11

Earth, Moon & SunEarth, Moon & Sun

AstronomyAstronomy

22

Movement of the EarthMovement of the Earth Rotation is the earth Rotation is the earth

spinning on its axis.spinning on its axis.• Earth’s rotation causes Earth’s rotation causes

day and night (approx. day and night (approx. 24 hours).24 hours).

Revolution is the Revolution is the movement of one movement of one object around another object around another object.object.• This is the movement of This is the movement of

the earth around the the earth around the sun.sun.

• Earth’s revolution Earth’s revolution determines the length determines the length of a year(365.25 days).of a year(365.25 days).

33

Seasons on EarthSeasons on Earth Earth has seasons because Earth has seasons because

its axis is tilted as it moves its axis is tilted as it moves around the sun.around the sun.

Vernal equinox has equal Vernal equinox has equal day and night (March).day and night (March).

Summer solstice has the Summer solstice has the longest day and shortest longest day and shortest night (June).night (June).

Autumnal equinox has Autumnal equinox has equal day and night equal day and night (September).(September).

Winter Solstice has the Winter Solstice has the shortest day and longest shortest day and longest night (December).night (December).

44

Seasons continuedSeasons continued

During equinoxes, the During equinoxes, the sun is directly over the sun is directly over the equator.equator.

During the summer During the summer solstice, the sun is solstice, the sun is directly over the directly over the Tropic of Cancer.Tropic of Cancer.

During the winter During the winter solstice, the sun is solstice, the sun is directly over the directly over the Tropic of Capricorn.Tropic of Capricorn.

55

What causes Earth to experience What causes Earth to experience different seasons?different seasons?

It ro

tate

s on it

s ax

is w

...

It re

volv

es o

n its

axi

s...

It is

tilte

d while

it ro

tat..

It is

tilte

d while

it re

v...

0% 0%0%0%

1.1. It rotates on its axis while It rotates on its axis while it revolves around the it revolves around the sun.sun.

2.2. It revolves on its axis It revolves on its axis while it rotates around while it rotates around the sun.the sun.

3.3. It is tilted while it rotates It is tilted while it rotates around the sun.around the sun.

4.4. It is tilted while it It is tilted while it revolves around the sun.revolves around the sun.

11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 99 1010 1111 1212 1313 1414 1515 1616 1717 1818 1919 2020

2121 2222 2323 2424

66

During which season is the axis of During which season is the axis of the Earth pointed towards the sun?the Earth pointed towards the sun?

Autu

mn

Sprin

g

Sum

mer

Win

ter

0% 0%0%0%

1.1. AutumnAutumn

2.2. SpringSpring

3.3. SummerSummer

4.4. WinterWinter

11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 99 1010 1111 1212 1313 1414 1515 1616 1717 1818 1919 2020

2121 2222 2323 2424

77

How does the length of day compare to the How does the length of day compare to the length of night during the Vernal Equinox?length of night during the Vernal Equinox?

Day

is lo

nger th

an n

ight.

Nig

ht is

long

er th

an d

ay.

The

day a

nd nig

ht ar..

.

The

day a

nd nig

ht ar..

.

0% 0%0%0%

1.1. Day is longer than Day is longer than night.night.

2.2. Night is longer Night is longer than day.than day.

3.3. The day and night The day and night are equal in are equal in length.length.

4.4. The day and night The day and night are not equal in are not equal in length.length.

11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 99 1010 1111 1212 1313 1414 1515 1616 1717 1818 1919 2020

2121 2222 2323 2424

88

Phases of the MoonPhases of the Moon The phase of the moon The phase of the moon

occur because of the occur because of the movement of the moon movement of the moon around the earth and the around the earth and the earth around the sun.earth around the sun.

Cycle of phases is about a Cycle of phases is about a month in length.month in length.

Phases of the moon Phases of the moon include new moon, waxing include new moon, waxing crescent, first quarter, crescent, first quarter, waxing gibbous, full moon, waxing gibbous, full moon, waning gibbous, last waning gibbous, last quarter, and waning quarter, and waning crescent.crescent.

99

Earth’s MoonEarth’s Moon Temperature range is Temperature range is

-176 -176 ooC to 100 C to 100 ooC.C. 3,476 km in diameter.3,476 km in diameter. 1609, Galileo Galilei 1609, Galileo Galilei

first used a telescope first used a telescope to view the moon.to view the moon.

Features on the moon Features on the moon include craters, include craters, highlands & maria.highlands & maria.• Craters round pits on Craters round pits on

the moon’s surface.the moon’s surface.• Maria are dark, flat Maria are dark, flat

areas on the moon.areas on the moon.

1010

Other Facts About Our MoonOther Facts About Our Moon The period of rotation is The period of rotation is

27.3 Earth days.27.3 Earth days. The period of revolution is The period of revolution is

27.3 Earth days.27.3 Earth days. Because the length of Because the length of

rotation and revolution are rotation and revolution are the same, we only ever the same, we only ever see one side of the moon.see one side of the moon.

The moon only has 1/6 the The moon only has 1/6 the gravity of Earth.gravity of Earth.

The moon has no The moon has no atmosphere.atmosphere.

1111

Exploration of the MoonExploration of the Moon Use Newton’s 3Use Newton’s 3rdrd Law of Law of

Motion for space travel: Motion for space travel: for every action force, for every action force, there is an equal and there is an equal and opposite reaction force.opposite reaction force.

Chinese invented rockets Chinese invented rockets in 1000 AD.in 1000 AD.

1957 the Soviet Union put 1957 the Soviet Union put Sputnik in to space.Sputnik in to space.

Yuri Gagarin was the first Yuri Gagarin was the first man in space.man in space.

Alan Sheppard was the Alan Sheppard was the first American in Space.first American in Space.

John Glen was the first John Glen was the first American to orbit Earth.American to orbit Earth.

1212

Man on the MoonMan on the Moon Mercury mission was Mercury mission was

designed to get man in designed to get man in space(1 person spaceship).space(1 person spaceship).

Gemini mission was Gemini mission was designed to send 2 men at designed to send 2 men at a time to the moon and a time to the moon and back.back.

Apollo mission was Apollo mission was designed to land man on designed to land man on the moon. Two men went the moon. Two men went to the surface, one man to the surface, one man orbited the moon.orbited the moon.• Six missions were Six missions were

successful landing on successful landing on the moon from 1969-the moon from 1969-72.72.

1313

Which phase occurs when the Which phase occurs when the moon is in between the Earth and moon is in between the Earth and

the sun?the sun?

Full

moo

n

New

moon

1st

Quar

ter m

oon

3rd

qua

rter m

oon

0 000

A.A. Full moonFull moon

B.B. New moon New moon

C.C. 11stst Quarter moon Quarter moon

D.D. 33rdrd quarter moon quarter moon

11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 99 1010 1111 1212 1313 1414 1515 1616 1717 1818 1919 2020

2121 2222 2323 2424

1414

Solar EclipsesSolar Eclipses Occurs during a new moon Occurs during a new moon

when the moon is between when the moon is between the sun and earth.the sun and earth.

The shadow is the umbra, The shadow is the umbra, the partial shadow is the the partial shadow is the penumbra.penumbra.

Doesn’t happen every Doesn’t happen every month because the moon’s month because the moon’s orbit around the earth is orbit around the earth is tilted and this prevents the tilted and this prevents the sun, earth and moon from sun, earth and moon from being in a straight line.being in a straight line.

Do not look at a solar Do not look at a solar eclipse without protective eclipse without protective eye gear.eye gear.

1515

1616

Lunar EclipseLunar Eclipse Occurs during a full moon Occurs during a full moon

phase when the earth is phase when the earth is between the sun and the between the sun and the moon.moon.

More common than the More common than the solar eclipse.solar eclipse.

Can be view without Can be view without protective eye gear.protective eye gear.

1717

When studying a solar eclipse, which is When studying a solar eclipse, which is the proper method for viewing the sun?the proper method for viewing the sun?

Wea

r sung

lass

es

Use

a re

fract

ing te

l...

Use

a p

inhole

cam

era

Use

a m

agnify

ing g

lass

0 000

A.A. Wear sunglassesWear sunglasses

B.B. Use a refracting Use a refracting telescopetelescope

C.C. Use a pinhole Use a pinhole cameracamera

D.D. Use a magnifying Use a magnifying glassglass

11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 99 1010 1111 1212 1313 1414 1515 1616 1717 1818 1919 2020

2121 2222 2323 2424

1818

TidesTides Tides are caused by the Tides are caused by the

gravitational attraction gravitational attraction between the moon and between the moon and earth.earth.

High tides are 12.5 hours High tides are 12.5 hours apart.apart.

Spring tide is the highest Spring tide is the highest high tide and occur at full high tide and occur at full and new moon phases.and new moon phases.

Neap tide is the lowest Neap tide is the lowest high tide and occur at first high tide and occur at first and last quarter moon and last quarter moon phases.phases.

1919

Space StationsSpace Stations

1971-Salyut1971-Salyut 1973-Skylab1973-Skylab 1986-Mir1986-Mir 1998-International 1998-International

Space StationSpace Station

2020

Space ShuttleSpace Shuttle First space shuttle First space shuttle

launched in 1980.launched in 1980. Space shuttle design to Space shuttle design to

take astronauts in to the take astronauts in to the upper Earth’s atmosphere upper Earth’s atmosphere to orbit.to orbit.

Challenger disaster killed Challenger disaster killed seven astronauts in 1986.seven astronauts in 1986.

Columbia disaster killed Columbia disaster killed seven astronauts in 2003.seven astronauts in 2003.

Current Fleet includes Current Fleet includes Discover, Atlantis and Discover, Atlantis and

Endeavour.Endeavour.

2121

Refracting TelescopeRefracting Telescope

Telescope is made Telescope is made from two convex from two convex lenses.lenses.

First used by First used by Galileo.Galileo.

Limited in size.Limited in size.

2222

Reflecting TelescopeReflecting Telescope

Telescope made Telescope made from a concave from a concave mirror and a mirror and a convex lens.convex lens.

First used by Isaac First used by Isaac Newton.Newton.

Can make a larger Can make a larger telescope than a telescope than a refracting refracting telescope.telescope.

2323

Radio TelescopeRadio Telescope

Has a large dish Has a large dish that collect radio that collect radio waves. waves.

Computers Computers interprets the radio interprets the radio waves.waves.

Has detected Has detected pulsars, quasars & pulsars, quasars & black holes.black holes.

2424

What keeps planets revolving What keeps planets revolving around the sun?around the sun?

The

sun’s

gra

vita

tio...

The

Planet

’s m

ass.

The

planet

’s m

agnet

ic...

The

Sun’s

iner

tia.

17

010

A.A. The sun’s The sun’s gravitational pull.gravitational pull.

B.B. The Planet’s The Planet’s mass.mass.

C.C. The planet’s The planet’s magnetic field.magnetic field.

D.D. The Sun’s inertia.The Sun’s inertia.

11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 99 1010 1111 1212 1313 1414 1515 1616 1717 1818 1919 2020

2121 2222 2323 2424

2525

One of the greatest advancements in astronomy One of the greatest advancements in astronomy was the telescope. Which is the correct order was the telescope. Which is the correct order ofadvancements?ofadvancements?

0 1

16

1

A.A. Radio- refracting-Radio- refracting-reflectingreflecting

B.B. Reflecting – Reflecting – refracting –radiorefracting –radio

C.C. Refracting-Refracting-reflecting-radioreflecting-radio

D.D. Radio- reflecting-Radio- reflecting-refractingrefracting

11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 99 1010 1111 1212 1313 1414 1515 1616 1717 1818 1919 2020

2121 2222 2323 2424

2626

2727

2828

An icy object that has an elongated An icy object that has an elongated orbit around the sun is referred to orbit around the sun is referred to

as a(n)….as a(n)….

Ast

eroid

Com

et

Met

eor

Met

eorit

e

0 000

A.A. AsteroidAsteroid

B.B. CometComet

C.C. MeteorMeteor

D.D. MeteoriteMeteorite

11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 99 1010 1111 1212 1313 1414 1515 1616 1717 1818 1919 2020

2121 2222 2323 2424

2929

Why does a meteoroid or asteroid create a streak Why does a meteoroid or asteroid create a streak of light when entering the Earth’s atmosphere?of light when entering the Earth’s atmosphere?

Lig

ht fro

m th

e su

n is ..

.

Ener

gy is

rele

ased

fr..

Lig

htnin

g is p

roduce

d...

Lig

ht is

a re

sult

of fric

...

0 000

A.A. Light from the sun is Light from the sun is reflected of the surface reflected of the surface of eachof each

B.B. Energy is released from Energy is released from the objectsthe objects

C.C. Lightning is produced Lightning is produced from these objectsfrom these objects

D.D. Light is a result of friction Light is a result of friction from the gasses in the from the gasses in the atmosphereatmosphere

11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 99 1010 1111 1212 1313 1414 1515 1616 1717 1818 1919 2020

2121 2222 2323 2424

3030

Review QuestionsReview Questions What is the spinning on an axis called?What is the spinning on an axis called? (rotation)(rotation) What do we call a planet’s travel around the sun? What do we call a planet’s travel around the sun? (revolution)(revolution) What is the Egyptian’s calendar based on? What is the Egyptian’s calendar based on? (revolution)(revolution) What is the Roman’s calendar based on? What is the Roman’s calendar based on? (cycle of moon phases)(cycle of moon phases) What causes the seasons? What causes the seasons? (tilt of the earth’s axis)(tilt of the earth’s axis)

3131

Review QuestionsReview Questions What is the first day of spring called? What is the first day of spring called? (Vernal Equinox)(Vernal Equinox) What is the first day of summer called? What is the first day of summer called? (Summer Solstice)(Summer Solstice) What is the first day of autumn called? What is the first day of autumn called? (Autumnal Equinox)(Autumnal Equinox) What is the first day of winter called? What is the first day of winter called? (Winter Solstice)(Winter Solstice) During the equinox, where is the sun over? During the equinox, where is the sun over? (the equator) (the equator)

3232

Review QuestionsReview Questions During the solstice, where is the sun over? During the solstice, where is the sun over? (23.5(23.5oo N or S latitude) N or S latitude) How long does it take for the moon to rotate? How long does it take for the moon to rotate? (27.3 days)(27.3 days) How long does it take for the moon to orbit the How long does it take for the moon to orbit the

earth? earth? (27.3 days)(27.3 days) Why do we only ever see one side of the moon? Why do we only ever see one side of the moon? (length of rotation and revolution are the same)(length of rotation and revolution are the same) What causes the change in moon phases? What causes the change in moon phases? (changes in relative positions of the moon, Earth (changes in relative positions of the moon, Earth

and sun)and sun)

3333

Review QuestionsReview Questions How long does it take for a full cycle of moon phases? How long does it take for a full cycle of moon phases? (29.5 days)(29.5 days) Name the phases of the moon in order from the least Name the phases of the moon in order from the least

amount of light to the greatest amount of light. amount of light to the greatest amount of light. (New, Waxing Crescent, First Quarter, Waxing Gibbous, Full, (New, Waxing Crescent, First Quarter, Waxing Gibbous, Full,

Waning Gibbous, Third Quarter, Waning Crescent, New)Waning Gibbous, Third Quarter, Waning Crescent, New) What happens when the moon passes between the sun and What happens when the moon passes between the sun and

the Earth, casting a shadow on the Earth? the Earth, casting a shadow on the Earth? (solar eclipse)(solar eclipse) What happens when the Earth passes between the sun and What happens when the Earth passes between the sun and

the moon casting a shadow on the moon? the moon casting a shadow on the moon? (lunar eclipse)(lunar eclipse)

3434

Review QuestionsReview Questions What is the darkest part of an eclipse called? What is the darkest part of an eclipse called? (umbra)(umbra) What is the largest part of the shadow of an eclipse called? What is the largest part of the shadow of an eclipse called? (penumbra)(penumbra) How long does it take for a another high tide to occur after How long does it take for a another high tide to occur after

a high tide? a high tide? (12.5 hours)(12.5 hours) What type of tide is caused when the sun, Earth and moon What type of tide is caused when the sun, Earth and moon

are in a straight line? are in a straight line? (Spring Tide)(Spring Tide) What type of tide is caused when the sun, Earth and moon What type of tide is caused when the sun, Earth and moon

are at a right angle to each other? are at a right angle to each other? (Neap Tide)(Neap Tide)

3535

Review QuestionsReview Questions Which law of physics allows rockets to be launched into Which law of physics allows rockets to be launched into

space? space? (Newton’s Third Law of Motion)(Newton’s Third Law of Motion) What type of satellite orbits around Earth at the same rate What type of satellite orbits around Earth at the same rate

that the earth rotates? that the earth rotates? (geosynchronous)(geosynchronous) Who invented the first rocket? Who invented the first rocket? (Chinese)(Chinese) What is used today to transports astronauts and supplies to What is used today to transports astronauts and supplies to

the Space Station? the Space Station? (space shuttle)(space shuttle) How does the gravity on the moon compare to the gravity How does the gravity on the moon compare to the gravity

on earth? on earth? (1/6 gravity on moon)(1/6 gravity on moon)

3636

Review QuestionsReview Questions How does the diameter of the moon compare to How does the diameter of the moon compare to

the diameter of the earth? the diameter of the earth? (moon’s diameter is ¼ the diameter of Earth)(moon’s diameter is ¼ the diameter of Earth) How does the density of the moon compare to the How does the density of the moon compare to the

density of Earth? density of Earth? (the same)(the same) Who invented the first telescope? Who invented the first telescope? (Galileo)(Galileo) What are the dark flat areas of the moon? What are the dark flat areas of the moon? (maria)(maria) What did Galileo think the maria was? What did Galileo think the maria was? (oceans)(oceans)

3737

Review QuestionsReview Questions In what year did Apollo 11 land on the moon? In what year did Apollo 11 land on the moon? (1969)(1969) What are the lighter mountainous areas on the What are the lighter mountainous areas on the

moon called? moon called? (highlands)(highlands) What are the circular impressions on the moon What are the circular impressions on the moon

called? called? (craters)(craters) What causes the formation of the craters? What causes the formation of the craters? (meteor impacts)(meteor impacts) How long does it take the Earth to rotate? How long does it take the Earth to rotate? (24 hours)(24 hours)

3838

Review QuestionsReview Questions How long does it take the Earth to revolve around the sun? How long does it take the Earth to revolve around the sun? (365.25 days)(365.25 days) What is the path of the earth around the sun called? What is the path of the earth around the sun called? (orbit)(orbit) Why is there not a lunar eclipse during every full moon and Why is there not a lunar eclipse during every full moon and

a solar eclipse during every new moon? a solar eclipse during every new moon? (Earth, moon and sun must be in a straight line)(Earth, moon and sun must be in a straight line) How was the moon formed? How was the moon formed? (A large object struck the earth and torn a portion of the (A large object struck the earth and torn a portion of the

earth away to form the moon.)earth away to form the moon.) What causes the tides? What causes the tides? (moon’s gravity) (moon’s gravity)