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Environmental sustainability, performances of EU cities
[email protected] www.ambienteitalia.it/eng
Urban Ecosystem Europe (UEE)
June 2008 Maria Berrini – Lorenzo
Bono
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The Urban Ecosystem Europe Report provides an integrated assessment (25 indicators) of 32 main or bigger cities in Europe and focuses on their local responses capacity and needs. The report shows strengths and weaknesses and the 2007 update provides a baseline review clearly addressed to the environmental sustainability dimension, with climate change as core issue. The Report highlights city environmental performances in the framework of other social and economic patterns and trends.
Urban Ecosystem Europe – Aims
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Urban Ecosystem Europe: a tool coherent with EU policies engagements
The 2005 EU reports “Cohesion Policy and Cities" and "Cities and the Lisbon Agenda" state that “Operational funding Programmes should include integrated plan for sustainable urban development and clear description of urban priorities”.
The 2006 EU - Thematic strategy on the urban environment says that “To monitor and up-date the effectiveness of the Strategy, accessible urban data is needed” and the EU Parlament (2006) demands “common core indicators to allow for comparisons and benchmarking between European cities…”
The 2004-07 Aalborg commitments engage signatories “to cooperate with the European Sustainable Cities & Towns Campaign and its networks to monitor and evaluate progress towards meeting sustainability targets”.
The 2007 EU Leipzig Chart for Sustainable Cities says that “Indicators and Benchmaking should become a relevant tool to drive European, national and local policies”.
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The themes
Local action for health - Natural common goods.
Responsible consumption and lifestyle choices.
Planning, design-Better mobility, less traffic.
Local to global: Energy and Climate change. Vibrant, sustainable local economy and
Social equity, justice and coesion. Local Management towards sustainability
and Governance.
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The 25 indicators1. Air quality: PM10 concentrations
2. Air quality: NO2 concentrations3. Noise map and noise reduction plan 4. Domestic water consumption 5. Inhabitants served by water treatment plants 6. Electric consumption variation 7. Amount of municipal waste produced 8. Municipal waste, differentiated collection9. Green public procurement, procedures and
purchasing 10. Passengers travelling on public transport 11. Underground and tram lines in the urban area 12. Number of registered cars
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The 25 indicators13. Cycle paths and lanes availability 14. Public green areas availability
15. Energy Balance and CO2 reduction target 16. Solar power generation in public buildings 17. Inhabitants connected to district heating system 18. Climate and Energy saving policies 19. Demographic and old age dependency20. Female employment21. Population qualified at highest level of education22. Env. Certification of public authorities23. Level of mplementation of Agenda 21 processes 24. Electorate voting in city elections 25. City representatives who are women
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Data search (with cities) Data collection: Ambiente Italia sends a
Form (definitions, measure units and methods) to the right contact in the cities (thanks to partners).
Data reliability: Local Administrations fill the form in and take the formal responsibility of data.
Quality control: Ambiente Italia takes care of a final quality control, looking at internal coherence of data, cross checking with other source of data and sending data back to the cities for a final agreement.
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32 cities - 16 CountriesMetropol.
areasBig Medium Medium-
small
BerlinG. London
G. LyonMadridParis
Roma
BarcelonaBrusselsMilanoNapoliPrahaWien
Munchen
AntwerpenKobenh.DresdenGoteborgHelsinki
RigaStockholmZaragozaHannover
Oslo
BristolAarhus
HeidelbergLefkosiaTampere
TurkuPatra
DurresAalborg
10 northern; 10 central; 9 southern; 3 eastern
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How is critical the situation? Are there positive reactions?
1. European citizens are exposed to relevant health risks, due to air pollution. The situation is still over the limit.
2. Car users are invading cities, but local policies could succeed.
3. Municipal waste are a waste of energy and materials, but local policies and life styles can make the difference.
4. Risks due to climate changes could be avoided also thanks to local administrations, but now it’s time to act.
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Air pollution: the situation is still over the limit
45% of the 32 cities does not respect the PM10 yearly limit value set for 2005 (40 g/m3) and more than 90% exceeds the 2010 target (20 g/m3).
Almost all cities (84%) exceed the present limit value referred to PM10 daily exceedance of 50 g/m3, and about 7 cities more than 3 times.
60% of the cities doesn’t respect at least in one sample point (hot spot) the NO2 yearly average limit value of 50 g/m3 set for 2005 and 90% exceeds the 2010 target (40 g/m3).
The worst situations are registered in G.London, Milano, Roma, Madrid, Barcelona, Praha, G. Lyon.
Helsinki, Goteborg and other 4 northern cities (the smaller) are the only ones in line with the EU Directive.
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PM10: number of daily means exceeding 50 g/mc (highest values)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
Gre
ater
Lon
don
Rom
a
Mila
no
Mad
rid
Bar
celo
na
Pra
ha
Par
is
Mun
chen
Wie
n
Ber
lin
Lyon
Bru
xelle
s
Nap
oli
Rig
a
Zara
goza
Kob
enha
vn
Sto
ckho
lm
Ant
wer
pen
Han
nove
r
Dre
sden
Osl
o
Hel
sink
i
Got
ebor
g
Bri
stol
Pat
ra
Aal
borg
Hei
delb
erg
Aar
hus
Tam
pere
Turk
u
traffic
background
smallmediumbig
limit value
13
NO2: highest annual means (g/mc )
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
Gre
ater
Lo
nd
on
Par
is
Mu
nic
h
Ro
ma
Lyo
n
Mil
ano
Pra
ha
Bar
celo
na
Wie
n
Mad
rid
Nap
oli
Ber
lin
Bru
xell
es
Bri
sto
l
Han
no
ver
Rig
a
Ko
ben
hav
n
Osl
o
Sto
ckh
olm
An
twer
pen
Dre
sden
Zar
ago
za
Go
teb
org
Hel
sin
ki
Pat
ra
Hei
del
ber
g
Aar
hu
s
Aal
bo
rg
Turk
u
Tam
per
e
Du
rres
traffic
background
smallmediumbig
target 2010
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Car users are invading cities, but local policies could compete Car is used up to 70% for home to work trips in Italian
cities, that, together with the Belgians have the higher number of circulating cars (or – if not circulating - taking public spaces): Naples and Milan exceed 60 cars every 100 inhabitants and Rome even reaches 70 cars, compared with lower data from Berlin and London (30), Paris (26), Riga and Kobenhavn (20).
In Praha workers use public transport (58%) more then cars (27%). Wien, Goteborg, Helsinki, Hannover, Kobenhavn and Stockholm achieved the goal to mantain below 50% the use of car in home to work trips, thanks to the combined use of the bicycle in short medium trips and a qualified public transport related to longer trips.
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Percentage of journeys to work (%)
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%M
unch
en
Wie
n
Bar
celo
na
Ber
lin
Pra
ha
Mad
rid
Mila
no
Nap
oli
Rom
a
Sto
ckho
lm
Han
nove
r
Kob
enha
vn
Dre
sden
Hel
sink
i
Got
ebor
g
Zara
goza
Bri
stol
Aal
borg
Aar
hus
bike foot underground/rail tram bus car motorbike other
smallmediumbig
16
Registered cars (car/100 inh)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Rom
a
Nap
oli
Mila
no
Bru
xelle
s
Pra
ha
Mun
chen
Lyon
Ber
lin
Lond
on
Par
is
Ant
wer
pen
Sto
ckho
lm
Dre
sden
Bri
stol
Han
nove
r
Got
ebor
g
Hel
sink
i
Rig
a
Kob
enha
vn
Turk
u
Tam
pere
Aal
borg
Aar
hus
smallmediumbig
17
Urban rail lines: underground and tram (m/100 inh)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Mila
no
Wie
n
Mun
chen
Pra
ha
Bru
xelle
s
Ber
lino
Par
is
Mad
rid
Bar
celo
na
Gre
ater
Lon
don
Lyon
Nap
oli
Rom
a
Sto
ckho
lm
Osl
o
Hei
delb
erg
Han
nove
r
Rig
a
Hel
sink
i
Ant
wer
pen
Kob
enha
vn
medium-smallbig
18
Bike is an urban alternative to car, if integrated with TP and well protected
Smaller cities (<300.000 inhab.) as Turku, Aalborg, Tampere and Aarhus offering a cycling network of about 300 km achieved the result to convince about the 20% of citizens to use the bicycle also for home-to-work trips.
Also medium sized cities offer focused policy, as Helsinki (>1.500km of lines), Stockholm and Hannover (about 750km).
Hannover and Kobenhavn implemented also speed reduction on a significant part of their roads (660 and 117 km respectively) and now register the maximum use of bicycle in home-to-work trips (29%. In Kobenhavn).
Among bigger cities the best are Wien and Munchen.
19
Cycle paths and lanes (m/100 inh)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
Wie
n
Mu
nch
en
Lyo
n
Ber
lin
Bru
xelle
s
Par
is
Pra
ha
Bar
celo
na
Gre
ater
Lo
nd
on
Ro
ma
Mila
no
Mad
rid
Nap
oli
Hel
sin
ki
Han
no
ver
Sto
ckh
olm
Go
teb
org
Ko
ben
hav
n
Dre
sden
Bri
sto
l
Osl
o
Zar
ago
za
Rig
a
Turk
u
Aal
bo
rg
Tam
per
e
Aar
hu
s
Hei
del
ber
g
Pat
ra
smallmediumbig 297
20
Municipal waste, local policies and life styles can make the difference
Waste production is growing almost everywhere, more then 400-500kg/inhab/year.
Some administrations, thanks to good separated collection policies and rates (in some cases over 50%), are able to recycle and so to reduce the amount of residual waste to be disposed: Dresden and Munchen under 200kg/inhab and Berlin, Goteborg, Kobenhavn and Antwerpen under 300 kg/inh. Aalborg, the city with the highest per capita waste production (680 kg/inh) reduces the residual waste to 250 kg/inh, thanks to a very high separated collection rate (62%).
Napoli, Roma, Patra, Lefkosia, Paris and London register more than 450kg/inhab/year residual waste to be disposed, due to low separation rates.
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Per capita urban waste production (kg/inh year)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Mu
nch
en
Pra
ha
Lyo
n
Bru
xelle
s
Ber
lin
Mad
rid
Par
is
Bar
celo
na
Mila
no
Gre
ater
Lo
nd
on
Wie
n
Nap
oli
Ro
ma
Dre
sden
Han
no
ver
Rig
a
Go
teb
org
Ko
ben
hav
n
Zar
ago
za
Bri
sto
l
An
twer
pen
Sto
ckh
olm
Du
rres
Hei
del
ber
g
Aar
hu
s
Turk
u
Pat
ra
Lef
kosi
a
Aal
bo
rg
residual
separated
smallmediumbig
22
Risks due to climate changes could be avoided, but now it’s time to act
A good majority (21) of the 32 cities adopted local CO2 reduction targets.
Barcelona, Hannover, Munchen, Oslo, Zaragoza, Praha and Roma defined very innovative local regulations to improve energy efficiency in their building stocks.
Solar panels diffusion in public buildings is growing: Wien is the best for thermal panels (about 13.000 m2). Good also Barcelona (4.300 m2) and Lyon (3.500 m2). Munchen is the absolute winner for photovoltaic panels on public buildings (more then 4.000 kW), followed at a certain distance by Barcelona and Roma. Heidelberg - as the first - and then Hannover, Helsinki and Dresda are the best among smaller sized cities.
In Helsinki, Kobenhavn, Aarhus, Tampere and Stockholm more than 70% of the population is connected to a district heating system.
23
Solar thermal and PV plants on public buildings (kW)
0
1.000
2.000
3.000
4.000
5.000
6.000
7.000
8.000
9.000
10.000W
ien
Mun
chen
Bar
celo
na
Lyon
Par
is
Rom
a
Mad
rid
Nap
oli
Pra
ha
Han
nove
r
Hel
sink
i
Dre
sden
Got
ebor
g
Zara
goza
Hei
delb
erg
Lefk
osia
big medium small
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Is a sustainable city achievable? It could be if…
The air quality standards are respected as in Goteborg (and Helsinki).
Water consumptions are 100 liters/inhab, as in Dresden, Zaragoza and Heidelberg and 100% of inhabitants is served by water treatment (as most european cities, but not all).
Waste production is under 334kg/inhab/year as in Dresden or, at least, not differentiated waste are under 250kg/inhabitants/year as in Munchen and Antwerpen, thanks to separate collection up to 62% as in Aalborg or up to 50% as in Hannover and Helsinki.
25
Is achievable a sustainable city? It could be if…
Public procurements are extensively green as in Kobenhavn and electric consumptions in the last 5 years have been reduced, as in Oslo (-26%).
The public transport is widely used as in Prague, Stockholm and Wien (58, 47 and 45% of home to work trips) and citizens are satisfied of its quality as in Wien, Munchen and Berlin.
Car is used less than other means, as in Barcelona and Madrid (35% of the total home to work trips) and its ownership is a “past life style” as in Kobenhavn and Riga (20 cars/100 inhab.) or as in Berlin, London, and Paris (30).
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Is achievable a sustainable city? It could be if…
Bicycle is the mean of transport of the future as in Kobenhavn (29%) also thanks to a wide bike network as in Helsinki (1.500 km), in Stockholm and in Hannover (about 750 km).
Citizens have more then 200 sqm each of green areas (of which more then 40 sqm/inhab of urban parks), as in Oslo and in Goteborg.
A large number of public buildings use solar panels to produce hot water or electricity as in Wien, Munchen and Barcelona and have been audited and retrofitted to improve their energy efficiency as the 80% of them in Helsinki
27
Is achievable a sustainable city? It could be if…
More then 93% of the population is served by district heating as in Helsinki and in Kobenhavn and more than 25% of municipality’s energy consumptions is “green” as in Oslo and Heidelberg. Integrated environmental management schemes (ISO or EMAS) have been applied to improve the efficiency of the public administrations as in Kobenhavn, Bristol and Oslo and Agenda 21 participated processes have been well developed as in Aalborg, Hannover, Munchen and Stockholm.
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Is achievable a sustainable city? It could be if…
Women role is promoted (> 70% activity rate in the labour market) as in all nordic and german cities and is recognised (>50% of elected representatives in the municipality) as in Stockholm. The city environment is friendly for children and attractive for young people, as in Kobenhavn, Munchen, Berlin, and citizens have very high educational level as in Dresden, Praha and the other german cities. Citizens participate to local election (>80%) as in Riga and in all the Danish, Belgian and Italian cities.
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City profiles: compare yourself with the best you could achieve!
NO2
PM 10
Solar power
Water cons.
Parks and gardensCycling
Public transport
Waste
Separated collect.
Hannover median
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Urban Ecosystem Europe
Welcome to new participating cities, other endorsers and sponsors, to ensure the periodical maintenance of the reporting mechanism!
Thanks !
Maria Berrini – Lorenzo Bono
www.ambienteitalia.it/eng
