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"Ecological and Evolutionary Physiology" (BIOL 174) Winter 2016

These introductory slides are posted on iLearn (Blackboard), as is a course syllabus with grading information.

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"Ecological and Evolutionary Physiology" (BIOL 174) Winter 2016

Professor: Dr. Theodore Garland, Jr.Department of Biology

Office: 2366 Spieth HallPhone 827-3524 - better for

long questionstgarland@ucr.edu

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Today you will be taking a pre-course survey.You will get full credit for answering a question, regardless of your answer.This pre-survey is worth about 9% of your total grade (see online syllabus).

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Why: We are interested in seeing how well this course meets our goal of introducing concepts of ecological and evolutionary physiology to you.How: Everyone will complete surveys at the beginning of the course and end of the course.We may also look at some of the questions on the exams.

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You will have 1 minute for each question.Record your answers on your scantron with a #2 pencil.Make sure to write your name, SID number, and mark version A.

ANY QUESTIONS?

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1. The dipper bird has been discussed as an example of morphology evolving faster than behavior.A. TrueB. False

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2. A p-value of less than 0.05 is generally agreed to indicate "statistically significant" results..A. TrueB. False

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3. The "ultimate cause" can offer an explanation of the neurobiological mechanism of how an organism executes a behavior.A. TrueB. False

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4. Physiological ecologists, such as George Bartholomew, believe that organisms are often perfectly adapted to their environments.A. TrueB. False

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5. "Regression" lines can use ordinary least-squares, reduced major axes, or major axis types.A. TrueB. False

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6. Above the thermal neutral zone, endotherms typically reduce their metabolic rate to help lower body temperature.A. TrueB. False

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7. Which of the following is not an example of evolutionary “trade-offs”A. Colorful petals on flowers attract honeybees and butterfliesB. Peacocks with longer tails are more attractive to females, but are easier preyC. Birds with longer wings have less maneuverability, but reduced energy costs of flying

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8. In principle, we could use physiological information to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships of organisms, just like we use morphological information or DNA sequences. In practice, this has rarely been done because physiology:

A. is not heritableB. cannot be measured on museum specimensC. is not influenced by environment

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9. Potential “costs” of thermoregulation include:A. Time and energy spent when the animal thermoregulatesB. Reduction in performance at low body temperaturesC. Decreased exposure to predators

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10. “The study of how (and why) traits (or phenotypes) of organisms change in relation to changes in body size (mass),” is the definition of which of the following:A. EpigeneticsB. AllometryC. Evolutionary Physiology

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11. Which of the following is an example of a regional heterotherm?A. Legs of a seagull standing on iceB. Reindeer faceC. Reindeer legsD. Two of the aboveE. All of the above

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12. What happens to an organism running at its maximal aerobic speed?A. They are consuming as much oxygen as they canB. They are exercising as much as possibleC. Neither of the aboveD. All of the above

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13. Heritability is higher for morphological traits and lower for life history traits.A. TrueB. False

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14. Studying the relationship between lizard hind limb length and their home range size in the wild measures the relationship between morphology and performance.A. TrueB. False

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15. Among species of rodents, maximal and basal metabolic rates are negatively correlated after controlling statistically for correlations with body mass.A. TrueB. False

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16. Natural selection and/or sexual selection often act most directly on behavior, which is constrained by performance abilities.A. TrueB. False

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17. One objection to the study of individual variation is that there could be extreme data points due to procedural error as opposed to actual biological differences.A. TrueB. False

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18. The predicted Ecological Cost of Transport (% of Daily Energy Expenditure) is higher in mammals than in lizards.A. TrueB. False

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19. A genetic correlation can be estimated by examining the relation between one trait as expressed in a set of offspring and another trait in their parents. A. TrueB. False

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20. Quantitative genetics shows how the total phenotypic variance for a given trait in a given population can be partitioned into several components, including:A. Additive genetic varianceB. Dominance genetic varianceC. Epistatic varianceD. Environmental varianceE. More than two of the above

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21. A key innovation:A. Allows for a new way of lifeB. May be important for adaptive radiationC. An example of which is endothermyD. All of the aboveE. None of the above

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22. Ecomorphological hypotheses imply that:A. Animals usually adapt to microhabitats in very different and unrelatable waysB. The natural selection of morphological traits can be established without relating them to performance C. Differences in morphology translate into differences in performance capacityD. All of the aboveE. None of the above

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23. An Australian researcher conducted an experiment involving the size of the pouch in kangaroos. The study was conducted in nature. Animals were captured and measured, and, each year, only the females with large pouches were allowed to reproduce. After 10 years of this procedure, to her surprise, no change in phenotype was observed as compared with the condition when the experiment started. Possible explanation(s) for this could be:A. Opposing selection that favors small pouch sizeB. Lack of heritability of pouch sizeC. Unexpectedly high levels of migration from outside the study areaD. All of the aboveE. None of the above

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24. Behavior is sometimes called the “evolutionary pacemaker” because:A. Behaviors are usually the first phenotypes to show evolutionary change in response to selectionB. Behaviors change at the same time as other phenotypes, but the others aren’t as obviousC. Behavior is fairly rigid and so is easy to make measurements when studying evolutionary changeD. All of the aboveE. None of the above

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25. In the following equation r = h2*S, what does S stand for?A. Selection coefficientB. Directional selection differentialC. Narrow-sense heritabilityD. Broad-sense heritabilityE. Additive-genetic variance

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26. As an indicator of repeatability, which value of a Pearson product-moment correlation would best indicate low repeatability?A. 0.9B. 0.7C. 0.5D. 0.3E. 0.1

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27. Selection experiments are the most direct and convincing test of whether a trait shows any additive genetic variance (narrow-sense heritability) in the population.A. TrueB. False

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28. The Krogh principle approach asks what questions can be studied from an organism, instead of what organism is best suited to study a specific question. A. TrueB. False

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29. Stabilizing or disruptive selection can be detected by including the quadratic terms for traits in a multiple regression of Darwinian fitness (or components thereof) on measured phenotypic traits.A. TrueB. False

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30. Planned field-introduction experiments show that evolution in introduced populations can be rapid.A. TrueB. False

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31. Acclimation and acclimatization are both types of phenotypic plasticity, but they differ in that acclimation refers specifically to wild animals responding to field conditions and not in the lab.A. TrueB. False

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32. For most traits, sexual selection acts in the same direction as natural selection most of the time. A. TrueB. False

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33. For human beings, you might generally expect the heritability of morphological traits, such as body height, to be higher than for behavioral traits, such as preferences for particular foods.A. TrueB. False

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34. Phenotypic plasticity can be an adaptive strategy to cope with variable environments, and is a common phenomenon for many traits in almost all organisms.A. TrueB. False

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35. Limits in selection experiments may be related to:A. Exhaustion of additive genetic varianceB. Counterpoising natural selectionC. “Maxing out" of physiological abilitiesD. None of the aboveE. All of the above

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36. Complex traits are:A. Generally at relatively high levels of biological organization.B. Comprised of many subordinate traits.C. Affected by many genes and environmental factors.D. Often capable of exhibiting emergent properties. E. More than two of the above

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37. The strength of selection should decrease in the following order (choose the best answer).A. Tissues > Performance > DNAB. Proteins > DNA > Organs SystemsC. Organismal performance > Behavior > FitnessD. Behavior > Organismal Performance > ProteinsE. DNA > Proteins > Organelles

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38. Which of the following is NOT a reason that organisms are generally suboptimal?A. Behavior evolves too rapidlyB. Genetic drift occurs in all populationsC. Sexual selection enhances natural selectionD. Biological materials have limitationsE. Environments change too rapidly

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39. What is the minimum number of species needed to perform a phylogenetic comparison?A. 1B. 2C. 3D. 4E. 5

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40. Which of the following is a typical consequence of ignoring species relatedness when analyzing comparative data (e.g., data for one or more traits for a series of species)?A. The power to detect relationships will be affectedB. Type I error rates will increaseC. Estimates of slopes, correlations, etc. may be inaccurate D. Two of the aboveE. All of the above