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1
Equity Equity FinancingFinancing
2
Learning Objectives
1. Identify the rights associated with ownership of common and preferred stock.
2. Record the issuance of stock for cash, on a subscription basis, and in exchange for noncash assets or for services.
3. Use both the cost and par value methods to account for stock repurchases.
4. Account for the issuance of stock rights and stock warrants.
3
Learning Objectives
5. Explain the difference between the intrinsic value and fair value methods, and use both in accounting for a fixed stock option plan.
6. Distinguish between stock conversions that require a reduction in retained earnings and those that do not.
7. List the factors that impact the retained earnings balance.
4
Learning Objectives 8. Properly record cash dividends, property dividends, small and large stock
dividends, and stock splits.
9. Explain the background of unrealized gains and losses recorded as direct equity adjustments, and list the major types of equity reserves founds in foreign balance sheets.
10. Prepare a statement of changes in stockholders’ equity.
5
Learning Objectives
11. Eliminate a retained earnings deficit through a quasi-reorganization.
12. Use both the intrinsic value and fair value methods to account for performance-based stock option plans and plans calling for a cash settlement.
EXPANDED MATERIAL
6
LegalCapital
AdditionalPaid-InCapital
Components ofStockholders’ Equity
RetainedEarnings
ContributedCapital
Other
Stockholders’Equity
7
Common Stock
The owners of common stock of a corporation can be thought of as the true owners of the business.
The owners of common stock of a corporation can be thought of as the true owners of the business.
8
Common Stock
Unless restricted by terms of the articles of
incorporation, the common stockholder has certain
basic rights.
Unless restricted by terms of the articles of
incorporation, the common stockholder has certain
basic rights.
9
The right to vote in the election of directors and in the determination of certain corporate polices such as the management compensation plan or major corporate acquisitions.
The right to maintain one’s proportional interest in the corporation through purchase of additional common stock if and when it is issued.
Common Stock
10
Preferred Stock
The title “preferred” stock is
somewhat misleading.
The title “preferred” stock is
somewhat misleading.
Preferred isn’t better; it’s different.
Preferred isn’t better; it’s different.
11
• Preferred stockholders are entitled to receive their full cash dividend before any cash dividend can be issued to common stockholders.
• If the company goes bankrupt, preferred stockholders are entitled to have their investment repaid in full, before common stockholders receive anything.
Preferred Stock
The protection enjoyed by preferred stockholders is:
The protection enjoyed by preferred stockholders is:
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Preferred Stock
CumulativeHas the right to receive accumulated dividends before any dividends may be paid to common stockholders.
Non-Cumulative
Has no right to “passed”dividends.
ParticipatingHas claim to a portion ofcommon dividends afterreceiving preferred dividends.
13
Callable Permits the issuing companyto redeem the preferred stock.
RedeemablePermits the holder to redeem thestock--usually with somerestrictions.
ConvertiblePermits the holder to exchangepreferred stock for common stock.
Preferred Stock
14
Issuance of Capital Stock
Goode Corporation issued 4,000 shares of $1 par common stock on April 1, 2002, for $45,000 cash.
Goode Corporation issued 4,000 shares of $1 par common stock on April 1, 2002, for $45,000 cash.
Apr. 1 Cash 45,000Common Stock 4,000Paid-In Capital in Excess of Par 41,000
15
Issuance of Capital Stock
Goode Corporation issued 4,000 shares of no-par common stock with a stated value of
$1 on April1, 2002, for $45,000 cash.
Goode Corporation issued 4,000 shares of no-par common stock with a stated value of
$1 on April1, 2002, for $45,000 cash.
Apr. 1 Cash 45,000Common Stock 4,000Paid-In Capital in Excess of Stated Value 41,000
16
Issuance of Capital Stock
On April 1, Goode Corporation issued 4,000 shares of no-par common stock
without a stated value on April1, 2002, for $45,000 cash.
On April 1, Goode Corporation issued 4,000 shares of no-par common stock
without a stated value on April1, 2002, for $45,000 cash.
Apr. 1 Cash 45,000Common Stock 45,000
17Capital Stock Sold on Subscription
On November 1, 2002, a firm received subscriptions for 5,000 shares of $1 par common at $12.50 per share with 50%
down, balance due in 60 days.
On November 1, 2002, a firm received subscriptions for 5,000 shares of $1 par common at $12.50 per share with 50%
down, balance due in 60 days.
Nov. 1 Cash 31,250Common Stock Subscription Receivable 31,250
Common stock Subscribed 5,000Paid-In Capital in Excess of Par 57,500
18Capital Stock Sold on Subscription
On December 9, received balance due on one-half of subscribers and issued stock to fully paid subscribers, 2,500 shares.
On December 9, received balance due on one-half of subscribers and issued stock to fully paid subscribers, 2,500 shares.
Dec. 9 Cash 15,625Common Stock
Subscription Receivable 15,625
Common stock Subscribed 2,500Common Stock 2,500
19Stock Issued for Consideration Other Than Cash
AC Company issues 200 shares of $0.50 par value common stock in return for
land. The company’s stock is currently selling for $50 per share.
AC Company issues 200 shares of $0.50 par value common stock in return for
land. The company’s stock is currently selling for $50 per share.
Dec. 5 Land 10,000Common Stock 100
Paid-In Capital in Excess of Par 9,900
20Stock Issued for Consideration Other Than Cash
Assume that the land has a readily determinable market price of $12,000, but AC Company’s common stock has
no established fair market value.
Assume that the land has a readily determinable market price of $12,000, but AC Company’s common stock has
no established fair market value.
Dec. 5 Land 12,000Common Stock 100
Paid-In Capital in Excess of Par 11,900
21
Stock Repurchases
To provide shares for incentive compensation and employee savings plans.
To obtain shares needed to satisfy requests by holders of convertible securities.
To reduce the amount of equity relative to the amount of debt.
To invest excess cash temporarily.
Why Why repurchase repurchase
shares?shares?
Why Why repurchase repurchase
shares?shares?
22
Stock Repurchases
To remove some shares from the open market in order to protect against a hostile takeover.
To improve per-share earnings by reducing the number of shares outstanding and returning inefficiently used assets to shareholders.
To display confidence that the stock is currently undervalued by the market.
23
Treasury Stock
• Stock issued by a corporation but subsequently reacquired by the corporation and held for possible future reissuance or retirement.
• Reported as a contra-equity account, not as an asset.
• Does not create a gain or loss on reacquisition, reissuance, or retirement.
• May decrease Retained Earnings, but cannot increase it.
24Treasury Stock--Example:Both Accounting Methods
Issued 100, $10 par value shares at $15 per shareIssued 100, $10 par value shares at $15 per share
Cost MethodCash 1,500 Common Stock. 1,000 Paid-In Capital in Excess of Par 500
Par Value MethodCash 1,500 Common Stock 1,000 Paid-In Capital in Excess of Par 500
25Treasury Stock--Example:Both Accounting Methods
Reacquired ten shares at $16 per share.Reacquired ten shares at $16 per share.
Cost Method
Treasury Stock 160 Cash 160
Par Value MethodTreasury Stock 100Paid-In Capital in Excess of Par 50Retained Earnings 10 Cash 160
26
Sold two shares of treasury stock at $20 per share.Sold two shares of treasury stock at $20 per share.
Cost MethodCash 40 Treasury Stock 32 Paid-In Capital from Treasury Stock 8
Par Value Method
Cash 40 Treasury Stock 20 Paid-In Capital in Excess of Par 20
Treasury Stock--Example:Both Accounting Methods
27
Sold five shares of treasury stock at $14 per share.Sold five shares of treasury stock at $14 per share.
Cost MethodCash 70Paid-In Capital from Treasury Stock 8Retained Earnings 2
Treasury Stock 80 Par Value Method
Cash 70 Treasury Stock 50 Paid-In Capital in Excess of Par 20
Treasury Stock--Example:Both Accounting Methods
28
Retired remaining three shares of stock.Retired remaining three shares of stock.
Cost MethodCommon Stock 30Paid-In Capital in Excess of Par 15Retained Earnings 3
Treasury Stock 48
Par Value Method
Common Stock 30 Treasury Stock 30
Treasury Stock--Example:Both Accounting Methods
29Stock Rights, Warrants, and Options
Stock rights--Issued to existing shareholders to permit them to maintain their proportionate ownership interests when new shares are to be issued.
Stock warrants--Sold by the corporation for cash, generally in conjunction with the issuance of another security.
Stock options--Granted to officers or employees, usually as part of a compensation plan.
30
Stock Warrants
Stewart Co. sells 1,000 shares of $50 par preferred stock for $58 per share. Stewart Co.
gives the purchaser detachable warrants enabling the holders to subscribe to 1,000 shares of $2 par common stock for $25 per
share. Immediately following the issuance of the stock, the warrants are selling for $3, and
the fair market value of a preferred share without the warrant attached is $57.
Stewart Co. sells 1,000 shares of $50 par preferred stock for $58 per share. Stewart Co.
gives the purchaser detachable warrants enabling the holders to subscribe to 1,000 shares of $2 par common stock for $25 per
share. Immediately following the issuance of the stock, the warrants are selling for $3, and
the fair market value of a preferred share without the warrant attached is $57.
31
Stock Warrants
Value assigned to
warrants=
Total issue price
xMarket value of warrants
Market value of security
without warrants
+ Market value of warrants
$57 + $3
Value assigned to
warrants= $58,000 x $3 = $2,900
32
Stock Warrants
The entry on Stewart’s book to record the sale of the preferred stock with
detachable warrants is:
The entry on Stewart’s book to record the sale of the preferred stock with
detachable warrants is:
Cash 58,000Preferred Stock, $50 par 50,000 Paid-In Capital in Excess of Par--Preferred Stock5,100Common Stock Warrants2,900
33
Stock Warrants
If the warrants are exercised, the entry to record the issuance of common stock is:
If the warrants are exercised, the entry to record the issuance of common stock is:
Common Stock Warrants 2,900Cash 25,000
Common Stock, $2 par 2,000 Paid-In Capital in Excess of Par--Common Stock25,900
Stock-Based CompensationAll employees eligible?
Shares offered equally?
Reasonable exercise period?
Exercise Prices » Market Price?
NoYes
Yes
Non-compen-satory Plan
Record sharesissued when stock
is purchased.
No
No
No
Compensatory Plan
Determine compensationexpense; amortize
over period employeeis to provide service.
No
Grant andMeasurementdates same?
Yes
Number of sharesand Exercise Price
known?
Estimate compensationexpense; amortize
over period employeeis to provide service.
Determine actual expense;amortize over remaining
period employee is toprovide service.
Record shares issuedwhen stock is purchased.
Adjust for UnearnedCompensation, if any.
No
Yes
34
35Factors AffectingRetained Earnings
Error correctionsChanges in accounting principleNet incomeQuasi-reorganizations
RetainedEarnings IncreasesIncreases
36
Error correctionsPrior period adjustments
Treasury stockNet loss
Changes in accounting principlesDividendsRetained
Earnings
Factors AffectingRetained Earnings
Decreases
Decreases
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Accounting for Dividends
• Declaration date: The date the corporation’s board of directors formally declares a dividend will be paid.
• Date of record: The date on which stockholders of record are identified as those who will receive a dividend.
• Date of payment: The date when the dividend is actually distributed to stockholders.
38
Cash Dividend
ABC Corporation declares a $2,000 dividend; the following journal entries should be made:
Declaration Date
Dividends (Retained Earnings) 2,000
Dividends Payable 2,000
Payment Date
Dividends Payable 2,000
Cash 2,000
39
Property Dividend
What is a property dividend?
What is a property dividend?
40
Property Dividend
It is a distribution to stockholders that is
payable in some asset other than cash.
It is a distribution to stockholders that is
payable in some asset other than cash.
41
Property Dividend
XYZ Corporation declares a dividend of 1,000 shares of Gondor, Inc. stock (cost
$3,000; fair market value, $5,000).
XYZ Corporation declares a dividend of 1,000 shares of Gondor, Inc. stock (cost
$3,000; fair market value, $5,000).
Date of DeclarationDividend (or Retained Earnings) 5,000
Property Dividends Payable 3,000
Gain on Distribution of Property
Dividend 2,000
42
Property Dividend
Date of PaymentProperty Dividends Payable 3,000
Investment in Gordor, Inc. Stock 3,000
Entry on the Books of a 50% ShareholderInvestment in Gordor, Inc. Stock 2,500
Dividend Revenue 2,500
43
Stock Dividends: Small or Large?
• Small– Less than 20-25% of the outstanding shares.– Debit Retained Earnings for the MARKET
value of the shares.• Large
– Greater than 20-25% of the shares outstanding.– Debit Retained Earnings for the PAR value of
the shares.
44
• Assume the following about Gean, Inc.:– Common stock ($2 par, 10,000
shares outstanding) $20,000– Additional paid-in capital $24,200– Retained earnings $12,500– Stock dividend declared 1,500 shares– Market price of stock $10/share
• Assume the following about Gean, Inc.:– Common stock ($2 par, 10,000
shares outstanding) $20,000– Additional paid-in capital $24,200– Retained earnings $12,500– Stock dividend declared 1,500 shares– Market price of stock $10/share
Example 1: Stock Dividend
• Assume the following about Gean, Inc.:– Common stock ($2 par, 10,000
shares outstanding) $20,000– Additional paid-in capital $24,200– Retained earnings $12,500– Stock dividend declared 1,500 shares– Market price of stock $10/share
• Assume the following about Gean, Inc.:– Common stock ($2 par, 10,000
shares outstanding) $20,000– Additional paid-in capital $24,200– Retained earnings $12,500– Stock dividend declared 1,500 shares– Market price of stock $10/share
Is this a large or small stock dividend?
Is this a large or small stock dividend?
45
• Assume the following about Gean, Inc.:– Common stock ($2 par, 10,000
shares outstanding) $20,000– Additional paid-in capital $24,200– Retained earnings $12,500– Stock dividend declared 1,500 shares– Market price of stock $10/share
• Assume the following about Gean, Inc.:– Common stock ($2 par, 10,000
shares outstanding) $20,000– Additional paid-in capital $24,200– Retained earnings $12,500– Stock dividend declared 1,500 shares– Market price of stock $10/share
Example 1: Stock Dividend
Because 1,500 shares represent 15% of the
outstanding stock, it is a small stock dividend.
Because 1,500 shares represent 15% of the
outstanding stock, it is a small stock dividend.
46
Declaration Date
Retained Earnings 15,000
Stock Dividends Distributable 3,000
Paid-In Capital in Excess of Par 12,000
Example 1: Stock Dividend
Issuance Date
Stock Dividends Distributable 3,000
Common Stock 3,000
47
Example 2: Stock Dividend
• Assume the following about Gimli’s Corp.:– Common Stock ($5 par, 20,000
shares outstanding) $100,000– Additional Paid-In Capital $100,000– Retained Earnings
$52,000– Stock Dividend Declared 10,000 shares– Market Price of Stock $20/share
• Assume the following about Gimli’s Corp.:– Common Stock ($5 par, 20,000
shares outstanding) $100,000– Additional Paid-In Capital $100,000– Retained Earnings
$52,000– Stock Dividend Declared 10,000 shares– Market Price of Stock $20/share
Is this a large or small stock dividend?Is this a large or small stock dividend?50% = large dividend50% = large dividend
48
Example 2: Stock Dividend
Declaration Date
Retained Earnings 50,000
Stock Dividends Distributable50,000
Issuance Date
Stock Dividends Distributable 50,000
Common Stock50,000
49
Liquidating Dividend
A liquidating dividend is a distribution representing a return to stockholders of a
portion of contributed capital.
A liquidating dividend is a distribution representing a return to stockholders of a
portion of contributed capital.
50Disclosures Related to the Equity Section
Authorized but unissued. Subscribed for and held for issuance pending
receipt of cash for the full amount of the subscription price.
Outstanding in the hands of stockholders. Reacquired and held by the corporation for
subsequent reissuance. Canceled by appropriate corporate action.
Capital stock may be:
51
Quasi-Reorganization
Where state law permits, a company may eliminate a deficit through a
restatement of invested capital balances. This provides a fresh start
for the company with a zero balance in Retained Earnings.
Where state law permits, a company may eliminate a deficit through a
restatement of invested capital balances. This provides a fresh start
for the company with a zero balance in Retained Earnings.
52
Quasi-ReorganizationBalance Sheet for Anon., Inc. Before Quasi-Reorganization
Current assets................................ $ 250
Land, building, and equipment........ 1,500
Accumulated depreciation............... (600)
Total assets................................…. $ 1,150
Liabilities......................................... $ 300
Common stock ($10 par, 100 shares) 1,000
Retained earnings........................... (150)
Total liabilities and equity............ $ 1,150
53
Quasi-Reorganization Plan for Anon., Inc.
• Reduce land, building, and equipment to fair market value of $600.
• Reduce par value of stock to $5; create $500 of “additional paid-in capital.”
• Apply $450 deficit ($150 from Retained Earnings and $300 from fixed asset revaluation) against Paid-In Capital.
Quasi-Reorganization Plan for Anon., Inc.
• Reduce land, building, and equipment to fair market value of $600.
• Reduce par value of stock to $5; create $500 of “additional paid-in capital.”
• Apply $450 deficit ($150 from Retained Earnings and $300 from fixed asset revaluation) against Paid-In Capital.
Quasi-Reorganization
54
Journal Entries for Anon., Inc.
Quasi-Reorganization
Fixed Asset RevaluationRetained Earnings 300
Accumulated Depreciation 200
Land, Building, and Equipment500
Quasi-Reorganization
55
Revalue Common Stock
Common Stock, $10 par 1,000
Common Stock, $5 par 500
Paid-In Capital from Stock
Revaluation 500
Quasi-Reorganization
Erase Deficit
Paid-In Capital 450
Retained Earnings 450
56
Balance SheetAfter Quasi-Reorganization
Current assets..................................... $ 250
Land, building, and equipment............ 1,000
Accumulated depreciation................... (400)
Total assets....................................... $ 850
Liabilities.............................................. $ 300
Common stock ($5 par, 100 shares)... 500
Paid-in capital...................................... 50
Total liabilities and equity.................. $ 850
Quasi-Reorganization
57
The EndThe End