1 EDM 6210 Education Policy and Scoiety Lecture 8 Education Policy and Social Integration: Project of Nation Building Wing-kwong Tsang

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EDM 6210EDM 6210

Education Policy and ScoietyEducation Policy and Scoiety

Lecture 8Lecture 8Education Policy and Social Integration: Education Policy and Social Integration:

Project of Nation BuildingProject of Nation Building

Wing-kwong TsangWing-kwong Tsang

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Understanding the Concept of NationUnderstanding the Concept of Nation

• The nature of the concept of nationThe nature of the concept of nation– Nation as an empirical-positivistic concept natNation as an empirical-positivistic concept nat

urally existing fact with objective, definitive anurally existing fact with objective, definitive and empirical attributesd empirical attributes

– Nation as practical-interpretive concept lifeworNation as practical-interpretive concept lifeworld-artificial construction with subjective, arbitrld-artificial construction with subjective, arbitrary and contesting featuresary and contesting features

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• The semantic changes of the termThe semantic changes of the termnation nation – The Latin origin of the termThe Latin origin of the term

• nasci as a verb means to be bornnasci as a verb means to be born• nationem as a noun means breed or racenationem as a noun means breed or race

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• The semantic changes of the termThe semantic changes of the termnation nation – The Latin origin of the term…The Latin origin of the term…– Greenfeld’s zigzagGreenfeld’s zigzag pattern of semantic change pattern of semantic change

of the termof the term• In Roman Empire, nation designate foreigners from tIn Roman Empire, nation designate foreigners from t

he same geographic regions he same geographic regions • In medieval universities, nation means a community In medieval universities, nation means a community

of opinionof opinion• In Church council, nation means eliteIn Church council, nation means elite• In seventeenth century England, a sovereign peopleIn seventeenth century England, a sovereign people

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In Search of a Definition of the NationIn Search of a Definition of the Nation

• Anthony Smith’s definition of the nation Anthony Smith’s definition of the nation – Anthony Smith, a sociologist in London School of Anthony Smith, a sociologist in London School of

Economics, states thatEconomics, states that “The nation is a large, vertically “The nation is a large, vertically integrated and territorially mobile group, featuring integrated and territorially mobile group, featuring common citizenship rights and collective sentiment common citizenship rights and collective sentiment together with one (or more) common characteristic(s) together with one (or more) common characteristic(s) which differentiates its members from those of similar which differentiates its members from those of similar groups with whom they stand in relations of alliance or groups with whom they stand in relations of alliance or conflict.” (1983, p.173)conflict.” (1983, p.173)

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• Anthony Smith’s definition of the nation Anthony Smith’s definition of the nation – Definitive features of the nation: “As defined above, the Definitive features of the nation: “As defined above, the

nation was a group with seven features:nation was a group with seven features:• cultural differentiae (i.e. the ‘similarity-dissimilarity’ pattern,cultural differentiae (i.e. the ‘similarity-dissimilarity’ pattern,

members are alike in the respects in which they differ from members are alike in the respects in which they differ from non-members) non-members)

• territorial contiguity with free mobility throughoutterritorial contiguity with free mobility throughout

• a relatively large scale ( and population)a relatively large scale ( and population)

• external political relations of conflict and alliance with simiexternal political relations of conflict and alliance with similar grouplar group

• considerable group sentiment and loyaltyconsiderable group sentiment and loyalty

• direct membership with equal citizenship rightsdirect membership with equal citizenship rights

• vertical economic integration around a common system of vertical economic integration around a common system of labour.” (Smith, 1983, p. 186; original numbering)labour.” (Smith, 1983, p. 186; original numbering)

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• David Miller’s definition of nation and nationalityDavid Miller’s definition of nation and nationality– Miller, a philosopher in Uniersity of Oxford, defines the nMiller, a philosopher in Uniersity of Oxford, defines the n

ation as “a community (1) constituted by shared belief aation as “a community (1) constituted by shared belief and mutual commitment, (2) extended in history, (3) activnd mutual commitment, (2) extended in history, (3) active in character, (4) connected to a particular territory, and e in character, (4) connected to a particular territory, and (5) marked off from other communities by its distinct pu(5) marked off from other communities by its distinct public culture.” (Miller, 1995, P.27)blic culture.” (Miller, 1995, P.27)

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• David Miller’s definition of nation and nationalityDavid Miller’s definition of nation and nationality– Nationality, accordingly, is an identity forged by Nationality, accordingly, is an identity forged by

members of a national community. Miller suggests that members of a national community. Miller suggests that “nationality …comprises three interconnected “nationality …comprises three interconnected propositions.” (Miller, 2000, P. 27) propositions.” (Miller, 2000, P. 27)

• A sense of belonging: “The first concerns personal A sense of belonging: “The first concerns personal identity, and claims that it may properly be part of identity, and claims that it may properly be part of someone’s identity that they belong to this or that national someone’s identity that they belong to this or that national group.” (P. 27)group.” (P. 27)

• Bounded duties: The second proposition is ethical, and Bounded duties: The second proposition is ethical, and claims that nations are ethical community. The duties we claims that nations are ethical community. The duties we owe to our fellow-nationals are different from, and more owe to our fellow-nationals are different from, and more extensive than, the duties we owe to human being as extensive than, the duties we owe to human being as such.” (P. 27)such.” (P. 27)

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In Search of a Definition of the NationIn Search of a Definition of the Nation• David Miller’s definition of nation and nationalityDavid Miller’s definition of nation and nationality

– Nationality, accordingly, is an identity forged by Nationality, accordingly, is an identity forged by members of a national community. Miller suggests that members of a national community. Miller suggests that “nationality …comprises three interconnected “nationality …comprises three interconnected propositions.” (Miller, 2000, P. 27) …. propositions.” (Miller, 2000, P. 27) ….

• Political self-determination: “The third proposition is Political self-determination: “The third proposition is political, and states that people who form a national political, and states that people who form a national community in a particular territory have a good claim to community in a particular territory have a good claim to political self-determination; there ought to be put in place political self-determination; there ought to be put in place an institutional structure that enables them to decide an institutional structure that enables them to decide collectively matters that concern primarily their own collectively matters that concern primarily their own community. …Historically the sovereign state has been the community. …Historically the sovereign state has been the main vehicle through which claims to national self-main vehicle through which claims to national self-determination have been realized, and this is not just an determination have been realized, and this is not just an accident. Nevertheless national self-determination can be accident. Nevertheless national self-determination can be realized in other ways,…. other than through a sovereign realized in other ways,…. other than through a sovereign state.” (P. 27)state.” (P. 27)

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In Search of a Definition of the NationIn Search of a Definition of the Nation• David Miller’s definition of nation and nationalityDavid Miller’s definition of nation and nationality

– More specifically, Miller has attributed two structural More specifically, Miller has attributed two structural features to the community of a nation, namelyfeatures to the community of a nation, namely

• Nation is an ethical community, whose members are Nation is an ethical community, whose members are obliged to their fellow-nationals some particular duties.obliged to their fellow-nationals some particular duties.

• Nation is a political community which strives to attain Nation is a political community which strives to attain political self-determination.political self-determination.

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• Max Weber’sMax Weber’s conception of the nation conception of the nation– ““If the concept of ‘nation’ can in any way be defined If the concept of ‘nation’ can in any way be defined

unambiguously, it certainly cannot be stated in terms of unambiguously, it certainly cannot be stated in terms of empirical qualities common to those who count as empirical qualities common to those who count as members of the nation. In the sense of those using the members of the nation. In the sense of those using the term at a given time, the concept undoubtedly means, term at a given time, the concept undoubtedly means, above all, that one may exact from above all, that one may exact from certain group of men certain group of men a specific sentiment of solidarity in the face of other a specific sentiment of solidarity in the face of other groupsgroups. Thus, the concept (of nation) belongs in the . Thus, the concept (of nation) belongs in the sphere of valuessphere of values. Yet, there is no agreement on how . Yet, there is no agreement on how these groups should be delimited or about what these groups should be delimited or about what concreted action should result from such solidarity.” concreted action should result from such solidarity.” (Weber, 1948, p.172)(Weber, 1948, p.172)

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• Max Weber’s conception of the nationMax Weber’s conception of the nation– “In any case, the differences in national sentiment are

both significant and fluid and…fundamentally different answers are given to the question: What conclusions are a group of people willing to draw from the ‘national sentiment’ found among them? No matter how empathetic and subjectively sincere a pathos may be formed among them, what sort of specific joint actions are they ready to develop?” (Weber, 1948, p. 175)

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• Max Weber’s conception of the nationMax Weber’s conception of the nation– “In the face of these value concepts of the ‘idea of the

nation’, which empirically are entirely ambiguous, a sociological typology would have to analyze all sorts of community sentiments of solidarity in their genetic conditions and in their consequence for the concerted action of the participant.” (Weber, 1948, P. 175-176)

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• Max Weber’s conception of the nationMax Weber’s conception of the nation– “We shall have to look a little closer into the fact that the

idea of the nation for its advocates stands in the very intimate relation to ‘prestige’ interests.” (Weber, 1948, P. 176) (“Cultural and power prestige are closely associated. Every victorious war enhances the cultural prestige (Germany [1871], Japan [1905], etc.)” (Weber, 1978, 926)

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• Max Weber’s conception of the nationMax Weber’s conception of the nation– …(Sentiment of prestige)…

• “The earliest and most energetic manifestations of the idea…have contained the legend of a providential ‘mission’. Those to whom the representatives of the idea zealously turned were expected to shoulder this mission.” (Weber, 1948, p. 176)

• “In so far as there is at all a common object lying behind the obviously ambiguous term ‘nation,’ it is apparently located in the field of politics. One may well define the concept of nation in the following way: a nation is a community of sentiment which would adequately manifest itself in a state of its own; hence, a nation is a community which normally tends to produce a state of its own.” (Weber, 1948, P. 176)

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• “It goes without saying that all those groups who hold the power to steer common conduct within a polity (i.e. the state) will most strongly instill themselves with this ideal fervor of power prestige. They remain the specific and most reliable bearers of the idea of the state as an imperialist power structure demanding unqualified devotion.” (Weber, 1948, o.172)

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• “Another element of the early idea was the notion that this mission was facilitated solely through the very cultivation of the peculiarity of the group set off a nation. Therewith, in so far as its self-justification is sought in the value of its content, this mission can consistently be thought of only as a specific ‘culture’ mission. The significance of the ‘nation’ is usually anchored in the superiority…of the culture values that are to be preserved and developed only through the cultivation of the peculiarity of the group. It therefore goes without saying that the intellectuals …are to a specific degree predestinated to propagate the ‘national idea’ just as those who wield power in the polity provoke the idea of the state.” (Weber, 1948, p. 176)

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• Benedict Anderson’s definition of the nationBenedict Anderson’s definition of the nation• ““I propose the following definition of the nation: it is I propose the following definition of the nation: it is

an an imagined political communityimagined political community and imagined as and imagined as both inherently limited and sovereign.” (1991, Pp. 5-6)both inherently limited and sovereign.” (1991, Pp. 5-6) – ““It isIt is imagined imagined because the members of even the smallest because the members of even the smallest

nation will never know most of their fellow-members, meet nation will never know most of their fellow-members, meet them, or even hear them, yet in the minds of each lives the them, or even hear them, yet in the minds of each lives the image of their communion.” (P. 6)image of their communion.” (P. 6)

– ““It isIt is limited limited because even the largest of them, encompassing because even the largest of them, encompassing perhaps a billion living human beings, has finite, if elastic perhaps a billion living human beings, has finite, if elastic boundaries, beyond which lie other nation.” (P. 7)boundaries, beyond which lie other nation.” (P. 7)

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• Benedict Anderson’s definition of the nationBenedict Anderson’s definition of the nation• ……....

– “ ““ “It is imagined as It is imagined as sovereignsovereign because the concept was born because the concept was born in an age in which Enlightenment and Revolution were in an age in which Enlightenment and Revolution were destroying the legitimacy of the divinely-ordained, hierarchical destroying the legitimacy of the divinely-ordained, hierarchical dynastic realm.” In its replacement, there constitutes the dynastic realm.” In its replacement, there constitutes the sovereignty of the secular, modern, liberal state.sovereignty of the secular, modern, liberal state.

– ““It is imagined as a community, because ... the nation is It is imagined as a community, because ... the nation is always conceived as a always conceived as a deep, horizontal comradeshipdeep, horizontal comradeship. . Ultimately, it is this fraternity that makes it possible.” (P. 7)Ultimately, it is this fraternity that makes it possible.” (P. 7)

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• Partha Chatterjee’sPartha Chatterjee’s “Whose imagined community? “Whose imagined community?””

““I have one I have one central objection to Anderson’s argumentcentral objection to Anderson’s argument. If nati. If nationalisms in the rest of the world have to choose their imaginonalisms in the rest of the world have to choose their imagined community from certain ‘modular’ forms already made aved community from certain ‘modular’ forms already made available to them by Europe and the Americas, what do they haailable to them by Europe and the Americas, what do they have left to imagine? History, it would seem, has decreed that ve left to imagine? History, it would seem, has decreed that we in the postcolonial world shall only be perpetual consumewe in the postcolonial world shall only be perpetual consumers of modernity. rs of modernity. Europe and Americas, the only true subjects Europe and Americas, the only true subjects of history, have thought out on our behalf not only the script of history, have thought out on our behalf not only the script of colonial enlightenment and exploitation, but also that of aof colonial enlightenment and exploitation, but also that of anti-colonial resistance and postcolonial misery. Even our imanti-colonial resistance and postcolonial misery. Even our imagination must remain forever colonizedgination must remain forever colonized.” (1996, 216).” (1996, 216)

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• T.K. Oommen’sT.K. Oommen’s historical-contextual understanding historical-contextual understanding of the notion of nationof the notion of nation

Having reviewed the literature on the conceptualization of the Having reviewed the literature on the conceptualization of the term nation, T.K. Oomemen, an Indian sociologist, proposes tterm nation, T.K. Oomemen, an Indian sociologist, proposes the following point to help us to chat our way out from “this cohe following point to help us to chat our way out from “this continuing malady.” (Oommen, 1997, p. 202) ntinuing malady.” (Oommen, 1997, p. 202) – ““The first firm requirement is toThe first firm requirement is to de-ideologize de-ideologize the task of state-buthe task of state-bu

ilding and to stop calling it nation-building.” (p. 202) If we concepilding and to stop calling it nation-building.” (p. 202) If we conceptualize institutions of the state as constructs produced by the potualize institutions of the state as constructs produced by the power-steering system of the state, and the institutions of the natiower-steering system of the state, and the institutions of the nation as part of the lifeworld growing spontaneously from of practical n as part of the lifeworld growing spontaneously from of practical communications of indigenous natives in their ‘homeland’, the cocommunications of indigenous natives in their ‘homeland’, the conceptualization of the nation will have to be separated analyticallnceptualization of the nation will have to be separated analytically from that of the state.y from that of the state.

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• T.K. Oommen’s historical-contextual understanding of T.K. Oommen’s historical-contextual understanding of the notion of nationthe notion of nation

• ……....– ““The second requirement is to recognize that nation is a tangible entiThe second requirement is to recognize that nation is a tangible enti

ty definable in terms of concrete objective characteristics such as a ty definable in terms of concrete objective characteristics such as a ccommon homeland and a languageommon homeland and a language.” (p. 202) .” (p. 202)

– ““All those belong to a common homeland – ancestral or adopted – shAll those belong to a common homeland – ancestral or adopted – should be recognized as constituting a common nation irrespective of tould be recognized as constituting a common nation irrespective of their racial, religious or linguistic background, which is to say that the heir racial, religious or linguistic background, which is to say that the very idea of very idea of homogeneous nation-state ought to be abandonedhomogeneous nation-state ought to be abandoned, both , both of the empirical untenability and its ideological unstanability.” (Pp. 20of the empirical untenability and its ideological unstanability.” (Pp. 202-203)2-203)

– The The important of communicationimportant of communication for developing a participative polity for developing a participative polity should be squarely endorsed as a prerequisite. In spite of this, multi-should be squarely endorsed as a prerequisite. In spite of this, multi-national polities should have several national language even if they linational polities should have several national language even if they limit the number of official languages to a workable minimum.” (P. 203)mit the number of official languages to a workable minimum.” (P. 203)

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• Liah Greenfeld’sLiah Greenfeld’s typology of nationalism typology of nationalism– ““The location of sovereignty within the people and tThe location of sovereignty within the people and t

he recognition of the fundamental equality among ithe recognition of the fundamental equality among its various strata, which constitute the essence of the s various strata, which constitute the essence of the modern national idea, are at the same time the basic modern national idea, are at the same time the basic tenets of democracy. Democracy was born with the tenets of democracy. Democracy was born with the sense of nationality. The two are inherently linked, asense of nationality. The two are inherently linked, and neither can be fully understood apart from this cond neither can be fully understood apart from this connection. nnection. Nationalism was the form in which democrNationalism was the form in which democracy appeared in the world, contained in the idea of nacy appeared in the world, contained in the idea of nation as a butterfly in a cocoonation as a butterfly in a cocoon.” (1992, p.11).” (1992, p.11)

– Typology of nationalismTypology of nationalism

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• Liah Greenfeld’s typology of nationalismLiah Greenfeld’s typology of nationalism– ……..

– Typology of nationalismTypology of nationalism

Civic Ethnic

Individualistic-libertarian Type I Void

Collectivistic-authoritarian Type II Type III

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• Jürgen Habermas’s definition of the nation as a “cJürgen Habermas’s definition of the nation as a “community of citizens” ommunity of citizens” – ““The meaning of the term ‘nation’ …changed from dThe meaning of the term ‘nation’ …changed from d

esignating a pre-political entity to something that waesignating a pre-political entity to something that was supposed to play a constitutive role in defining the s supposed to play a constitutive role in defining the political identity of the citizens within a democratic ppolitical identity of the citizens within a democratic polity. … The nation of citizens does not derive its ideolity. … The nation of citizens does not derive its identity from common ethnic and cultural properties buntity from common ethnic and cultural properties but rather from the praxis of citizens who actively exert rather from the praxis of citizens who actively exercise their civil rights.” (1996, 22-23)cise their civil rights.” (1996, 22-23)

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• Jürgen Habermas’s definition of the nation as a “commJürgen Habermas’s definition of the nation as a “community of citizens” unity of citizens” – Distinction of hereditary and acquired nationalityDistinction of hereditary and acquired nationality

• Component of Component of hereditary nationalityhereditary nationality– Territorial and ethnic nationalityTerritorial and ethnic nationality

» Geographic characteristic and landscape Geographic characteristic and landscape » Ethnic homogeneity and heterogeneityEthnic homogeneity and heterogeneity

– Historical and cultural nationalityHistorical and cultural nationality» Linguistic and symbolic systemLinguistic and symbolic system» Historical experience and system of memoryHistorical experience and system of memory

• Component of Component of acquired nationalityacquired nationality– Common and equal participation in economic activitiesCommon and equal participation in economic activities– Citizenship and equal participation and political affairsCitizenship and equal participation and political affairs– Common and equal participation in social and cultural activitiCommon and equal participation in social and cultural activiti

eses

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The Historical Trajectories of Nation BuildingThe Historical Trajectories of Nation Building

• The The first generationfirst generation of nation building in Western Eu of nation building in Western Europe and Americanrope and American– Nation-building through revolution and constitution of Nation-building through revolution and constitution of

the republicsthe republics• The case of the Republic of FranceThe case of the Republic of France

– The French The French Declaration of Rights of Man and CitizenDeclaration of Rights of Man and Citizen procla proclaims that “the source of all sovereignty resides essentially iims that “the source of all sovereignty resides essentially in n the nationthe nation; no group, no individual may exercise authorit; no group, no individual may exercise authority not emanating expressly therefore.” (quoted in Oomen, 1y not emanating expressly therefore.” (quoted in Oomen, 1997, p. 140) 997, p. 140)

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• The first generation of nation building in Western EuThe first generation of nation building in Western Europe and Americanrope and American– Nation-building through revolution and constitution of Nation-building through revolution and constitution of

the republicsthe republics• The case of the Republic of France…The case of the Republic of France…

– A republic state over a numbers of distinct nationsA republic state over a numbers of distinct nations

"It is clear that when the term nation is used the declaratio"It is clear that when the term nation is used the declaration is referring to the French state, because the French nation is referring to the French state, because the French nation actually contained several nations or their parts n actually contained several nations or their parts — Alsati— Alsations, Basques, Bretons, Catalans, Corsicans, Flemings and ons, Basques, Bretons, Catalans, Corsicans, Flemings and Occitanians. In fact, in 1789 half the population in France sOccitanians. In fact, in 1789 half the population in France spoke no French at all, and even by 1863 about 20 per cent poke no French at all, and even by 1863 about 20 per cent of the population did not speak what was considered to be of the population did not speak what was considered to be French in official circles. (Hobsbawm, 1990, 60)" (Oommen,French in official circles. (Hobsbawm, 1990, 60)" (Oommen, 1997, p.140) 1997, p.140)

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• The first generation of nation building in Western The first generation of nation building in Western Europe and AmericanEurope and American– Nation-building through revolution and constitutioNation-building through revolution and constitutio

n of the republicsn of the republics• The case of the Republic of the United StateThe case of the Republic of the United State

– The Constitution of the United StatesThe Constitution of the United States writes, “We the p writes, “We the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfeople of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility,ect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general provide for the common defence, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessing of liberty to ourselves welfare, and secure the blessing of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this constituand our posterity, do ordain and establish this constitution for the United State of America.” tion for the United State of America.”

– A republic state of "strong" European migrants overA republic state of "strong" European migrants over "weak" nations of natives American "weak" nations of natives American

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• The first generation of nation building in Western The first generation of nation building in Western Europe and AmericanEurope and American– Nation-building through the sentiment of imperial Nation-building through the sentiment of imperial

power and prestige of the Empire in Britainpower and prestige of the Empire in Britain

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St George's Cross16th c. (England)

St Andrew's Cross16th c. (Scotland)

St Patrick's Cross17th c. (Ireland)

Union Flag (Jack)(United Kingdom)

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• The first generation of nation building in Western The first generation of nation building in Western Europe and AmericanEurope and American– Nation-building through the sentiment of imperial Nation-building through the sentiment of imperial

power and prestige of the Empire in Britainpower and prestige of the Empire in Britain

– Independent revolutions and constitution of Independent revolutions and constitution of republics among Creole in South American in the republics among Creole in South American in the 18th century18th century

• Republic states of European migrants and Creole Republic states of European migrants and Creole over weak nations of native Americansover weak nations of native Americans

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• The The second generationsecond generation of nation building in of nation building in Eastern EuropeEastern Europe– Scattered national fragments in Eastern Europe Scattered national fragments in Eastern Europe

(Balkan Peninsula) as the results of wars between (Balkan Peninsula) as the results of wars between the east and the west, and Christianity and Muslimthe east and the west, and Christianity and Muslim

– Nation-building project under the ruling of Nation-building project under the ruling of authoritarian socialist party-state in Yugoslavia authoritarian socialist party-state in Yugoslavia from 1945 to 1989.from 1945 to 1989.

– Dissolution and reunification of nations after the Dissolution and reunification of nations after the collapses of East-European socialist states in 1989collapses of East-European socialist states in 1989

– Genocide among nations of former Yugoslavia Genocide among nations of former Yugoslavia socialist statessocialist states

– Balkanization

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• The The third generationthird generation of nation building in Asia an of nation building in Asia and Africa d Africa – Independent movements in European colonies afteIndependent movements in European colonies afte

r WWIIr WWII

– Nation building took the form of ‘state-based territoNation building took the form of ‘state-based territorialism’ (Smith, 1983)rialism’ (Smith, 1983)

– Separatism and Unificationism in independent statSeparatism and Unificationism in independent states of former colonieses of former colonies

• The case of British India EmpireThe case of British India Empire

• The case of South AfricaThe case of South Africa

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The Project of Nation Building in China The Project of Nation Building in China

• From empire-based territorialism to hereditary From empire-based territorialism to hereditary nationalismnationalism– Imperialist invasion to the Ching Empire: The birth of Imperialist invasion to the Ching Empire: The birth of

national awareness in the 19th centurynational awareness in the 19th century– The nationalist revolution and the separatism of the The nationalist revolution and the separatism of the

warlords warlords • From hereditary nationalism to acquired nationalismFrom hereditary nationalism to acquired nationalism

– The Japanese invasion and the united front of the The Japanese invasion and the united front of the Nationalist and Communist parties Nationalist and Communist parties

– The establishment of the People Republic of China in 1949The establishment of the People Republic of China in 1949– The economic liberalization of PRC in 1978The economic liberalization of PRC in 1978– The Students movement in 1989The Students movement in 1989– Olympic game and ethnic disturbance in Tibet in 2008Olympic game and ethnic disturbance in Tibet in 2008– Ethnic disturbance in Xinjiang in July 2009Ethnic disturbance in Xinjiang in July 2009

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Education Policy and National Identity Education Policy and National Identity FormationFormation

• National identity as public narrative identity: The National identity as public narrative identity: The politics of culture in national history curricula politics of culture in national history curricula – Cases of intra-national politics of national-history Cases of intra-national politics of national-history

curriculumcurriculum– Cases of inter-national politics of national-history curriculaCases of inter-national politics of national-history curricula

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• National identity as labor of representation and National identity as labor of representation and product of symbolic struggleproduct of symbolic struggle– National flagNational flag– National mapNational map– National figuresNational figures– Nationally significant/historic eventsNationally significant/historic events – National Monuments

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• Reproduction in national-identity education: ApplyiReproduction in national-identity education: Applying Bourdieu’s theory of reproduction in education, ng Bourdieu’s theory of reproduction in education, the national-identity education may be construed asthe national-identity education may be construed as– Curricula of national-identity education can be understood Curricula of national-identity education can be understood

as cultural arbitraries. And pedagogic actions of national ias cultural arbitraries. And pedagogic actions of national identity can be discerned as “imposition of national culturadentity can be discerned as “imposition of national cultural arbitrary through symbolic violence. For examples l arbitrary through symbolic violence. For examples

• Debate on National Curriculum in Education Reform Act 1988 Debate on National Curriculum in Education Reform Act 1988 in England;in England;

• Debate over the Sino-Japan War in the history curricula in PRDebate over the Sino-Japan War in the history curricula in PRC and Japan; C and Japan;

• Desinification in the curriculum reform in the government of tDesinification in the curriculum reform in the government of the Democratic Progressive Party in Taiwan, etc.he Democratic Progressive Party in Taiwan, etc.

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• Reproduction in national-identity education: Reproduction in national-identity education: – Educators of national curriculum, including scholars, curriEducators of national curriculum, including scholars, curri

culum designers, public examination evaluators, teachers, culum designers, public examination evaluators, teachers, etc. have to legitimatized them as “pedagogic authorities” etc. have to legitimatized them as “pedagogic authorities” in carrying out the respective pedagogic action. in carrying out the respective pedagogic action.

– The pedagogic work of national identity by definition is actThe pedagogic work of national identity by definition is acts of inculcation of “national habitus” a nation-state expects of inculcation of “national habitus” a nation-state expected of its citizens. ed of its citizens.

– National-identity education as an institution can be analyzNational-identity education as an institution can be analyzed at three levelsed at three levels

• Reproduction of the institutional elements of national identity Reproduction of the institutional elements of national identity education,education,

• Reproduction of the national culture,Reproduction of the national culture,

• Reproduction of the legitimation bases of the ruling class and Reproduction of the legitimation bases of the ruling class and its regimeits regime

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The Project of Nation Building in China The Project of Nation Building in China

• From empire-based territorialism to hereditary From empire-based territorialism to hereditary nationalismnationalism– Imperialist invasion to the Ching Empire: The birth of Imperialist invasion to the Ching Empire: The birth of

national awareness national awareness – The nationalist revolution and the separatism of the The nationalist revolution and the separatism of the

warlords warlords • From hereditary nationalism to acquired nationalismFrom hereditary nationalism to acquired nationalism

– The Japanese invasion and the united front of the The Japanese invasion and the united front of the Nationalist and Communist parties Nationalist and Communist parties

– The establishment of the People Republic of China in 1949The establishment of the People Republic of China in 1949– The economic liberalization of PRC in 1978The economic liberalization of PRC in 1978– The Students movement in 1989The Students movement in 1989– Olympic game and ethnic disturbance in Tibet in 2008Olympic game and ethnic disturbance in Tibet in 2008– Ethnic disturbance in Xinjiang in July 2009Ethnic disturbance in Xinjiang in July 2009

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Lecture 8Lecture 8

Education Policy and Social Integration:Education Policy and Social Integration: Project of Nation BuildingProject of Nation Building

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1 EDM 6210 Education Policy and Scoiety Lecture 8 Education Policy and Social Integration: Project of Nation Building Wing-kwong Tsang