1. Executive Summary - cabi.org · PDF filevegetable production under plastic tunnel farming. ... 2005, government of Pakistan, Ministry of food, agriculture & livestock (economic

1. Executive Summary The Govt. of Punjab under the Irrigation and Power department initiated a project

entitled Command Area Development of Small Dams in Rawalpindi Division in close

collaboration with CABI South Asia, to build the capacity of Agriculture staff and farming

community and to increase the productivity of farmers of command areas. The project is

spared over Rawalpindi division of the Punjab province and focuses on sustainable

production of fruits, vegetables and crops. It is executed through command area of small

dams of district Rawalpindi, Attock, Jehlum and Chakwal each headed by Agriculture

Officer of the extension wing. Over all project is headed by Project Director and

supported by an Expert Field Facilitator (EFF) representing the CABI. The project was

launched on ground a little late and ToF activities could start in March - April, 2007.

Agriculture is one of the major sectors of Pakistan’s economy which accounts for

about 24% GDP. Rawalpindi Division consists of Barani area with suitable physical and

climatic conditions & is dependent on rainfall for crop productivity. Low soil fertility, high

population growth rate, social problems and lack of infrastructure are the major

constraints affecting Agriculture productivity.

A total number of 32 small Dams have been constructed up till now, but unfortunately

their command areas have not so far been developed up to the desired level. Therefore

farmers of the areas in which small dams are situated, need intensive training &

education for the development of command area, so that they can make judicious use of

scarce source of water for the production of vegetables, orchards, cut flowers and other

cash crops. The introduction of these cash crops will certainly enhance the per capita

income of the poor farming community of the Barani area and reduce poverty.

Realizations of Agriculture potential is impeded by constraints, which are related to

input use, their availability at appropriate time especially in Barani area and un-scientific

approach by farmers. Other constraints impeding the Agriculture productivity are

resource degradation (Water & Soil), failure to adopt improved production technologies

due to socio-economic limitations, poor incentives, defective marketing system and

ineffective dissemination of research results to the farmers. In addition human resource

bare and skill in Agriculture of Barani area is weak.

In Punjab province along with cereal crops both kind of seasonal vegetables are

grown. i.e kharif & rabi. In kharif season, lady finger, squash (tinda), brinjal, bitter gourd,

pumkin etc are the main growing vegetables while in rabi season, radish, turnip, carrot,

spinach, cauliflower, cabbage, sweet potato, peas and tomatoes etc are grown in large

scale. But unfortunately vegetables produce in the province do not meet the requirement

of the consumers.

Several factors are contributing to lowest return in agricultural production e.g.

poor management practices, lack in farmer’s capacity to manage the crop issues, time of

sowing, poor quality of seeds, poor storage facilities and less knowledge of grading,

packaging and marketing etc

To focus on all the issues relating to agriculture in command areas of small dams in

Rawalpindi division and to widen agriculture pattern for the purpose of sustainable

development of said command area. In this regard, CABI South Asia has been given the

mandate to provide technical support for the implementation of Farmer Participatory

Technology Development & Dissemination (FPTDD) and Integrated Crop Management

(ICM) under Command Areas Development Small Dams Project with emphasis on

capacity building of extension staff and farmers by effective execution of Training of

Facilitators (TOF) & Farmers Field School (FFS) approaches for production of fruit,

vegetable and crops in the project area. Hence CABI South Asia and Extension

department CAD Small Dam Project were playing significant role in the development of

agriculture through transfer of latest package of technology especially off-season

vegetable production under plastic tunnel farming.

Farmer-led season long participatory training was conducted in Regional Office of

CABI South Asia from April 2007 to June 2008 successfully. TOF participants & trained

farmers are now in a position to follow up further activities in the field and they can easily

produce their commodities according to desirable purpose.

First time, spring maize was introduced by the project in the command areas. It was

not only spring maize but sada behar chara (fodder) and potato crop were also

introduced first time in their cropping system which proved better result in terms of

production and income. With the help of introduction of the above crops, project was

successfully achieved its one of the objective to change or divert the minds of the

farmers from old traditional cropping system towards new technology.

The plastic technology was ever first activity in the area to introduced at farm level

with ignored segments (farmers). The tunnel technology needs proper attention to

maintain the desire temperature and humidity level otherwise fluctuation in temperature

and humidity can cause serious problems in terms of disease out break and chilling

effect. Therefore, it is very important to maintain the temperature and moisture level

according to requirements i.e. temperature level must be between 15 to 30 0C while

humidity should not be exceeded from 70 %.

With the help of TOF/FFS activities, farmers not only changed their cropping system

but also changes occurred in terms of attitudinally and behaviorally among the

farmers/people of the command areas. They become organized, motivated for

cooperative society and last but not the least they help each other with regard to solve

the problems.

.

2. Introduction Agriculture is the backbone of Pakistan’s economy which contributes not only

about 22 % of the total GDP but also 44.8 % of the total employment is generated in

agriculture. According to fruits, vegetables and condiments statistics of Pakistan 2004-

2005, government of Pakistan, Ministry of food, agriculture & livestock (economic wing)

Islamabad, vegetables represent a dynamic segment of Pakistan’s agriculture. During

2000-01 to 2004-05, the area under vegetables and condiments increased by 2.3 %

while production increased by 10.3 % due to good economic returns received by the

growers. During 2004-05, the area under vegetables & condiments was 0.5 million

hectares, which is 5.7 % of the total cropped area.

Agriculture is also one of the major sectors of Pakistan’s economy which

accounts for about 24% GDP. Rawalpindi Division consists of Barani area with suitable

physical and climatic conditions & is dependent on rainfall for crop productivity. Low soil

fertility, high population growth rate, social problems and lack of infrastructure are the

major constraints affecting Agriculture productivity.

A total number of 32 small Dams have been constructed up till now, but

unfortunately their command areas have not so far been developed up to the desired

level. Therefore farmers of the areas in which small dams are situated, need intensive

training & education for the development of command area, so that they can make

judicious use of scarce source of water for the production of vegetables, orchards, cut

flowers and other cash crops. The introduction of these cash crops will certainly enhance

the per capita income of the poor farming community of the Barani area and reduce

poverty.

Realizations of Agriculture potential is impeded by constraints, which are related

to input use, their availability at appropriate time especially in Barani area and un-

scientific approach by farmers. Other constraints impeding the Agriculture productivity

are resource degradation (Water & Soil), failure to adopt improved production

technologies due to socio-economic limitations, poor incentives, defective marketing

system and ineffective dissemination of research results to the farmers. In addition

human resource bare and skill in agriculture of barani area is weak.

In Punjab province both kind of seasonal vegetables are grown. i.e kharif & rabi.

In kharif season, lady finger, squash (tinda), brinjal, bitter gourd, pumkin etc are the main

growing vegetables while in rabi season, radish, turnip, carrot, spinach, cauliflower,

cabbage, sweet potato, peas and tomatoes etc are grown in large scale. But

unfortunately vegetables produce in the province do not meet the requirement of the

consumers. Area covered & production of all vegetables in Pakistan, Punjab,

Rawalpindi, Lahore, Gujranwala, Sheikhupura, Kasur and Okara are given in Table 1.

Table: 1 Total Area Covered & Total Production of Vegetable

S # Region Area covered in hectare Total production in tones

1 Pakistan 350617 5073209

2 Punjab 134332 1445311

3 Rawalpindi 1172 16438

4 Lahore 10279 181671

5 Gujranwala 15555 266534

6 Sheikhupura 17023 286133

7 Kasur 14057 242311

8 Okara 33014 656705 Source; Fruits, Vegetables and condiments Statistic of Pakistan 2004-2005, government of Pakistan,

Ministry of food, agriculture & livestock (economic wing) Islamabad

Several factors are contributing to lowest return in crops, vegetables and orchard

production e.g. poor management practices, lack in farmer’s capacity to manage the

crop issues, time of sowing, poor quality of seeds, poor storage facilities. Other

constraints impeding the Agriculture productivity are resource degradation (Water &

Soil), failure to adopt improved production technologies due to socio-economic

limitations, poor incentives, defective marketing system and ineffective dissemination of

research results to the farmers. In addition human resource bare and skill in Agriculture

of Barani area is weak.

The Govt. of Punjab under the Irrigation and Power department initiated a project

entitled Command Area Development of Small Dams in Rawalpindi Division in close

collaboration with CABI South Asia, to build the capacity of Agriculture staff and farming

communities in Rawalpindi (under DIU Rawalpindi) to fulfill the objectives of the project.

To focus on all the issues relating to crops, vegetables and orchard, CABI South

Asia has been given the mandate to implement the Good Agricultural Practices (GAP)

under the CAD small dam project with emphasis on capacity building of extension staff

and farmers by effective execution of Training of Facilitators (TOF) & Farmers field

School (FFS) approach in the project area. Hence CABI South Asia and extension

workers under CAD small dam project are playing significant role in the development of

agriculture through transfer of latest package of technology especially off-season

vegetable production under plastic tunnel farming.

The project is spared over Rawalpindi division. It is executed through four districts

having small dams namely Rawalpindi district (Dungi Dam), Attack district (Qibla Bandi

Dam), Jhelum district (Jamergal Dam) and Chakwal district (Tahlian Dam) each headed

by a Agriculture Officer and supported by an Expert Field Facilitator (EFF) representing

the CABI while one research officer from extension department also assigned for

research based activities of the command areas. The project was launched on ground a

little late and ToF activities could start in March - April, 2007.

3. Project and its Objectives 3.1 Main Objective

Government of Punjab has allocated a substantial amount to promote cereal, fruit

and vegetable production in the command areas of four small dams, one each located in

districts of Rawalpindi, Chakwal, Jehlum and Attock for sustainable livelihood with the

following objectives.

Produce fruits and vegetables in compliance with standards of WTO under

environmentally friendly situation.

Reduce poverty of rural population particularly small farmers and woven.

Enhance their income and improve standard of living.

Support village level development and capital building, assistance and training.

In this scenario, CABI SA has been given the mandate to implement the Good

Agricultural Practices (GAP) with emphasis on capacity building of agriculture staff and

farmers community by effective execution of Training of Facilitator (TOF) and Farmer

Field Schools (FFS) approach under the command area development of small dams

project (CAD Small Dam Project), government of Punjab.

The overall objective of CABI component is to enhance the income of small farmers

for their improved standard of living by helping them to increase their fruit and vegetable

production of international standard. The emphasis is on capacity building of extension

staff and farmers by effective execution of the Training of Facilitators/Farmer Field

Schools (ToF/FFS) approach in the project area.

3.2 Specific Objective

The specific objectives of the project relating to vegetable production included:-

i. Organize farming community under Farmers Field Schools to educate the farmers

in cereal, fruit and vegetable production in both summer as well as under plastic

tunnel technology.

ii. Minimize use of pesticides through a comprehensive and well organized training

programme in IPM technologies to reduce environmental pollution and health

hazard problems.

iii. By introducing new technologies like drip irrigation, off-season vegetable under

tunnel and establishment of orchards & nurseries.

iv. Establishment of machinery pool at each dam.

v. Intensifying extension service by providing one Agriculture Officer at each dam.

vi. Comparison of normal season vegetable production and off-season vegetable

production under tunnel technology.

vii. Introduce and maintain quality standards for export marketing by creating

awareness amongst farmers about international sanitary and phyto-sanitary

standards.

viii. Enhance vegetable production qualitatively and quantitatively for foreign exchange

earnings.

ix. Facilitate in establishing network between the FFS and service providers.

x. Develop activities and processes for evaluation of FFS into self sustaining

Farmer’s associations (FAs).

xi. Sustainability of the environment and reduction in health hazards to pesticides

users and consumers through rationalizing use of pesticides through developing

awareness and training.

4. Methodology

The Integrated Crop Management (ICM) using non-formal participatory training

methodology has been identified as a preferred approach to develop capacity of the

farmers and the line departments for better crop management and reduce input use

especially hazardous pesticides. During the course of project implementation and due to

broad scope of the participatory ICM approach the use of term Good Agriculture

Practices (GAP) has been identified to describe activities under the banner of ICM. The

success of good agricultural practices lies in implementation of integrated pest

management in its true spirit which can help in the reduction of pesticide usage while

conserving bio diversity and natural ecosystem. The use of quality seed/crop varieties,

best planting time, suitable crop rotation, natural mortality factors, natural resource

management and biological control collectively form the basis for pest control decision-

making in integrated pest management systems. Confidence building and experiential

learning by farmers can only be achieved through season long capacity building training

programs of extension personnel and farmers using Farmer Field School (FFS)

methodology.

4.1 ToF/FFS Schedule Followed The fortnightly schedule followed during ToF & FFS sessions for Command Area

Development of Small Dam Project (CAD Small Dam) is given in Table 2.

Table 2: Fortnightly ToF/FFS schedule for CAD Small Dam Project

Day Activity

Monday ToF Session with Master Trainer at Regional

Office of CABI South Asia

Tuesday Farmer Field Schools Sessions at each small dam

area

Wednesday Farmer Field Schools sessions at each small dam

area

Thursday Farmer Field Schools sessions at each small dam

area

Friday Feed Back session at Regional Office CABI South

Asia

4.2 Training of Facilitator (TOF) The project launched on ground a little late and hence TOF session could start in

April, 2007. There were two TOF sessions held during the entire period i.e. Field

Assistant-TOF (April, 2007 to December 2008) and Farmers-TOF (January, 2008 to

June, 2008) while 30 TOF sessions and 14 TOF sessions carried out as FA TOF and F

TOF respectively. During the Training of Facilitators different activities were carried out

in the ToF as well as in the feed back session with master trainers on fortnightly basis.

Whatsoever, they learned from TOF sessions then subsequently implemented or shared

with FFS participants as practicing and regular FFS.

4.3 TOF Participants

Following participants were actively participated in FA-TOF & F-TOF sessions

and now they are the front line activists of the TOF/FFS approach. Detail is given

below in table 3 and figure 1.

Table: 3. Profile of TOF Participants

S # Name of Participants Rank Nature of TOF Area

1 Muhammad Irfan Agriculture Officer FA-TOF Jammergal

Dam (Jehlum)

2 Muhammad Zahid Kiani do do Dungi Dam

(Rawalpindi)

3 Hafiz Muhammad Baksh do do Dhoke Tahlian

(Chakwal)

4 Rai Muhammad Irshad do do Qibla Bandi

(Attock)

5 Muhammad Sajjad Agriculture

Research Officer

do Head Office

(Islamabad)

6 Shakeel Asghar Field Assistant do Dhoke Tahlian

7 Shaigan Waqas do do Jammergal

8 Ashraf Mehmood do do Qibla Bandi

9 Tamoor Zafar do do Dungi

10 Aftab Anwar do do Dhoke Tahlian

11 Irfan Haider do do Jammergal

12 Muhammad Ibrahim do do Qibla Bandi

13 Muhammad Iqbal do do Dungi

14 Khizar Usmani do do Dungi

15 Muhammad Afzal do do Qibla Bandi

16 Saifullah do do Jammergal

17 Muhammad Faisal do do Qibla Bandi

18 Khan Afsar Farmer F-TOF Qibla Bandi

(Attock)

19 Abdil Waheed do do do

20 Ashfaq Ahmad do do do

21 Muhammad Altaf do do do

22 Khalid Mehmood do do do

23 Tariq Mehmood do do do

24 Raja Nasir Mehmood do do Jammergal

(Jehlum)

25 Muhammad Akram do do do

26 Imtiaz Ali do do do

27 Haji Rehmat do do do

28 Ishtiaq Ahmad do do do

29 Mirza Mukhtiar Ahmad do do Dungi

(Rawalpindi)

30 Ch. Shabaz do do do

31 Muhammad Nazir do do do

32 Haji Jehangir do do do

33 Mirza Khan do do Dhoke Tahlian

(Chakwal)

34 Jehangir Ahmad do do do

35 Muhammad Aatif Malik do do do

36 Ameer Sultan do do do

37 Hamid Ashraf do do do

Fig:1. Nature of Participation in TOF Sessions

11%3%

32%

54%

AgricultureOfficer

Agri. ReseachOfficer

FieldAssistant

Farmers

4.4 Agenda of Training of Facilitator (TOF) Both TOF sessions were held according to set agenda e.g. start from recitation of

Holy Quran and ended with vote of thanks. There was separate agenda for both TOF

and Feed back session. Detail is given below as example;

TOF Session:

• Recitation from Holy Quran

• Basic characteristics of FFS

• Visit to TOF plot regarding Agriculture Ecosystem Analysis (AESA)

• Tea Break

• Preparation of charts, presentation and discussion

• Prayer & Lunch Break

• Special topic

• Group dynamics

• Planning for next session

• Mood Meter

• Day analysis

Feedback Session of TOF

• Recitation of Holy Quran

• FFS feedback chart preparation

• Presentation of feedback and discussion

• Tea break

• Special topic

• Group dynamics

• Lunch & Prayer

• Recommendation & responsibilities sharing

• Mood Meter

• Day analysis

4.5 Training of Facilitator (TOF) Activities Following were the activities being covered during TOF sessions.

4.5.1 Participatory Situation Analysis (PSA) and Participatory Reflection & Action (PRA)

TOF participants gone through exercises of PSA & PRA not only for bench mark

survey but also having command on quality establishment of Farmer Field Schools

(FFS).

4.5.2 Norms Setting For smooth running of the sessions, norms were set with participants. Norms

strictly followed by participants and nobody was excluded from the rules. The norms

then set out were;

• Time management (9:30 am TOF session starting time)

• No whispering

• To take permission while saying some thing or asking question (raised hand) i.e.

one person at one time.

• Respect each one idea.

• Cellular phone should be on vibration.

• Permission is must while going out side the session.

• No irregular or asymmetrical movement in the vicinity of head office during

working hours.

• Loyalty with the work

• TOF hall is red zone for smoking.

• Politics and irrelevant discussion is not allowed during session.

4.5.3 Hopes & fears of the TOF participants

Hopes

• We will get education about facilitation and knowledge in simple.

• We will get maximum knowledge about vegetables and other crops.

• This will help the life standard of poor farmers

• Will be able to disseminate the gained knowledge to the farmers

• Create self confidence in participants.

• Improve the production technology

• Helps in avoiding excessive use of pesticide

• Helps in team building

Fears

• If program will windup in the middle stage then

• Lack of farmers interest may be hinders the objective of the project

• Either farmer will adopt the new technology or not.

• Poor participation creates trouble

• Discussion & meetings may not be on regular basis.

4.5.4 Lay out of the command area Lay out of each dam have been submitted by TOF participants of their each area.

4.5.5 Farmer Field Schools (FFS) history Participants were informed about the history of Farmers Field School (FFS) that

• This latest extension methodology was firstly started in 1989 in Indonesia to

reduce farmer’s reliance on pesticides in rice with the out break of rice brown

plant hopper.

• Policy makers and donors were impressed with the results and the program

rapidly expanded and up to 1998 over 6 million rice growers or farmers were

trained as FFS participants.

• In 1997, CABI south Asia firstly introduced the FFS approach in Pakistan at

Vehari on cotton crop.

4.5.6 TOF/FFS approach Training of Facilitator (TOF) and Farmers Field School (FFS) approach was

discussed in detail with TOF participants as;

• This approach came into being as latest extension methodology where

extension staff (TOF) and farmers (FFS) together observe the field and

decide whether to take decision or not for the management of crop or field.

• Based on “learning by doing” and “discovery process”.

• Non-formal adult education methods.

• In the said approach first extension staff or technical staff got the training as

TOF participants and than they are applying or sharing their experiences or

observations in the light of said training with farmers during FFS sessions.

• TOF participants also share and discuss whatever observed or done in FFS

with TOF participants in feed back session.

4.5.7 Team building exercises Team building exercises on knowing each other and on creating thinking were

conducted. Different types of other exercises were also conducted.

4.5.8 Agro Ecosystem Analysis (AESA)

• AESA stand for Agro Ecosystem Analysis, which is principally based on

critical observations of living things (biotic factors) and non living things

(abiotic factors) of crop environment.

• The ecosystem analysis provides a method to integrate the many aspects of

the crop ecosystem into one drawing that can then be discussed and

analysed.

• On weekly basis said activity was carried out in the field and on the basis of

out come of this activity and than discussion through brainstorming on out

come, crop management decision (CMD) was taken for better crop

production.

• Participants are now able to recognize different stages of sown crops

because of regular observation of field.

• They realized that keen observation could solve any kind of problem.

• Conserve natural enemies

• Farmers understand ecology and become experts in their own fields.

4.5.9 Conceptual difference between IPM, ICM and GAP Conceptual clarity between IPM, ICM and GAP was induced in the mind of TOF

Participants in such a way that

• IPM stand for Integrated Pest Management which was first proposed in 1957

as a concept which promoted the use of biological control, good agronomic

practices and other control measures before investing in chemical pesticides.

• Integrated Crop Management (ICM) is relatively new term for IPM,

incorporates all the possible methods (including the latest agricultural

technologies and the validated conventional practices) towards better crop

production.

• Broad scope of the participatory ICM approach the use of term Good

Agriculture Practices (GAP) has been identified to describe activities under

the banner of ICM. The success of good agricultural practices lies in

implementation of integrated pest management in its true spirit which can

help in the reduction of pesticide usage while conserving bio diversity and

natural ecosystem. The use of quality seed/crop varieties, best planting time,

suitable crop rotation, natural mortality factors, natural resource

management and biological control collectively form the basis for pest control

decision-making and better crop production.

• In GAP, practices must be socially acceptable, economical feasible and

environmentally sound.

• Ultimately produce healthy crop.

4.5.10 Facilitation skills

• To make something easy for some body.

In facilitation, facilitator is one who initiates a process and not provides the contents. So

facilitator is supposed to bring the best out of a group in terms of performance and

relationships.

• There can be two ways to bring best out of any person or group:

PULL: Ask questions

PUSH: Introduce new knowledge/skills or to give some hints for starting.

• Facilitation is must because it provides empowerment and

o Delegate or hand over or give more

o Share more

o Supervise less

o Bring out potential

o Build trust

o Motivate

• Investigate main farming problems

• Arrange field to be used for observation/experimentation

• Prepare all materials required for each session.

• Explain objective and process before initiating activities.

• His/her motivation for facilitating field schools is based on his wish to improve

his/other performance.

• Making efforts to a-live discussion.

• Pay close attention to involvement of all participants.

• Keep timing.

• Always show respect for all participants/opinion.

4.5.11 Communication Skill Communication skills, types of communication, characteristics of good

communicator and problems with good communication were discussed in detail.

4.5.12 Practical work

Some useful practical work also carried out like germination test (use of gunny

bags), soil sampling and its laboratory test and maize seed treatment etc.

4.5.13 Group discussion

• During TOF sessions discussions were made according to the issues raised

or special topics arranged.

• Through brainstorming, participatory approach adopted where close

attention and respect were given to the opinions of the participants.

• At the end of discussion consolidated crop management decisions (CMD)

were made for better crop production.

4.5.14 Chart Preparation

• After taken AESA in the filed, charts were prepared accordingly.

• Information elaborated on charts as out come of the AESA.

• Charts must be self explanatory.

• Chart preparation help in record keeping and comparison between present

data and previous data.

• Easy way to discuss.

4.5.15 Presentation To improve the presentation skills of the participants, presentation was one of the

basic activities of TOF. It developed the skills accordingly;

• Encourage way of expression.

• Minimize hesitation.

• Improve communication skill.

• Confidence building.

• How to face difficult situation and other people during discussion?

4.5.16 Land preparation for tunnel technology

• Clay loamy and well fertile land was selected for tunnel installation in TOF

plot having length and width i.e. 30 ft and 14 ft respectively.

• Before sowing and transplanting vegetables, land was well prepared.

• Well rotten farm yard manure (FYM) being incorporated at the rate of one

trolly or 8 tones/acre.

• Use of Jantar crop was also needed as green manure crop for the

enhancement of soil fertility but unfortunately due to late starting of the

activity it was not done.

• Beds were prepared having following dimensions;

o Bed length = 30 ft,

o Each bed width = 2 ft

o Each ridge width = 2 ft.

• There were total 3 beds in the tunnel, in which crops were sown according to

ridges allocated to each crop i.e. tomato and cucumber occupied 3 ridges

each.

• All ridges were given light, irrigation until moisture reached at the corners of

beds where plants were to be transplanted. 4.5.17 Tunnel installation

• High plastic tunnel structure having length of 30 ft, 14 ft height and 12 ft

width installed as TOF plot in side the CABI office.

• Total 3 rows or beds and 6 ridges were prepared in side the tunnel.

• Beds were prepared having dimension .i.e. bed length = 30 ft, bed width = 2

ft while ridge width = 2 ft.

Note: In FFS, size of tunnel was large than that of TOF. In field high tunnel structure

was kept like having length of 104 ft, 11 ft height and 30 ft width. There were 12 rows

having following dimensions

o Bed length = 30 ft,

o Each bed width at corner on both sides = 1.5 ft,

o Each bed width in middle = 2 ft

o Each ridge width = 2 ft.

4.5.18 Nursery raising

• Just inside the tunnel area, one bed nursery was raised having 6 ft length, 3

ft width and 9 inches height including 3 inches of silt layer.

• After bed preparation, seeds of Tomato (Sahil), was sown at half inch depth

in a zig-zag manner at a distance of 4 inches in both P x P and R x R.

• Mulching was than spread over beds after seeds sowing to avoid weeds.

• Water was given with shower to remain the sown seeds on the same line or

place.

• Avoiding hidden insects especially termites application of chloropyriphos @

2-3 ml/lit of water was given to the nursery.

• Nursery plants were planted according to given below specifications;

o Tomato (P x P distance) = 15 inches

o While cucumber crop was sown directly in the tunnel at a distance of 9

inches away to each other.

4.5.19 Transfer of nursery in tunnel

• Before transfer of nursery plants or seedlings to tunnel, heavy irrigation was

given to nursery.

• Nursery plants were uprooted with kurpa in such a way that plants roots may

not be damaged.

• After uprooting, roots of nursery plants were dipped in 2-3 % fungus solution

for half an hour at least.

4.5. 20 Temperature and humidity management in the tunnel.

• During severe and cold weather, management of tunnel acquires more

attention because of low temperature and high humidity, which ultimately

provide suitable environment of fungal diseases.

• Inside the tunnel, temperature must be kept between 15 and 30 C while

humidity percentage must not be exceeded from 70%.

• During the month of January, severe cold whether struck the area and hence

maintenance of temperature and humidity according to requirement was

unable to manage and in a result out break of downy mildew and chilling

effect occurred.

• Safe fungicides like Redomil along with mixture of backing soda, detergent

and mustard oil were sprayed for the control fungal diseases.

4.5.21 Crop management

• Field observed regularly on weekly basis.

• What ever needed for crop management, consensus developed for that in

TOF session and interventions made for crop management.

• Weeding, fertilizations, control measurement, irrigation application etc were

done regularly at need basis.

• Grow more healthy crops

4.5.22 Special topics

• This activity was linked to the stage of growth of the crop and specific local

issues.

• Main objective was to build the capacity of TOF participants.

• With the help of these topics, participants were able to understand the crop

related issues and faced no difficulties during facilitation skills while sharing

with farmers in the field.

4.5.23 Insect zoo

• This activity helped participants to increase their understanding of ecological

principles in their agro-ecosystems.

• With the help of this, participants were able to understand the interaction of

pest & beneficial organisms while keeping ladybird beetle with aphids at

same cage.

4.5.24 Participatory Trials Participatory trials or experiments developed during lay out of TOF plot. The

detail is given below;

• Raised bed verses flat beds.

• Chemical fertilizer vs farm yard manure (FYM).

• R X R and Pl X Pl distance in maize crop

• Different insect pest management trials like for the control of cutworm in maize

crop, Brain BAT, mechanical control and release of natural enemies etc was

developed.

• Use of plants extract like neem plant as pest control

• Fertilizer + 6 inch Pl X Pl distance

• FYM + 6 inch Pl X Pl distance

• Fertilizer + 8 inch Pl X Pl distance + Flat bed

• Fertilizer + 8 inch Pl X Pl distance + Raised bed



• Raised beds for nursery establishment

• Establishment of tomato crop from out-shoots cutting

4.5.25 Skill in Livestock Apart from vegetables and other crops, participants were also educated with

livestock knowledge while CABI SA livestock specialist Dr. Khalid Farooq shared his

knowledge & experiences with participants. Thoroughly discussion was made in this

regard and number of special topics delivered by specialist.

4.5.26 Glimpse of TOF Activities

4.6 Trials in TOF

Farmers participatory training and research based activities or trials were also

carried out with TOF participants. The detail is given below.

A) Different trials in Maize TOF Plot

Following trials were carried out during TOF session in TOF plot to see or analyze the

production technology for maize crop. The plotting area for all trials was kept same i.e.

one marla (272 sq. ft). Detail is given below;

Trials

A) Fertilizer + 6 inch Pl X Pl distance

B) FYM + 6 inch Pl X Pl distance

C) Fertilizer + 8 inch Pl X Pl distance + Flat bed

D) Fertilizer + 8 inch Pl X Pl distance + Raised bed

E) Fertilizer + 9 inch Pl X Pl distance

F) Fertilizer + 6 inch Pl X Pl distance

During AESA and study, it was observed that production wise trial (D) Fertilizer + 8

inch Pl X Pl + Raised bed shown better result having 13 Kg production followed by (E)

Fertilizer + 9 inch Pl X Pl distance having 11 Kg. While other trials (A, B, C, F) were

almost same production i.e. 9 Kg.

Multiply 13 kg with 20 marlas to get production per kanal i.e. 13x20 = 260 Kg than

multiply 260 Kg with 8 kanals to get production in acre. i.e.260 x 8 =2080 Kg. To get this

production in mond than divide 2080 by 50, we will get production in mond i.e. 2080/50 =

42 mond per acre. This formula has been followed for all trials and the result is given in

figure (2).

29 29 2942

3529

0

10

20

30

40

50

Mon

d pe

r Acr

e

Trial (A) Trial (B) Trial C Trial (D) Trial (E) Trial (F)

Trials Specification

Fig: 2 Comparison of Production

B) Field Trials for insect pest management designed during TOF sessions:

1) BAT

2) Insecticides

3) Natural Enemies

4) Plants in pest control

5) Mechanical Control

1. Wheat Bran BAT: Formula:

Wheat bran: 5 kg

Gurh: 1 kg

Water 10 litre

Insecticide 25ml

How to prepare: Mix all these ingredients well. First solve the gurh through heating or grinding, then place

the wheat bran in a tub or drum. After this, mix insecticide with gurh and pure it on the

wheat bran and mix all the materials well.

How to apply: Place the bran bat at one meter interval and at late afternoon, because the cutworm

comes late at night.

Result: Data of the first night shows that out of 17 cutworms larvae, 12 were found dead inside

or near the BAT, while the rest of 5 insects were inside the soil and escaped because

they spend the night underneath soil.

2. Insecticides At initial stage, the infestation of cutworms and Halicoverpa zea were found severe. At

that stage the TOF participants decided to spray chemicals due to severe infestation.

3. Plants in pest control: For armyworm we carried out trials of plants extracts application.The detail of which is

given below;

3.1 Neem oil Trial: Neem oil at the ration of 2% was applied for the control of Armyworm. This trial was

carried out on 1/3 part of a kanal in the TOF plot.

3.2 Chilli and Neem oil Trail

Formula:

3.5 tsp of chilli

250ml of Neem oil

Mix it and left it overnight.

Mix 2 tsp of detergent with it and

Pure the solution in 21 litres of water for spray in the field.

This trial was carried out on 1.3 kanal of the TOF plot.

3.3 Garlic Trail

Formula:

85gms of Garlic

50ml of Kerosene oil or vegetable oil

Left this solution overnight

Then mix 10 ml soap with it or 0.5 tsp detergent

950ml of water

Shake this mixture and place it in a bottle.

For spray in the field mix one part of the solution with 19 parts of water for spray.

4. Natural Enemies Trichogramma Trichogramma were released after ten days of the chemicals application for eggs

parasitism.

4.7 Command Areas under Small Dams Following villages are located under their respected small dam. (Table: 4)

Table: 4 Command areas under Small Dams

S # Name of Dam

Command Area/Villages

Responsibility

1

Qibla Bandi Dam (Attock) Qibla Bandi, Barazai,

Kotkay and Malik Mala

Mr. Rai Muhammad

Irshad (Agri. Officer)

2

Dungi Dam (Rawalpindi) Dungi, Duhray and

Duhama

Mr. Muhammad

Zahid Kiani (AO)

3 Dhoke Tahlian Dam

(Chakwal)

Dhor Tahlian, Jhatla and

Kalan Wali

Mr. Hafiz

Muhammad Baksh

(AO)

4

Jammergal Dam (Jehlum) Vara Gujran, Jammergal,

Dhoke Jumma and

Chapri Rajgan

Mr. Muhammad

Irfan (AO)

4.8 FFS Activities There were 10 Farmer Field Schools (FFS) associated with FA-TOF while 20

Farmer Field Schools (FFS) were associated with F-TOF as practicing FFS. So

whatever enlisted in that of TOF are the activities of FFS. There were 263 total

number of farmers were trained as practicing FFS i.e. 25, 89, 74 and 75 in Dungi

dam, Jammergal dam, Dhoke Tahlian and Qibla Bandi dam respectively. Fig: 3

Fig: 3 Farmers trained as practicing FFS in each Dam

Dungi Dam, 25 Qibla Bandi Dam, 75

Dhoke Tahlian Dam, 74Jammergal Dam,

89

4.8. 1. Established FFS Following Farmer Field Schools were established as practicing FFS.

Farmer Field School, Dungi Dam, Gujar Khan

S. No Name Village Acerage

(kanals)

Area under cash crop/

vegetable

Owner/ tenant

Number of crop and vegetable

grown

1 Muhammad Jahangir S/o Muhammad Sharif

Duray

22

12

Owner

Maize, Wheat, Summer & winter vegetables

2 M. Qasir S/o Abdul Rehman Duray 27 10

Owner

Maize ,Wheat, Summer & winter vegetables

3 Haji Abdul Qudoos S/o Hakeem Duray 20 20

Owner


4 M. Shahbaz S/o Abdul Sultan Dungi 30 20

Owner


5 M. Rasheed S/o Abdul Rehman

Dungi 40 30

Owner


6 Mamga Khans S/o Mehboob Alam

Dungi 70 8

Owner


7 M. Latief S/o M. Saddique

Dungi 10 30

Owner


8 Nizakat Hussain S/o M. saddique

Dungi 40 8

Contract

or


9 Fiyaz Ahmad S/o M. Yousif

Dungi 15 30

Tenant

Wheat, Summer & winter vegetables

10 Mazhir Hussain S/o Barkat Hussain

Dungi 25 10

Owner

Wheat ,Summer & winter vegetables

11 Mirza M.Mukhtar Ahmed S/o farzand Ali

Dungi 40 20

Owner/ Contract

or


12 M. safir s/o Bagh Ali Duhamma 15 5

Owner

Wheat ,Summer & winter vegetables

13 M. shahzad S/o Adalat Hussain

Duhamm

a

15

5

Owner


14 M.Akbar S/o Mukar rab Khan

Duhamm

a

10

10

Tenant

Maize, Wheat ,Fodder

15 M. Banaras S/o Fazal Hussain

Dungi 20

18

Owner/ Tenant

Maize, Wheat ,Fodder

16 M. Iqbal S/ o Anwar Hussain

Dungi

5

5

Tenant

Maize, Wheat ,Summer & winter vegetables

17 Abdul Ghaffor S/ o Alam Din

Dungi

20

20

Owner


18 Ch. Razaaaq S/ o Faiz Alam

Dungi

10

10

Owner

Maize, Wheat, Fodder

19 M. shahid Aalam S/ o M. Alam

Dungi

5

5

Owner


20 Refaqat Hussain S/o SowarHussain

Dungi 5 5 Owner


21 Shabbir Hussain S/o Fazal Hussain

Duhamma 6 6

Owner


22 Ghulam yaheeya S/o Munsibdar

Duhamma 18 15

Owner

Summer & winter vegetables, Fodder

23 M.Fazal S/o Qurban Duhamma 5 5

Owner


24 Safdar Hussain S/o M. Alam

Dungi 12 10 Owner

Summer & winter vegetables, wheat

25 Shukat Hussain S/o M. Saddique

Dungi 25 14 owner


Farmer Field School Varagujran, Jamergl Dam, Jehlum S. No Name Village Acerag

e (kanals

)

Area under cash crop/ vegetable

Owner/ Tenant


grown

1 Fazal Ahmed S/o Ahmed Khan

V. Gujran 40 40 Owner


2 Nasir Hussain S/o Noor Ahmed



3 Rehmat Khan S/o Hakim Khan



4 Ghulam Hussain S/o Makkhan Khan

V. Gujran 48 40 Owner Maize, Wheat, Summer & winter vegetables

5 Arshad Mehmood S/o Hakim Ali


6 Muhammad Ikram S/o Muhammad Akram


7 Rehmat Khan S/o Ghulam Hussain V. Gujran 96 88 Owner


8 Muhammad Iqbal S/o Sahib Din


9 Qasim Abbas S/o Bhader Khan V. Gujran 80 72 Owner Wheat, Summer &

winter vegetables

10 Bagh Ali S/o Lal Khan V. Gujran 40 40 Owner Wheat, Summer &

winter vegetables

11 Shahid Mehmood S/o Rehamat Khan

V. Gujran 40 40 Owner Wheat, Summer & winter vegetables

12 Muhammad Siddiq S/o Allah Din


13 Ansar Mehmood S/o Rehmat Khan

V. Gujran 40

32 Owner Wheat, Summer &

winter vegetables

14 Nazar Muhammad S/o Fazal Ahmed

V. Gujran 40

40 Owner Maize, Wheat,

15 Ehsan Elahi S/o Nawab Khan V. Gujran

40


16 Rehmat Khan S/o Muhammad Iqbal

V. Gujran 40

40 Owner


17 Muhammad Sabir S/o Karam Ali

V. Gujran 40

24 Owner


18 Mangta Khan S/o Bhader Khan

V. Gujran 24


19 Muhammad Akram S/o Tajay Khan

V. Gujran 120

104 Owner Wheat, Summer &

winter vegetables

20 Ghulam Rasool S/o Bhader Khan


21 Ghulam Rasool S/o Muhammad Ramzan


22 Muhammad Zaman S/o Khwaj Din

V. Gujran 24 24 Owner Summer & winter vegetables

23 Muhammad Yaqoob S/o Ahmed Khan


24 Rehmat Khan

S/o Muhammad Alim

V. Gujran 80 68 Owner Summer & winter vegetables

25 Ghulam Hussain S/o

Khushi Muhammad

V. Gujran 40 40 Owner Maize, Wheat Fodder

26 Mazhar Iqbal S/o

Muhammad Bashir

V. Gujran 40


Fodder

Farmer Field School Jammergal, Jammergal Dam Jehlum

S. No Name Village Acerag

e (kanals

)

Area under

cash crop/ vegetable

Owner/ Tenant


grown

1 Muhammad Rafiq S/o Baag Ali

Jammergal 32 24 Owner Wheat, Fodder Summer & winter vegetables

2 Kushi S/o Faqir Muhammad

Jammergal 16 16 Owner Summer & winter vegetables

3 Sub.Maj. S/o M. Azam Jammergal 24 24 Owner


4 Muhammad Walayat S/o Feroz Khan

Jammergal 16 16 Owner, Tenant

Wheat, Fodder, Millet Mung, Mash

5 Muhammad Sharif S/o Raaj Wali

Jammergal 16 16 Owner Wheat, Fodder, Millet Mung, Mash

6 Mazhar Hussain S/o Ghulam Rasool


7 Sultan Ahmed S/o Allah Ditta


8 Hafiz Tahir S/o Muhammad Ramzan


9 Muhammad Akram S/o Mehdi Khan


10 Muhammad Iqbal S/o Allah Ditta


11 Farraq Hussain S/o Makhan Khan


12 Muhammad Rafiq S/o Godar Khan


13 Sub. Sheer Afzal S/o Afzal Khan Jammergal 32 32 Owner


14 Abdul Rehman S/o Nazim Ali


15 Khadim Hussain S/o Fazal Ahmed


16 RASIB S/o Ghulam Rasool Jammergal 16 16 Owner,

Tenant


17 Abdul Latif S/o Ghulam Hassan Jammergal 16 16 Owner Summer & winter

vegetables

18 Abdul Ghaffar S/o Allah Ditta


19 Munawar Hussain S/o Feroz Khan


20 Muhammad Yaqoob S/o Jevan Khan


21 Arshad S/o Fazal Karim Jammergal 48 48 Owner


22 Haji Rehmet S/o Ghulam Ali Jammergal 64 64 Owner


23 Imtiaz S/o Ghulam Muhammad


24 Abid S/o Rehmet Khan Jammergal 56 48 Owner


Farmer Field School Dhoke Jumma, Jammergal Dam, Jehlum


(kanals)


vegetable

Owner/ Tenant


grown

1 Nasir Mehmood S/o Ghulam Mustafa

Dhoke Jumma 24 24 Owner


2 Rehmet S/o Karim Buskh

Dhoke Jumma 96 88 Owner Wheat, Fodder

3 Zahoor Ahmed S/o Abdul Ghafoor



4 Muhammad Rasib S/o Rajib Ali


5 Mehmood Hussain S/o Muzafar Khan


6 Allah Dad S/o Nawab Khan


7 Imtiaz S/o Niaz Ali



8 Ghulam Sarwar S/o Nawab Khan



9 Muhammad Nawaz S/o Ameer Alam



10 Safdar S/o Abdul Karim


11 Karam Ali S/o Pehalwan Khan


12 Raja Ilyas S/o Bawar Khan



13 Imran Khan S/o Muhammad Safdar


Wheat, Fodder, Millet Mung and Mash

14 Zarayat S/o Allah Dad

Dhoke Jumma 16 16 Owner Wheat, Fodder,

Millet Mung &Mash

15 Ghulam Nabi S/o Muhammad Alam



16 Usman Ghani S/o Rehmat Hussain



17 Javed Akhtar S/o Ghulam Rasool

Dhoke Jumma 24 24 Owner Wheat, Fodder,

Millet Mung, Mash

18 Muhammad Akram S/o Adalat Khan

Dhoke Shadi 32 32 Owner Wheat, Fodder,

Millet Mung,Mash

19 Tariq Mehmood S/o Rehmet Khan


Millet Mung, Mash

20 Iftikhar Ahmed S/o Arif


Millet Mung &Mash

21 Muhammad Arif S/o Rehmat Khan


Millet Mung &Mash

22 Tariq Mehmood S/o Rehmat Khan


Millet Mung &Mash

23 Choudary Khan S/o Imam Din

Dhoke Shadi 40 40 Owner


24 Iftikhar Ahemd S/o Muhammad Ashraf


Millet Mung &Mash

25 Muhammad Arif S/o Rehmet Khan


Millet Mung,Mash

26 Nusrat Mehmood S/o Rehmet Khan

VaraGujran 64 64 Owner Maize, Wheat, Summer & winter vegetables

27 Muhammad Rafiq S/o Feroz Khan

VaraGujran 16 16 Owner Wheat, Fodder, Millet Mung &Mash

28 Malik Basheer S/o Malik Nazir

DhokeJumma 24 20 Owner Wheat, Fodder,

Millet Mung &Mash

29 Rasheed S/o Mehmoob Alam

Vara Gujran 64 64 Owner

Maize, Wheat ,Summer & winter vegetables

30 Tariq S/o Neik Alam



31 Arshad S/o Ghulam Rasool


Maize Wheat, Summer & winter vegetables

Farmer Field School Qibla Bandi, Qibla Bandi Dam, Attock

S. No

Name Village Acerage (kanals)


vegetable

Owner/ Tenant


grown

1 Muhammad Ismael S/o Mehtab Din

Qibla Bandi 08 08 Owner

Wheat, Fodder Summer & winter vegetables

2 Muhammad Ishfaq S/o Muhammad Ashraf


Summer & winter vegetables

3 Muhammad Refan S/o Umar Khan



4 Sher Rehman S/o Noor Muhammad


Wheat, Fodder, Millet &Mash

5 Muhammad Saleem S/o Mian Dad


Wheat, Fodder, Millet & Maize

6 Muhammad Sheraz S/o Abdul Ghafoor


Summer & winter vegetables

7 Safdar Khan S/o Abdul jabbar

Qibla Bandi 16 16 Owner Wheat, Fodder, Millet & Maize

8 Muhammad Farman S/o Gul Zaman

Qibla Bandi 48 42 Owner Wheat, Fodder, Millet Mung &Mash

9 Muhammad Nisar S/o Gulzar

Qibla Bandi 20 20

Owner

Wheat, Fodder &Millet

10 Shaukat Ali S/o Mian Dad Qibla Bandi 10

10

Owner Maize, Summer & winter vegetables

11 Hukam Khan S/o Karam Dad Qibla Bandi 10

10

Owner Wheat, Fodder, Millet & Mash

12 Khalid Mehmood S/o Abdul Malik

Qibla Bandi 5 5

Owner/ contractor

Wheat, Fodder& Millet

13 Muhammad Anwar S/o Ahmad Khan

Qibla Bandi 80 76 Owner +cont.

Wheat, Fodder, Summer & winter vegetables

14 Master Ghaus S/o Fazal Elahi Qibla Bandi 12 12 Owner +

Cont Wheat, Fodder, Mung & Mash

15 Mushtaq Ahmed S/o Muhammad Asraf

Qibla Bandi 16 16 Owner Wheat, Fodder, Millet & Mung.

16 Abdul Wahid S/o Banaras Khan

Qibla Bandi 50 50 contractor Wheat, Fodder, Maize Mung & ,Rice

17 Sadaqat Khan S/o Makhan Khan

Qibla Bandi 08 08 Owner Maize, Summer & winter vegetables

18 Safer Ahmed S/o Sher Afsar

Qibla Bandi 52 50 contractor Wheat, Fodder, Maize, Mung & Mash

19 Sher Afsar S/o Muhammad Sadiq

Qibla Bandi 20 20 Owner Wheat, Fodder, Maize & Mash

20 Rafaqat S/o Sheikh Farid Qibla Bandi 18 15 Owner Wheat, Fodder &

Maize,

21 Muhammad Maskeen S/o Main Dad

Qibla Bandi 16 16 Owner Wheat, Fodder, Millet &Maize

22 Muhammad Anwar S/o Ahmad Khan

Qibla Bandi 16 16 Owner Wheat, Fodder, Millet, Maize, Mung & Mash

23 Azmat Khan S/o Muzaffar Khan

Qibla Bandi 24 24 Owner Wheat, Millet, Maize, Mung & Mash

24 Abdul Rasheed S/o Abdul Aziz Qibla Bandi 20 18 Owner +

cont.

Wheat, Millet, Maize, Mung & Mash

25 Ayub Khan S/o Muhammad Azad

Qibla Bandi 12 12 Owner + Cont

Wheat, Fodder & Maize,

Farmer Field School Barazai, Qibla Bandi Dam, Attock


(kanals)


vegetable

Owner/ Tenant


grown

1 Muhammad Arshad S/o Dilwar Khan

Brazai 125 120 Owner Wheat, Fodder Summer & winter vegetables

2 Muhammad Sultan S/o Muhammad Anwar

Brazai 30 30 Owner Summer & winter vegetables

3 Muhammad Refan S/o Muhammad Zaman

Brazai 10 10 Owner Maize, Wheat, Summer & winter vegetables

4 Muhammad Amin S/o Muhammad Daud

Brazai 12 12 Owner Wheat, Fodder, Millet & Mash

5 Muhammad Naeem S/o Abdul Qadir

Brazai 24 24 Owner Wheat, Fodder & vegetables

6 Muhammad Saleem S/o Ghulam Mahmood

Brazai 16 16 Owner Summer & winter vegetables & wheat

7 Mumraiz S/o Fazal Dad Brazai 30 30 Owner

Wheat, Fodder, Maize & vegetables

8 Muhammad Taj S/o Abaid Ullah

Brazai 48 42 Owner + Cont

Wheat, Fodder, Millet Mung & Mash

9 Javed S/o Haji Muhammad Khan

Brazai 25 25 Owner Wheat, Fodder & Millet

10 Banaras Khan S/o Waris Khan Brazai 40 40 Owner +

cont. Summer & winter vegetables

11 Tariq Mehmood S/o Muhammad Shafi

Brazai 24 24 Owner Summer & winter vegetables & wheat

12 Abdul Rauf S/o Karim Dad Brazai 10 10 Owner Wheat, Fodder &

Millet

13 Haji Tariq Khan S/o Haji Abdul Aziz

Brazai 80 80 Owner Wheat, Fodder, Summer & winter vegetables

14 Aslam Khan S/o Fazal Dad Brazai 20 20 Owner +


15 Muhammad Nawaz S/o Abdul Khaliq

Brazai 16 16 Owner Wheat, Fodder, Millet & Mung.

16 Ayub Khan S/o Dilawar Khan Brazai 20 16 Owner

Wheat, Fodder, Maize Mung & Mash

17 Muhammad Yamin S/o Abdul Rahim

Brazai 25 25 Owner Maize, Summer & winter vegetables

18 Muhammad Irshad S/o Sohbat Khan

Brazai 20 20 Owner Wheat, Fodder, Maize, Mung & Mash

19 Muhammad Rafaqat S/o Fazal-e-wodood

Brazai 12 12 Owner Wheat, Fodder, Maize & Mash

20 Muhammad Altaf S/o Abdul Rauf

Brazai 24 24 Owner + contractor

Wheat, vegetables & Rice

21 Sajawal S/o Sami Ullah Brazai 16 16 Owner Wheat, Fodder,

Millet & Maize

22 Ahsan S/o Sikandar Brazai 30 28 Owner

Wheat, Fodder, Millet, Maize, Mung & Mash

23 Shabbir S/o Muhammad Ashraf

Brazai 30 30 Owner Wheat, summer & winter vegetables

24 Muhammad Daud S/o Bahadur

Brazai 20 18 Owner Wheat, Millet, Maize, Mung & Mash

25 Muhammad Ashraf S/o Shamroze Khan

Brazai 12 12 Owner + Cont

Wheat, Fodder & Maize,

Farmer Field School Malik Mala, Qibla Bandi Dam, Attock

S. No



vegetable

Owner/ Tenant


grown

1 Azmat Khan S/o Muhammad Nawaz

Malik Mala 52 52 Owner


2 Haider Zaman S/o Muhammad Sultan

Malik Mala 40 40 Owner Summer & winter vegetables& wheat

3 Muhammad Zahir S/o Muhammad Taha

Malik Mala 10 10 Owner Maize, Wheat, Summer & winter vegetables

4 Tariq Mehmood Khan S/o Gohar Rehman Khan

Malik Mala 54 54 Owner Wheat, Fodder & Sugar-cane

5 Mushtaq Khan S/o Fazal Khan Malik Mala 24 24 Owner Wheat, Fodder,

Millet & Maize

6 Banaras Khan S/o Dilawar Khan

Malik Mala 16 16 Owner Summer & winter vegetables

7 Sarder Khan S/o Ghafoor Khan

Kotkay 16 16 Owner Wheat, Fodder, Millet, Mash & Maize

8 Haji Yamin s/o Abdul Ghafoor Kotkay 24 24 Owner +

Cont Wheat, Fodder, Millet Mung & Mash

9 Qasir Khan S/o Mehdi Zaman Malik Mala 20 20 Owner Wheat, Fodder

&Millet

10 Muhammad Shakil S/o Abdul Wakil

Malik Mala 10 10 Owner Summer & winter vegetables

11 Farid Khan S/o Hashim Khan Malik Mala 14 13 Owner Wheat, Fodder,

Millet & Mash

12 Ansar S/o Imam G. Malik Mala 08 08 Owner Wheat, Fodder &

Millet

13 Muhammad Arif S/o Murrsaleen

Kotkay 48 40 Owner Wheat, Fodder, Summer & winter vegetables

14 Qaiser Mehmood S/o Yamin Khan

Kotkay 12 12 Owner + Cont

Wheat, Fodder, Mung & Mash

15 Khuram Shahzad S/o Muhammad Safdar

Kotkay 16 16 Owner Wheat, Fodder, Millet & Mung.

16 Safdar Khan S/o Dilawar Khan

Kotkay 20 16 Owner Wheat, Fodder & vegetables

17 Akram Khan S/o Ayub Khan Kotkay 25 25 Owner Maize, Summer &

winter vegetables

18 Adrees S/oMuhammad Ishaq

Kotkay 20 20 Owner Wheat, Fodder, Maize, Mung & Mash

19 Safder Khan S/o Dilawar Khan

Kotkay 12 12 Owner Wheat, Fodder, Maize & Mash

20 Sheraz s/o Maskeen Kotkay 18 15 Contractor Summer & winter

vegetables

21 Banaras Khan S/o Muhammad Younis

Kotkay 16 16 Owner Wheat, Fodder, Millet & Maize

22 Dil Nawaz S/o Muhammad Maskeen

Kotkay 40 40 Contractor Summer & winter vegetables

23 Muhammad Amjad S/o Fazal Dad

Kotkay 16 16 Owner Wheat, Millet, Maize, Mung & Mash

24 Aman Khan S/o Sher ur Rehman


25 Bazid Khan S/o Mir Dad Kotkay 12 12 Owner +

Cont Wheat, Fodder & Maize,

Farmer Field School Dhoke Tahlian, Dhoke Tahlian Dam, Chakwal

S. No



vegetable

Owner/ Tenant


grown

1 Mirza Khan S/o Arab Husain

Dhoke Tahlian 130 70 Owner

Maize, Wheat, Summer & Winter Vegetables.

2 Raja Gulbarg S/o Ghazanfer Ali

Dhoke Tahlian 200 110 Owner Maize, Wheat &

Fodder

3 Ch. Fazal Husain S/o Ghulam Husain

Dhoke Tahlian 20 20 Owner Wheat, Summer &

Winter Vegetables.

4 Anser Mehmood S/o M. Yusaf

Dhoke Tahlian 75 60 Owner+

Cont

Maize, Wheat, Summer & Winter Vegetables

5 Tsawer Iqbal S/o Sohnda Khan


Cont


6 Jahangir S/o Fazal Dad


Cont


7 Habib Bakhsh S/o Allah Bakhsh


Fodder, Maize, Wheat, Summer &, Winter Vegetables.

8 Nazim Afzal S/o Bahadar Khan


Wheat, Fodder, Summer & Winter Vegetables.

9 Sbd. M. Ashraf S/o Abdullah Khan



10 Raja M. Asghar S/o Adalat Khan



11 Iftikhar Ahmad S/o Gulab Din



12 M. Doraiz S/o Nawab Ali



13 Muhammad Arif S/o Murrsaleen

Kotkay 48 40 Owner Wheat, Fodder, Summer & winter vegetables

14 Qaiser Mehmood S/o Yamin Khan

Kotkay 12 12 Owner + Cont

Wheat, Fodder, Mung & Mash

15 Khuram Shahzad S/o Muhammad Safdar

Kotkay 16 16 Owner Wheat, Fodder, Millet & Mung.

16 Safdar Khan S/o Dilawar Khan

Kotkay 20 16 Owner Wheat, Fodder & vegetables

17 Akram Khan S/o Ayub Khan Kotkay 25 25 Owner Maize, Summer &

winter vegetables

18 Adrees S/o Muhammad Ishaq

Kotkay 20 20 Owner Wheat, Fodder, Maize, Mung & Mash

19 Safder Khan S/o Dilawar Khan

Kotkay 12 12 Owner Wheat, Fodder, Maize & Mash

20 Sheraz s/o Maskeen Kotkay 18 15 Contractor Summer & winter

vegetables

21 Banaras Khan S/o Muhammad Younis

Kotkay 16 16 Owner Wheat, Fodder, Millet & Maize

22 Dil Nawaz S/o Muhammad Maskeen

Kotkay 40 40 Contractor Summer & winter vegetables

23 Muhammad Amjad S/o Fazal Dad


24 Aman Khan S/o Sher ur Rehman


Farmer Field School Kalan Wali, Dhoke Tahlian Dam, Chakwal

S. No



vegetable

Owner/ Tenant


grown

1 Imtiaz Husain S/o Khuda Dad Kalan Wali 12 12 Owner


2 Mehboob Saqlain S/o Sohnda Khan

Kalan Wali 44 40 Owner Wheat, Summer & winter vegetables

3 Arab Husain S/o Pasand Khan

Kalan Wali 13 13 Owner Wheat, Summer & winter vegetables

4 Mazhar Husain S/o Ghulam Husain

Kalan Wali 05 05 Owner Wheat, Fodder, Millet & Mash

5 Muhammad Ashraf S/o Ghulam Muhamad

Kalan Wali 24 24 Owner Wheat, Fodder & Maize

6 Haji M. Azad S/o Jahan Khan

Kalan Wali 12 12 Owner Summer & winter vegetables.

7 Haji M. Jawaid S/o Ashiq Husain

Kalan Wali 06 06 Owner Summer & winter vegetables.

8 Abid Husain S/o Muhammad Anayt

Kalan Wali 20 16 Owner Wheat, Fodder & Millet

9 Maqbool Husain S/o Ghulam Muhamad

Kalan Wali 05 05 Owner Wheat, Fodder & Millet

10 Waseem Ilyas S/o Sohnda Khan

Kalan Wali 20 20 Owner Maize, Summer & winter vegetables

11 Imran Asif S/o Munshi Khan Kalan Wali 07 07 Owner Wheat, Fodder,

Millet & Maize

12 Muhamad Asghar S/o Muhammad Afsar

Kalan Wali 26 24 Owner Wheat, Fodder, Millet &Maize

13 Haji Gulistan S/o Hazer Muhammad

Kalan Wali 45 40 Owner Wheat, Fodder, Maize, Summer & winter vegetables

14 Muhammad Aslam S/o Hazer Muhammad

Kalan Wali 11 11 Owner Summer & winter vegetables

15 Ghulam Abbas S/o Shahra Khan


16 Zahoor Ahmad S/o Noor Khan Kalan Wali 30 25 Owner Wheat, Fodder &

Maize

17 Samar Iqbal S/o Pahnda Khan

Kalan Wali 10 10 Owner Maize, Summer &

winter vegetables

18 Muhammad Afsar S/o Shian Khan

Kalan Wali 06 06 Owner Wheat, Fodder, Maize & Mash

19 Imdad Husain S/o Khuda Dad

Kalan Wali 09 09 Owner Wheat, Fodder,

Maize & Mung

20 Muhammad Zarayt S/o Khuda Dad


21 Mushtaq Husain S/o Muhammad Nawaz


22 Musarrat Abbas S/o Muhammad Nawaz


23 Mulazim Husain S/o Muhammad Sadiq


24 Mirza M. Aslam S/o Dhuman Khan


25 Adeel Akhtar S/o Muhammad Afsar


Farmer Field School Jhattla, Dhoke Tahlian Dam, Chakwal

S. No



vegetable

Owner/ Tenant


grown

1 Fazal Muhammad S/o Sultan Khan

Jhattla 32 26 Owner Wheat, Fodder Summer & winter vegetables

2 M. Anayt S/o Sultan Khan Jhattla 16 16 Owner Summer & winter

vegetables

3 Muhammad Aslam S/o Sattar Ali

Jhattla 10 10 Owner Maize, Wheat, Summer & winter vegetables

4 Muhammad Abbas S/o Fazal Elahi

Dhoke Dadu 30 28 Owner Wheat, Fodder,

Millet & Mash

5 Abid Husain S/o Muhammad Ashraf

Dhoke Dadu 24 24 Owner Wheat, Fodder,

Millet & Maize

6 Hasan Akhtar S/o Dost Muhammad

Jhattla 16 16 Owner Summer & winter

vegetables

7 Muhammad Nawaz S/o Ata Muhammad

Jhattla 16 16 Owner

Wheat, Fodder, Millet, Mash & Maize

8 Toraiz S/o Karam Elahi

Jhattla 48 42 Owner +

Cont

Wheat, Fodder, Millet Mung & Mash

9 Haroon Rasheed S/o Mawaz Khan

Jhattla 25 25 Owner Wheat, Fodder &

Millet

10 Khuda Dad S/o Hazer Muhamad

Jhattla 10 10 Owner Summer & winter

vegetables

11 Muhammad Ashraf S/o Maula Bakhsh

Jhattla 14 13 Owner Wheat, Fodder,

Millet & Mash

12 Haji Afsar Khan S/o Lal Khan

Jhattla 4.5 4.5 Owner Wheat, Fodder &

Millet

13 Tanweer Ahmad S/o Muhamad Afsar

Jhattla 48 40 Owner

Wheat, Fodder, Summer & winter vegetables

14 Naveed Ahmad S/o Ahmad Khan

Jhattla 56 50 Owner +


15 Saleem Akhtar S/o Nazar Muhamad


Millet & Mung.

16 Malik M. Asghar S/o Muhamad Bakhsh

Jhattla 20 16 Owner

Wheat, Fodder, Maize Mung &Mash

17 Hamid Ashraf S/o M. Ashraf

Jhattla 25 25 Owner Maize, Summer &

winter vegetables

18 Capt. Hazer S/o Muhamad Bakhsh

Jhattla 20 20 Owner

Wheat, Fodder, Maize, Mung & Mash

19 Muhamad Shehzad S/o Haq Nawaz


Maize & Mash

20 Malik Ashiq Husain S/o Muhamad Husain

Jhattla 18 15 Owner Wheat, Fodder &

Maize,

21 Muhammad Aazad S/o Hazer Muhamad


Millet & Maize

22 Malik M. Aslam S/o Chaudhry Khan

Dhoke Dadu

100 84 Owner Wheat, Fodder, Millet, Maize, Mung & Mash

23 Sakhi Muhammad S/o Sultan Khan

Jhattla 16 16 Owner

Wheat, Millet, Maize, Mung & Mash

24 Muhammad Ajayb S/o Muhammad Zaman

Jhattla 20 18 Owner

Wheat, Millet, Maize, Mung &Mash

25 Qamar Abbas S/o Feroz Khan Jhattla 12 12 Owner +

Cont Wheat, Fodder &Maize,

5. Results & Discussions Command area of each dam was not that much developed before launching of

the project. Farmers of the area found as hard working, dedicated and interested

towards farming system but due to some problems and constraints their agriculture

potential is impeded like lack of technical know-how (human resource bare), misuse of

available resources, resource degradation (water & soil), inputs use and their availability

at appropriate time especially in Barani area, failure to adopt improved production

technology due to socio-economic limitations and defective marketing. etc. To overcome

these problems, project played significant role in the agriculture based livelihood of the

area. Farmers also realized the importance of the project. In above mentioned scenario,

initiation of the project at right time was relatively blessing from God being bestowed

upon the farmers of the area.

The farmer-led season long participatory training through latest methodology of

extension of Training of Facilitator (TOF) and Farmer Field Schools (FFS) approach

gave opportunity to the farmers for extensive skill training and knowledge transfer. Most

of the activities were relatively new for them during the training and they appreciated and

realized the importance of the activity.

Spring maize was introduced first time in the farming system of the command

area as a cash crop. By starting this activity (sowing of spring maize), wheat was sown

on majority of land in command area. Therefore a large number of wheat was harvested

before maturity and sold as fodder and replaced with spring maize. The result is given

below in table 5;

Table: 5 Varietals comparison of Spring Maize

Varieties of Spring Maize

Sr.

No.

Name

of Dam

Area

(acre)

Row to

Row

Distan

ce

Plant to

Plant

DistanceVariet

y

Yield

Moun

ds/

Averag

e Yield

Mounds

Vari

ety

Yield

Mou

nds/

Aver

age

Yield

Above table shown that variety 6525 at all four dams gave highest yield (124.5

mounds/acre) as compared to 32w86. In this particular trail of spring maize both

varieties were treated with same dose of fertilizer. i.e 2 bags of DAP + 2 bags of Potash

+ 2 bags of Zinc Sulphate (5 Kg each) + 4 bags of Urea. The main reason is that Spring

Maize Varieties have more heat unit requirement per day for vigorous plant growth and

almost maintaining 28000 plants per acre. More over the Variety 6525 has more tolerant

to heat as compared 32w86. This is a very critical factor because after the frost season

when temperature increases rapidly and almost at the time of flowering, if temperature

rises beyond the limit of 25 0C, it directly affects the pollen grains and abortion of ovaries

will take place. The end result is poor seed setting. The variety 6525 has high

percentage of adoptability to this particular type of environment of Potohar region.

Sada Behar Chara was also introduced first time in the cropping system of the

command area. The farmers of the command area become very happy with this versatile

Acre / Acre Acre Mou

nds/

Acre

1

Dungi

½

21/2′

8″

6525

116

32w

86

101

2

Jamme

rgal

½

21/2′

8″

6525

124

32w

86

116

3

Qibla

Bandi

½

21/2′

8″

6525

131

32w

86

103

4

Dhoke

Tahlian

½

21/2′

8″

6525

127

32w

86

92

5

Total

498

124.5

412

103

fodder which not only increased the production of milk but also increased the fattening of

the animals. It produced more yields in those days when scarcity of fodder could

observe through out the Barani area. Due to its tremendous effect in re-sprouting

replaced the old traditional Sorghum, Bajra and Desi Maize in the command area. This

produced more than double production as compare to local one.

Along with spring maize and sada behar chara, potato crop was also introduced

first time in the area to minimize the old cropping system. Apart from these, different

varieties of winter & summer vegetables and autumn maize were also sown or cultivated

and results were discussed with farmers.

Early or off-season vegetables production under high plastic tunnel technology

was relatively new idea for the farming community of the command area. Tunnel

technology offer not only early production of the crops but also helps farmers to fetch

more money from their commodities at the time when normally paucity of desire crops

occurs in the market.

This technology needs proper attention to maintain the desire temperature and

humidity otherwise fluctuation in temperature and humidity can cause serious problems

in terms of disease out break and chilling effect. Therefore, it is very important to

maintain the temperature and moisture level according to requirements i.e. temperature

level must be between 15 to 30 0C while humidity should not be exceeded from 70 %.

In situations, when humidity levels are above the desired level then it becomes

necessary to have proper ventilation for keeping the percentage of humidity down while

for low temperature, plastic sheet from tunnel may be removed after 9:30 am from sides

when there is full sunny day.

It was observed that due to severe cold, low temperature and high moisture

contents inside the tunnel could provide favorable condition for the out break of fungal

diseases (downy mildew, late blight etc). In addition, it was also noted that low

temperature causes chilling effect and due to this, stress condition were recorded on

crops.

Less amount of water is required for Irrigation inside the tunnel as compare to

open field. It was proved that during the months of December, January and February,

percentage of humidity level is comparatively high inside the tunnel therefore controlled

irrigation is needed at such time and hence number of irrigation may reduce.

In over all circumstances it was noted that cucumber crop has shown

insignificant or poor result in both production and income wise. This is only as a

consequence of downy mildew and fusarial wilt (Fusarium specie) diseases. Unforgiving

out break of downy mildew was observed at the time of harsh & severe cold weather

struck the area. i.e. from last week of the December till February. As a result, fluctuation

in weather in the shape of low temperature & high humidity occurred, which is favorable

condition for the growth of the downy mildew.

The downy mildew was on its climax, that wilting cropped up on cucumber. Due

to which, intake process stopped i.e. phloem & xylem didn’t work accordingly and hence

whole crop turned into dead. All these happened with in no time and in a result, almost

50 % of cucumber crops were shattered and damaged.

Cucumber can also turn out same production as tomato if proper management

put into practice. Management includes proper temperature (between 15 to 30 Co) &

moisture condition (must not exceed from 70 %) inside the tunnel.

As far as tomato is concerned it is comparatively hard crop shown tolerance to

some extend in above situation. Attack of early blight (Alternaria solani) and late blight

(Phytophthora infestants) was observed at early stages of the crop. These diseases

were coping with help of controlled irrigation, optimal temperature & moisture level in

side the tunnel and judicious use of fungicides.

Cost benefit ratio given away the result that net income in the tunnel is far better

than normal cropping season or open field. Average production per plant also had

shown better result. Technology proved that large number of plants can easily be sown

in a confined peace of land with sufficient management.

6. Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs) introduced in TOF and FFS Following were the GAPs being introduced during TOF & FFS sessions Table: 6

Table: 6 Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs)

S # Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs)

1 Before bed preparation, soil test was carried out. Application of well rotten Farm

Yard Manure (FYM) to keep land soft and well fertile. Bed was then prepared for

sowing of desire crops.

2 First time Introduced spring maize, sada behar chara as fodder and potato in the

area to minimize the old cropping system.s

3 Introduced new varieties of autumn maize, summer & winter vegetables etc and

later on results were discussed with farmers.

4 Good quality seed purchased from a well reputed company. Seed treatment and

proper seed placing were also carried out.

5 Raised beds were kept in both nurseries as well as in field.

6 Proper Plant x Plant and Row x Row distance for good plant health were kept.

7 Proper ventilation and judicious use of irrigation through out the winter season for

the appropriate maintenance of temperature and humidity inside the tunnels

8 Proper raised bed prepared along with well drainage system in the tunnels. To

kept cucumber and tomato crops upward instead of led on grounds, threads were

used as supporting materials. Maximum numbers of plants were sown in limited

area with the help of supporting materials.

9 AESA/Pest scouting in the field. Participatory approach for the crop management

decision was kept. Learning by doing process carried out through out the season.

10 Timely removal of off-shoots. Nursery prepared from off-shoot cuttings of tomato

crop in small polythene bags and used as replacement or open field cropping.

11 Judicious use of proper fungicides along with local totka i.e. use of mixture of

mustard oil, backing soda and detergent at required ratio for the control of fungus.

12 Used of micro nutrients as foliar spray

13 Drenching

14 Picking and harvesting with equipments

15 Farmers participatory and research based trials were held

7. Economic Analysis or Cost Benefit Ratio of TOF Tunnel Technology Economic analysis of vegetables production under high plastic tunnel (104ft

length x 11ft height x 30 ft width) technology is given below. Although TOF plot was

comparatively small in size (30 ft length x 12 Ft height x 14 Ft width) but after calculating

the area and data we could able to bring it as above size. There were total 6 rows in

TOF plot while on each row 20 plants were sown or transplanted. After harvesting and

data analysis, each row has given approximately 105 Kg production. So 105 x 3.5 =

367.5 Kg (104 ft length) and 367.5 x 12 rows = 4410 Kg (30 ft width) while average rate

of tomato per Kg recorded as Rs. 27/-

Cost of production of high plastic tunnel technology (104 ft x 11 ft x 30 ft) Cost of production of high plastic tunnel technology having specification of

length, height and width i.e. 104ft, 11ft and 30ft respectively (Table: 7)

Table: 7 Items or Inputs Tomato at (104 ft x 11ft x 30

ft)

Annual Expenditure of tunnel structure (if tunnel life

consider as 15 years)

12,000

Plastic Sheet & ropes 17,000

Farm Yard Manure 1600

Green Manure 800

Bed Preparation 600

Seeds 3000

Fertilizers 4000

Micro nutrients 700

Pesticides 1,200

Mini tunnel for nursery 3,000

Irrigation 700

Labor 15,000

Electricity or gas 2000

Miscellaneous 4,000

Total 65,600

Cost benefit ratio of TOF tunnel technology plot

Result shown that there is significant difference between cost of production and

gross income and hence net income of tomato in TOF tunnel was recorded much better

i.e. Rs. 44650/- while total production is 4410 Kg. (Fig: 4)

Total Production (Kg)

Cost of Production (Rs)

Gross Income (Rs)

Net Income (Rs)

Fig: 4 Cost Benefit Ratio at TOF Tunnel

Tomato 4410 65600 110250 44650

Total Production (Kg)

Cost of Production (Rs) Gross Income (Rs) Net Income (Rs)

8. Resource Persons visited to TOF Table: 8 Resource persons visited to TOF

Name, Designation & Organization

Topic Number of Visits

Remarks

1 Dr. Arif Mehmood,

Assistant Director

(Tech), DIU

Rawalpindi

Tunnel technology

& production and

Installation &

Structure

1 -Detail information about

tunnel shared.

2 Dr. Kausar Niazi,

Quality Assurance

Speciallist, CABI SA

Quality Assurance

of FFS

2 -Protocol of quality

assurance discussed in

detail regarding FFS.

3 Dr. Farooq Nasir

Higher Scientific

Officer, CABI, SA

Classification of

Insects,

Morphology,

Preservation and

life cycle

3 -Insect identification & and

role of natural enemies

discussed.

4 Mr. Shakeel, Senior

Scientific Officer,

CABI SA

Composting 2 -Discussion & knowledge

sharing on making of

compost.

5 Mr. Muhammad Zahir

Shah, EFF, DIU

Rawalpindi

Nursery

establishment and

transplantation

4 -Practical work done

6 Mr. Abdur Rehman,

Insect Biological

Control Specialist,

CABI SA

AESA and IPM 4 -Practical work done

7 Dr. Khalid Farooq,

Live stock Specialist,

CABI SA

Animal housing,

feeds & feeding,

breeds & breeding,

day to day disease

management and

livestock marketing

3 -Experience shared and

detail discussion held

9. Special topics conducted in TOF & FFS This activity is linked to the stage of growth of the crop and specific local issues.

This part of the curriculum should be adapted for each FFS. The main objective was to

build the capacity of those participating in TOF and FFS activities. With the help of these

topics, TOF participants were able to understand the crop related issues and faced no

difficulty during facilitation skill while sharing with farmers in the fields.

Various special topics covered during the course of training are given below;

i. Participatory Reflection & Action (PRA) and Participatory Situation Analysis

(PSA) ii. FFS formation iii. AESA and conduction of AESA iv. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) and Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs) v. Protocol of quality assurance of FFS vi. Agronomic practices vii. Bed preparation viii. Weeds management ix. Nursery establishment x. Tunnel Technology & production xi. Effect of pesticides on insect pests and natural enemies xii. Disease identification and management

xiii. Insect Identification & Role of Natural Enemies

xiv. Vegetables marketing xv. Packaging xvi. Harvest and post harvest management xvii. Animal housing (Livestock)

xviii. Feeds & Feeding of animal(livestock) xix. Breeds & breeding (livestock) xx. Day to day disease management (livestock) xxi. Livestock marketing

10. Group Dynamics conducted in TOF & FFS

This activity provides an opportunity to develop and enhance cohesion among

the participants as a learning group. Whether it is done as an unfreezing activity or

structured learning exercise, group dynamics highlight the importance and

interdependence of individual group members’ performance in the process of achieving

a common goal. A number of exercises and activities were carried out to achieve this

objective while holding the ToF sessions. The list of the group dynamic exercises

undertaken during the ToF Cycle is given as under:

i. Body Language

ii. Hot hot, Cold cold

iii. Water bridge

iv. Observing things

v. Hopes & fears

vi. Name game

vii. How will be the leader

viii. Back to back and speak (Communication exercise)

ix. Nine dots

x. Wearing the coat

11. Insect Zoo conducted in TOF & FFS

Conducting of the insect zoo using locally available material play an important role in

helping farmers gain a deeper understanding of insect pests and natural enemies in the

area. This knowledge is useful for them for informed decision making. The field

management decisions through ecosystem analysis, of which insects form a major part,

is considered pivotal in the execution of the ToF/FFS approach. In this regard, following

insects, pest, natural enemies and disease were observed with active involvement of the

participants during the training.

i. Semilooper ii. Army worm

iii. Cutworm

iv. Jassid

v. Aphid

vi. Coccinelids (lady bird beetle)

vii. Spiders

Participants collected flying insect pests and natural enemies from the field and kept

them with each other in the cages (having leaves or fruits etc) for observation.e.g. they

put aphids with lady bird beetle in a cage for two hours. Observations were taken

continuously for two hours to see what is happening. During observation participants

came to know that lady bird beetle was feeding on aphids while aphids were feeding on

leaves. With the help of this exercise, they realized that there are some insects which act

like beneficial organisms (lady bird beetle) while some are pests like (aphids).

12. Workshops

Arrangement and conduction of different workshop was one of the mandatory

task or activity of CABI South Asia component of CAD Small Dam Project.

12.1 Interactive Workshop for Capacity Building of Agricultural Professionals

An interactive workshop for capacity building of Agricultural Professionals was

conducted at Best Western Hotel, Islamabad on April 22 – 25, 2008. There were

different short training/workshops topics encompassed in this interactive workshop.

Detail is given below;

o Rural psychology and social issues

o Facilitation, communication and presentation skills

o Enterprise development, quality control in agricultural produce and marketing

o Training for quality assurance and monitoring of FFS processes and activities

Separate day was allocated for each topic and participants from different departments

like FVDP, government of Punjab, Extension department, and CAD Small Dam Project

were actively participated. There were three sessions on each topic per day and

presented or facilitated by different resource persons.

12.1.1 Proceeding of the Workshop

Proceeding of the workshop is underway and will be geared up as separate copy.

12.2 Curricula Development Workshop on Tunnel Vegetables

A three days workshop on “Curricula Development of vegetables production in

tunnels organized by CABI South Asia from 26-28 June, 2008 at Hotel Margalla

Islamabad. The purpose of the workshop was to develop insight about in vegetable

tunnel farming and to find out their solutions for increased production and market them

prior to the seasonal vegetable for getting maximum monitory benefits. The participants

were drawn from different educational, research, extension and development

organizations. The representative of vegetable growers & exporters also participated in

the workshop. More than 40 participants attended the workshop.

Before the conduction of workshop, Participatory Situation Workshop (PSA) was carried

out with different stakeholders. With the help of this PSA, different related problems were

sorted out and than on the basis of these problems major theme or contents were

developed for the workshop. During workshop each and every problem was discussed

and agreed suggestions made by participants accordingly.

12.2.1 Proceeding of the Workshop As far as proceeding of the workshop is concerned so in this regard separate copy is

available.

13. Inland Tours Inland tours made to Mamokanjan (Faisalabad), Vehari and Karachi with regard

to exposure & experience sharing of the agriculture officers with farmers and experts of

agriculture field. Expert Field Facilitator (EFF), CABI SA facilitated, coordinated and

organized the visits. In this regard, all the logistic arrangements were made according to

the need of the tours. Detail is given below in table 9;

Table: 9 Inland Tours

S #

Date Venue Purpose

1 05-12-2007 Departure to Faisalabad Trip to Faisalabad regarding exposure visit

2 06-12-2007 Mamokanjan (Faisalabad) Meeting with Mian Shaukat (Progressive farmer) and also sharing of experiences regarding off-season vegetables at his farm.

3 07-12-2007 Adoptive Research Farm Vehari

To share experiences with agriculture research staff regarding off-season vegetables production under high tunnel technology

4 08-12-2007 Back to office 5 27-05-08 Departure to Karachi Exposure visit to Karachi 6 28-05-08 Pakistan Horticulture

development and Export Board (PHDEB) office.

Understand the export mechanism

7 29-05-08 Iftikhar & Co company and Shaz Co Traders Company

To observe and see the different fruits processing plants.

8 30-0508 Sindh Agriculture University Tando Jam and Sindh Horticulture Research Institute, Mirpurkhas

-Meeting with Professors of the university. -Meeting with Ghulam Sarwar Solangi (Mealy Bug Specialist, CABI SA component) at entomology section of Agriculture Research Tandojam. -Meeting with the Director of the Horticulture Research Institute Mirpurkhas.

9 31-05-08 Back to office

13.1 Glimpse of Inland Tours

CABI SA field lab for studying mealy bug at

Tando Jam University Sindh

Meeting with the Director of Horticulture

Research Institue, Mirpurkhas

Project Director & AOs of Small Dam

Mr. G. Sarwar Solangi, Mealybug specialist

CABI SA &staff of small dam project

Lab of mealy bug rearing at Tando Jam Universit, Sindh

Mr. G. Sarwar Solangi (Mealy bug specialist, CABI

SA) sharing his experience.

14. Success Stories of the project by describing farmers themselves Most of the farmers expressed their views about the achievement of the project

which are as under;

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(6) (5)

(8) (7)

(9)

15. Training on Insect collection & preservation Insects play a major role in the production of agriculture commodities positively

or negatively. i.e. beneficial and harmful insects. Hence identification and collection of

insects in proper way are the utmost important step to increase or decrease production.

Therefore CABI SA has given the mandate under the Insect bio-control theme to arrange

and provide insect collection kit for the small dams. In this regard up to 15 numbers of

Insect collection kits have been arranged and very soon will be given to small dam

officers for the purpose of insect collection. Before hand over kits to small dam officers,

Insect Bio Control Specialist (Mr. Abdul Rehman) CABI SA will be providing a

comprehensive training on the use of “Insect collection kit” to staff for insect collection

and preservation.

15.1 Insect collection kits Each Insect collection kit will be consisting with the following specification. (table:

10)

Table: 10 Insect collection kits

Sr. No

Items Quantity

1

Display Box 3

2

Stretching Board 2

3

Aspirator 1

4

Killing Jar 1

5

Ethyl acetate 250ml

6

Forceps 2

7

Knife small 1

8

Small paint brush 1

9

Fine brushes ( No 2,4,6 local) Sable Hair Brush (1)

1 1

10

Plastic vials with sieve(large, Small) 20

11

Glass vials with alcohol 75 % 10

12

Hand lens small (10x) 1

13

Open tubes 20

14

Sieve 1

15

Insect pins(Small, Medium, Large) 100

16

Small plastic Jar 12

17

Note book 1

18

Rubber band 250 gms

19

Pencil 1 Pack

20 Rubber 1

21

Sharpener 1

22

Bag 1

23

Scissor small and fine 1

24

Collecting Net(Large, Small) 2

25

Capsules 1 Pack

26

Tissue role 1 Pack

27

Alcohol (95 %) 250ml

28

Disposable Plastic Gloves 1 Pack

29

Mask 1 Pack

30

Bottle 2

31

Petri Dish Plastic (Small, Large, with mesh) 10

16. Conclusions Farmer-led season long participatory training through Training of Facilitators

(TOF) and Farmers Field Schools (FFS) accomplished in CABI SA TOF hall, Rawalpindi

and incumbents (TOF participants & trained farmers) are now in a position to follow up

further activities in the field. Following conclusions could be made accordingly;

The said TOF-FFS approach was ever first activity in the area to introduced at

farm level with ignored segments (farmers) of the population.

Extension staff & farmers are now fully equipped to produce their commodities as

off-season.

Interaction between farmer’s community & Agriculture Extension Department

developed.

Most of the farmers do not want use pesticides because they are now well aware

of their hazards.

Different interventions like conduction of AESA, Crop Management Decision

(CMD) process, brainstorming, insect zoo etc were very successful and needs to

implements continuously in the field.

Special topics help a lot in knowledge dissemination and should be carried on

need basis.

Print media (pamphlets, magazines etc) proved itself as an effective way of

dissemination of technology

FFS participants were very much satisfied because they learned by doing. It

helped them in decision making. This FFS approach can also be adopted in other

areas of life like health and education.

Spring maize introduced first time in the area which gave better result in terms of

production and income.

Sada Behar Chara and potato were also introduced first time and the result was

same as spring maize.

Proper management is required in side the tunnel for temperature & humidity to

avoid out break of diseases & chilling injury.

Cucumber crop has the potential to produce to that of tomato but needs proper

attention regarding disease management.

Women involved in fruit processing and vegetables growing should also be

involved in the training.

Training should be imparted to farmers and extension workers in market

mechanisms.

17. List of Tables

1) Total area covered & total production of vegetables.

2) Fortnightly TOF/FFS schedule for CAD Small Dam Project

3) Profile of TOF Participants

4) Command areas under small dams

5) Varietals comparison of spring maize

6) Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs)

7) Cost of production of high plastic tunnel technology.

8) Resource persons visited to TOF

9) Inland Tours

10) Insect collection kits

18. List of Figures

1) Nature of participation in TOF sessions

2) Comparison of production

3) Farmers trained as practicing FFS in each dam

4) Cost benefit ratio at TOF tunnel.

Documents

1. Executive Summary - cabi.org · PDF filevegetable production under plastic tunnel farming. ... 2005, government of Pakistan, Ministry of food, agriculture & livestock (economic