

undigested remains leave through the undigested remains leave through the mouth/anus mouth/anus

RespirationRespiration

DiffusionDiffusion- oxygen from water moves into - oxygen from water moves into sponge cells (high to low) sponge cells (high to low)

ExcretionExcretion mouth/anus- release waste mouth/anus- release waste

ReproductionReproduction

AsexualAsexual – – buddingbudding- formation of outgrowths - formation of outgrowths that pinch off from parent to live independentlythat pinch off from parent to live independently

Sexual- Sexual- forms a zygote and free swimming forms a zygote and free swimming planula that settles on ocean floorplanula that settles on ocean floor

*MOST ALTERNATE B/W POLYP & *MOST ALTERNATE B/W POLYP & MEDUSA LIFE FORM MEDUSA LIFE FORM

Reproduction (cont.)Reproduction (cont.)

Phylogeny of CnidariaPhylogeny of Cnidaria

Cladogram based on molecular systematic data

Class HydrozoaClass Hydrozoa

Most varied and derived of the cnidarian Most varied and derived of the cnidarian groupsgroups

Includes freshwater species (Includes freshwater species (hydra spphydra spp)) Colonial species commonColonial species common Most have typical dimorphic life cycleMost have typical dimorphic life cycle Examples of polyp-only forms (hydra)Examples of polyp-only forms (hydra) Examples of medusa-only formsExamples of medusa-only forms

((GonionemusGonionemus))

Atypical HydrozoansAtypical Hydrozoans

HydraHydra– Lacks medusa stageLacks medusa stage– Asexual - buddingAsexual - budding– Sexual - gametesSexual - gametes

Atypical HydrozoansAtypical Hydrozoans GonionemusGonionemus – reduced polyp form – reduced polyp form

Colonial HydrozoansColonial Hydrozoans Colony of specialized hydranthsColony of specialized hydranths

– Gonangia (gonozooids) – reproductionGonangia (gonozooids) – reproduction– Gastrozooids – feedingGastrozooids – feeding– Dactyolozooids – catching prey Dactyolozooids – catching prey

hydranths

Colonial HydrozoansColonial Hydrozoans

Colonial HydrozoansColonial Hydrozoans Portuguese Man-O-War (Portuguese Man-O-War (Physalia physalisPhysalia physalis)) Polyp – air bagPolyp – air bag Feeding & reproductive hydranths - tentaclesFeeding & reproductive hydranths - tentacles

Colonial Colonial HydrozoansHydrozoans

Fire CoralsFire Corals– NOT TRUE CORALNOT TRUE CORAL

• Hydrozoan colonyHydrozoan colony– TRUE CORALTRUE CORAL

• Anthozoan colonyAnthozoan colony– Cnidocytes cause severe Cnidocytes cause severe

painpain

Dimorphic Life Cycle Dimorphic Life Cycle and Reproductive and Reproductive

ModesModes

AsexualAsexual– BuddingBudding

• Medusa budsMedusa buds• Polyp budsPolyp buds

SexualSexual– Gonadal tissueGonadal tissue– GametesGametes– Fertilization, Fertilization,

embryogenesisembryogenesis– Planula larvaePlanula larvae

Obelia ReproductionObelia Reproduction

Class ScyphozoaClass Scyphozoa

Typically thought of as jellyfishTypically thought of as jellyfish & & active active predatorspredators

Range from thimble size to queen-size Range from thimble size to queen-size mattressesmattresses

Most have typical dimorphic life cycleMost have typical dimorphic life cycle– Polyp stage is atypicalPolyp stage is atypical– Majority of life cycle spent in medusa formMajority of life cycle spent in medusa form

Mostly medusas which reproduce sexuallyMostly medusas which reproduce sexually Polyp stages early in lifePolyp stages early in life

Scyphozoan Life CycleScyphozoan Life Cycle

Aurelia aurita Aurelia aurita (Moon jelly)(Moon jelly)

Class ScyphozoaClass Scyphozoa Sea thimble jellyfish Sea thimble jellyfish

((Linuche unguiculataLinuche unguiculata), ), HondurasHonduras

Tiny jellyfish (< 1 inch) Tiny jellyfish (< 1 inch) that swarm in the springthat swarm in the spring

Adults and larvae (“sea Adults and larvae (“sea lice”) may cause a lice”) may cause a severe skin reaction in severe skin reaction in humanshumans

Photo Copyright © Diane R. Nelson

Class ScyphozoaClass Scyphozoa Upside down jellyfish Upside down jellyfish ((Cassiopea Cassiopea xamachanaxamachana) from ) from Bermuda, with Bermuda, with zooxanthellaezooxanthellae

This specimen is This specimen is swimming up to the swimming up to the surface, where its surface, where its reflection is visiblereflection is visible

Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display

Photo Copyright © Diane R. Nelson

CNIDARIACNIDARIA Class Scyphozoa Class Scyphozoa

Jellyfish (Jellyfish (MastigiasMastigias sp., sp., family Rhizostomeae) family Rhizostomeae) from Jellyfish Lake in from Jellyfish Lake in Palau, western Pacific Palau, western Pacific

Have lost their ability to Have lost their ability to sting and depend on sting and depend on zooxanthellae for zooxanthellae for nutritionnutrition

Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display

Photo Copyright © Diane R. Nelson

CNIDARIACNIDARIAClass ScyphozoaClass Scyphozoa

Lion’s Mane Jelly Lion’s Mane Jelly ((Cyanea capillataCyanea capillata))

Bell – 6 ftBell – 6 ft Tentacles – 120 ftTentacles – 120 fthttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HqfCm58SB6Y

Class CubozoaClass Cubozoa

Phylum CnidariaPhylum CnidariaClass CubozoaClass Cubozoa

Carybdeid, Carybdeid, Darwin, AustraliaDarwin, Australia

Carybdea sivickisiCarybdea sivickisi South pacificSouth pacific

Phylum CnidariaPhylum CnidariaClass CubozoaClass Cubozoa

Chironex fleckeriChironex fleckeri

Size of human head with Size of human head with tentacles (4) up to 9 ft tentacles (4) up to 9 ft longlong

18-24 ft of tentacles can 18-24 ft of tentacles can deliver enough poison to deliver enough poison to kill in <5 min.kill in <5 min.

Class AnthozoaClass Anthozoa

Anemones & CoralsAnemones & Corals Lack medusa formLack medusa form Form colonies (especially coral)Form colonies (especially coral)

Class AnthozoaClass Anthozoa

Largest class existing only Largest class existing only as polypsas polyps

Includes anemones, coral, Includes anemones, coral, sea pansies, sea fans, sea pansies, sea fans, and sea whipsand sea whips

Nearly all contain Nearly all contain symbiotic algae, symbiotic algae, dinoflagellates, in dinoflagellates, in exchange for foodexchange for food

Many of the brilliant colors Many of the brilliant colors come from the algaecome from the algae

Some reproduce Some reproduce asexually by buddingasexually by budding

Others sexual with Others sexual with sperm and egg being sperm and egg being released into the ocean released into the ocean where fertilization where fertilization occursoccurs

Zygotes develop into Zygotes develop into planulae that settle and planulae that settle and develop into polypsdevelop into polyps

Class Anthozoa – Typical Polyp Class Anthozoa – Typical Polyp FormForm

CNIDARIA CNIDARIA Class Anthozoa Class Anthozoa

giant anemone or giant anemone or purple-tipped anemone purple-tipped anemone ((Condylactis giganteaCondylactis gigantea) ) often harbors cleaning often harbors cleaning shrimp among its shrimp among its tentaclestentacles

Common in Bermuda Common in Bermuda and the Caribbeanand the Caribbean

Photo Copyright © Diane R. Nelson

Anemone with Anemone FishAnemone with Anemone Fish

Class Anthozoa – Hard CoralClass Anthozoa – Hard Coral Hexacorallia – Hexacorallia –

6-fold symmetry6-fold symmetry Precipitate CaPrecipitate Ca33(CO(CO33))2 2

from sea water to from sea water to produce skeletal produce skeletal structures that structures that become coral reefsbecome coral reefs

Contain zooxanthellaContain zooxanthella

Class Anthozoa – soft coralsClass Anthozoa – soft corals

Octocorallia – Octocorallia – 8-fold symmetry8-fold symmetry

Form complex Form complex tube-like skeletal tube-like skeletal structuresstructures

Lack zooxanthellaLack zooxanthella

ReefsReefs

Shallow tropical watersShallow tropical waters Hermatypic corals (Class Anthozoa, subclass Hermatypic corals (Class Anthozoa, subclass

hexacorallia, order scleractinia)hexacorallia, order scleractinia) Contain symbiotic dinoflagellates Contain symbiotic dinoflagellates Precipitate CaCOPrecipitate CaCO3 3 to form “exoskeleton”to form “exoskeleton”

ZooZooxxanthellaanthella

Green algaeGreen algae

AtollAtoll

Phylum CtenophoraPhylum Ctenophora

Comb-jelliesComb-jellies– Rows of cells with fused Rows of cells with fused

cilia – comb-platescilia – comb-plates <100 species<100 species Lack cnidocytesLack cnidocytes Complete digestive tractComplete digestive tract

Ctenophore MorphologyCtenophore Morphology

Ctenophore MorphologyCtenophore Morphology

Ctenophore Body Ctenophore Body FormsForms

Biradial symmetryBiradial symmetry– Two tentacle clustersTwo tentacle clusters– Even # comb rows\Even # comb rows\

Some are bilateralSome are bilateral

terimakasihterimakasih

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