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EARLY EUROPEAN MAPS IN UNC’S MAPS COLLECTION: A SELECTIVECARTOBIBLIOGRAPHY

byJoshua Boyer

A Master's paper submitted to the facultyof the School of Information and Library Scienceof the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

in partial fulfillment of the requirementsfor the degree of Master of Science in Library Science.

Chapel Hill, North Carolina

July, 1999

Approved by:

___________________________Advisor

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Table of Contents

Introduction………………………………………………………………………………..1

UNC’s Maps Collection – Issues of Access………………………………………………1

Purpose…………………………………………………………………………………….3

Scope – Why early European maps?……………………………………………………...5

Selection criteria…………………………………………………………………………..6

Audience…………………………………………………………………………………..8

Who uses historical maps – why and how?……………………………………………….9

How to conduct research on historical maps…...………………………………………..11

Website design…………………………………………………………………………...16

Format of the cartobibliography…………………………………………………………18

Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………….19

The Cartobibliography – Early European maps in UNC’s Maps Collection…………….21

End notes………………………………………………………………………………...60

Works cited………………………………………………………………………………61

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Introduction

This project is an annotated cartobibliography of 74 early European maps (dating

from 1450 to 1900) in the Maps Collection in Wilson Library at the University of North

Carolina at Chapel Hill. Accompanying the cartobibliography is a website

(http://ils.unc.edu/~boyej/historical_maps/) that allows the user to sort the maps by

category (cartographer, date, geographic coverage, etc.). The paper and website also

attempt to help users understand the uses of historical maps and how to conduct further

research about historical maps. Most importantly, the paper and the website are designed

to increase access to the historical maps by simply informing potential patrons of the

existence of historical maps in the UNC-CH Maps Collection.

UNC’s Maps Collection – Issues of access

The Maps Collection is a treasure-trove of over 250,000 maps, 3,100 atlases,

journals, gazetteers, and other reference books (Frazier, N., Greco, M., & Tear, L., 1998).

Like treasure, however, finding these maps is not a simple task.

Compare finding a map in the Maps Collection to finding a book at UNC’s main

library, Davis. First, the average student knows the location of Davis Library – it is the

largest building on campus, part of every orientation tour, and a familiar place to most

students. Second, needing a book for a class or for recreation is a basic concept most

students can understand. Third, finding a book in the main library is a task many students

can accomplish, especially if the search is a simple matter of looking up the title in the

online catalog and retrieving the book from the shelf. (This simplistic scenario is not

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always the case, as library scholars know, but for the sake of this comparison, imagine

experienced library users performing known-item searches on an online catalog.)

The route to finding a map in the Maps Collection is blocked by more barriers,

both physical and cognitive. While nearly everyone on campus knows about the main

library, few know even of the existence of special collections, much less an individual

special collection. Even if a patron has heard that UNC has a map collection, he still has

to discover its whereabouts in the basement of Wilson Library. If a patron knows the

Maps Collection exists and where it is, he still needs a reason to visit. Most scholarship

is done without maps, so the idea of a map as a potential answer to a patron’s information

need is not as obvious as the notion of finding a book.

These are small barriers to access compared with the following Great Wall: nearly

all the 250,000 maps not bound in atlases, “flat maps,” remain uncataloged (Frazier, N.,

Greco, M., & Tear, L., 1998). This means that even the patrons who know about the

collection and have the idea to use a map cannot access the collection in the familiar way

with the online catalog. The patrons have to ask the librarians to help them find the maps

they need. Patrons asking librarians for help may sound ideal, but requiring this

interaction can discourage those patrons who are shy, who cannot yet verbalize their

information need, or who just want to browse a collection on their own.

Cataloging the flat maps would be a giant step in making the collection more

accessible. But short of that monumental project (which is not in the pipeline) (C.D.

Pratt, personal communication, January 20, 1999), a cartobibliography would help

patrons use the flat maps. No one, especially this writer, can compile a bibliography of

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250,000 maps, so the cartobibliography must be limited in scope. This project, therefore,

focuses on a subset of the collection’s approximately 1,400 historical maps (defined as

pre-1900) – early European maps (dating from 1450 to 1900) (C.D. Pratt, personal

communication, June 14, 1999).

The idea of building an online cartobibliography comes from an understanding

that modern reference service in academic and special libraries requires greater emphasis

on computerized services to remote users. In addition to waiting at the reference desk for

questions, librarians must try to anticipate patrons’ information needs and provide web-

based educational opportunities to meet those needs. As Robert Skinder, a reference

librarian at the University of South Carolina, argues, “…end users will be far better

served if we help them perform all manner of research by themselves” (Skinder, R.F.,

1997, p. 144).

Purpose

The primary purpose of this cartobibliography is to increase access to the

historical maps in the Maps Collection simply by informing potential patrons that they

exist. As noted above, expecting students or even faculty to know about these resources

is unrealistic. But if patrons go to the effort to find the Maps Collections’ home page

from UNC’s “Libraries, Hours, and Locations” page, a link to the online

cartobibliography would inform them that the Maps Collection has historical maps. In

this way, the cartobibliography can serve an outreach function, advertising what is

otherwise a buried resource. If even a few students of geography or history find the

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cartobibliography and realize that they could incorporate historical maps into their

research, the project will have achieved its main goal.

Another purpose is to allow users to learn about the Map Collection’s historical

maps remotely at any time of day. This ability is a primary asset of Internet resources.

Researchers from across the state or across the country can learn more about the Maps

Collection’s holdings to make decisions about whether or not to visit. Those who cannot

visit the Maps Collection during its limited hours (8:00 – 5:00 Monday – Friday) can

learn about the historical maps at any time of day or night.

An implied purpose of increased access is increased use. Assuming this project

will increase use of the historical maps by some measure, it may some day play a role in

future discussions about improved access, perhaps even prompting discussion of

cataloging the flat maps. That outcome may be a good ways off, but it would be

consistent with this project’s aim of increasing access to the maps.

Preservation is a secondary purpose. Nearly all cartobibliographies of historical

maps point out that by describing a collection, they reduce patrons’ need to physically

sort through every fragile old map to find what they need, thus eliminating unnecessary

wear and tear. Increasing access and keeping patrons’ hands off the maps are in some

ways contradictory goals, and the former has a higher priority in this project. The project

claims only to promote preservation in the particular instance of a patron who is looking

for a particular map, finds it in the cartobibliography, and therefore does not have to sort

through all the other maps to locate it.

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This project encourages both online access to information and the old-fashioned

necessity of visiting the library. Providing online access to information about specific

resources in the Maps Collection may help potential patrons learn about both the

collection and historical maps. But ultimately, the cartobibliography cannot stand alone.

A description of a map is not enough; patrons must hold the map in their hands to

understand and appreciate it. Even the entries in the online cartobibliography with

accompanying images do not do the maps justice (see

http://.ils.unc.edu/~boyej/historical_maps/images.htm). An image half the size of a

computer screen is no substitute for a 20” x 30” map with the texture of 300-year-old

paper. With this in mind, the website encourages patrons to think of the

cartobibliography as an invitation to visit the Maps Collection to see the actual maps.

Scope – Why early European maps?

With approximately 1,400 historical flat maps in the Maps Collection, a narrower

focus was necessary for this cartobibliography. Early European maps (dating from 1450

to 1900) were chosen in order to facilitate research in the history of cartography.

Choosing to focus on other eras and areas, such as maps of Civil War-era North Carolina

maps, also would have made sense given the regional interest in such a topic. Examining

early European maps not only provides numerous maps of interest for many disciplines

of study but also gives insights into the history of mapping itself. Modern cartography is

the product of hundreds of years of mostly European history. Greek astronomer Ptolemy

began mapping the known world in the first century; Italian cartographers rediscovered

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Ptolemy’s maps in the 15th century; Portuguese and Spanish explorers mapped the coasts

of the New World; European colonial powers mapped their colonies in the Americas and

Africa; Mercator and others developed new map projections; the Dutch discovered

Australia in the early 17th century and crafted the beautiful 16th and 17th century maps

that now epitomize historical maps in popular posters and calendars.

Early European maps may also be seen not only as tools but as works of art. As

Leo Bagrow points out in his History of Cartography, before the late 18th century,

European maps were often the product of a single artist whose craftsmanship was at least

as important as his scientific methods. In later eras, science, technology, specialization

and efficiency improved the accuracy of mapping but reduced its status as art (Bagrow,

L., 1985, p. 22). A study of more ancient maps – Egyptian, Babylonian, Greek, Roman,

Arab or Chinese – would satisfy many of the same criteria, but the Maps Collection has

no significant holdings in these areas.

Selection criteria:

1) This project examines flat maps and excludes atlases. Such a distinction helps

narrow the cartobibliography to a manageable size. It is also necessary in order to avoid

comparing apples to bushels of apples. Describing one flat map in the same depth as an

entire atlas confuses two different bibliographic forms. Detailing every map in many

atlases, on the other hand, would be a Herculean task of questionable merit. Patrons

should understand that the flat maps listed herein represent only one kind of resource for

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the study of European cartography; they should ask librarians in the Maps Collection

about atlases.

2) The cartobibliography examines two types of maps: early world maps by

European cartographers (1450-1900) and early maps of Europe by European

cartographers (1450-1900). These criteria exclude early European cartography of other

parts of the world, in part to tighten the focus and also to avoid such confusing grey areas

as determining whether or not an 18th century Virginian is a European. The included

world maps show the growing evolution of cartographic knowledge about all the regions

of the world. Patrons seeking large-scale historical maps of the Americas or any other

region should understand that the Maps Collection has such resources, but they will have

to ask the librarians or otherwise search outside this cartobibliography.

Examples of maps excluded from this project based on the above criteria are the

maps in flat map drawer 1-2 Stevenson. Edward Luther Stevenson's 1906 facsimile

project, Maps Illustrating Early Discovery and Exploration in America 1502-1530,

contains 12 maps that are indeed early European cartography, but they are neither world

maps nor maps of Europe. Also, these maps are essentially an atlas in that Stevenson

collects and describes them with an accompanying text with bibliographic information

about each map. Even if the Stevenson maps fit the selection criteria, describing them

here would be redundant since Stevenson has already provided descriptions. Patrons

should understand that the 12 maps in flat map drawer 1-2 Stevenson fit the larger scope

of this project (early European historical maps) but not the selection criteria and are

therefore not included in the cartobibliography.

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Within the scope and selection criteria are the contents of three flat map drawers

in the Maps Collection. This cartobibliography describes 74 maps – all nine maps in

drawer 1-1 World to 1530, all 16 maps in drawer 1-3 World 1531-1775, and all 49 maps

in drawer 2-12 Europe.

The cartobibliography is selective; it does not include every early European map,

much less every historical map in the Maps Collection. Every effort was made to call

attention to this fact on the website (see

http://ils.unc.edu/~boyej/historical_maps/selective.htm). Patrons who understand what

the cartobibliography includes (the contents of three flat map drawers) and does not

include should be able to devise search strategies to find early European maps in the

Maps Collection (Bates, M.J., 1976). Users should understand that the cartobibliography

is meant to serve as an introduction to historical maps in the Maps Collection, where

thousands more maps than can be listed await the curious patron.

Audience

The primary intended audience for the cartobibliography is UNC students curious

about historical maps. They need not have prior knowledge about historical maps. The

cartobibliography is intended to serve as an introduction to early European maps in the

Maps Collection and as an invitation to explore further. Other audiences, such as

students and professors with more knowledge of cartography may also find the

cartobibliography useful, but it is written with the uninitiated student in mind. Entries

therefore do not exhaustively detail the bibliographic history of all the editions of a

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particular map or the provenance of the individual map in question, as do many

cartobibliographies (Wolf, E.W., 1986). Instead entries focus on the historical

significance of the map and its cartographer, the geographic areas covered by the map

and any noteworthy features. To the novice, learning all the dates of the publication of a

map or that a particular copy once belonged to Professor John Doe means little; knowing

that Contarini & Roselli’s world map of 1506 was the first printed map to show the New

World easily conveys its importance.

Who uses historical maps – why and how?

The intended audience, students unfamiliar with historical maps, requires more

than a description of maps; the website must explain how historical maps can be useful.

Even if students are interested in the subject, they may not be able to imagine how they

could incorporate historical maps into their studies. Who studies historical maps? What

disciplines do they represent? Quite simply, what do they do with the maps? A page on

the website provides a few introductory answers to these questions by sharing some

concrete examples Maps Collection librarian Celia Pratt shared with this writer (see

http://ils.unc.edu/~boyej/historical_maps/why1.htm). Pratt’s examples (plus one from

writer David Buisseret) are summarized below:

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Who uses historical maps? Why? How?To understand the history ofcartography

By looking at two maps of thesame place, 100 years apart, inorder to understand howgeographic knowledge hasincreased.

By studying howcartographers mappedunknown territories - withblank spaces or sea monstersor warnings about cannibals.

To discover settlementpatterns

By examining early maps tosee where people establishedtowns first, why they choseone place and not another, andwhat settlements came later.

Geographers & historians

To study the influence ofreligion

By noting the religiousiconography of maps.Illustrations of cathedralsrepresent cities on some maps,for example.

Political scientists,geographers & historians

To study propagandatechniques

By examining how mapsproject the political interestsof their makers (Buisseret, D.,1992).

Genealogists, literaturescholars, geographers &historians

To study place names By tracking down the locationof a town name that haschanged over the centuries inorder to discover where anancestor lived or a locationmentioned in an old text.

Cultural anthropologists To understand the history oftheir region of study

By examining historical mapsof their region of study to seeland uses of the past.

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Archaeologists To find archaeological sites UNC scientists used old mapsto locate and identifyBlackbeard’s pirate ship,Queen Anne’s Revenge (seearticle online athttp://athena.dev.unc.edu/pubrel/newsarchive/univ/u1999/ujune99/blackbeard.htm).

Artists & graphic designers To learn from the artisticstyles of historical maps

By studying map illustrations,colors, banners, cartouchesand layout.

Dramatists To find costume and propideas

By looking at map illustrationsof people dressed in the attireof different eras and places –or the drawings of ships,navigational tools and seamonsters.

(C.D. Pratt, personal communication, June 14, 1999).

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How to conduct research on historical maps

If the cartobibliography succeeds, it will whet users’ appetites for learning more

about historical maps. It should therefore offer suggestions as to how users can find

maps and other resources not listed in the cartobibliography. In that spirit, a set of web

pages offers:

• a rough guide to finding historical maps in the Maps Collection – those listed in the

cartobibliography as well as those unlisted, European and non-European.

• A list of classic books on the history of maps.

• Library of Congress subject headings with which to search for materials about

historical maps in library catalogs.

• a list of journals that cover historical maps.

• a list of indexes to periodical literature about historical maps.

The contents of those pages follows:

Historical map drawers in the Maps Collection – their titles give a rough notion of theMap Collection’s historical holdings:

1-1 World to 1530 2-1 United States 1830-18391-2 Stevenson 2-2 United States 1840-18441-3 World 1531-1775 2-3 United States 1845-18531-4 World 1776-1827 2-4 United States 1854-18591-5 World 1828-1900; Africa 2-5 United States 1860-18621-6 The Americas 2-6 United States 1863-18651-7 North America through 1749 2-7 United States 1866-18791-8 North America 1750-1900; Canadathrough 1900

2-8 United States 1880-1900

1-9 United States through 1699 2-9 U.S. Sanborn Maps 1885-1947(minor holdings– most are in the North CarolinaCollection)

1-10 United States 1700-1732 2-10 Latin America through 1769

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1-11 United States 1733-1774 2-11 Latin America 1770-19001-12 United States 1775-1783 2-12 Europe1-13 United States 1784-1810 2-13 British Isles (except Ordinance

Survey)1-14 United States 1810-1819 2-14 British Isles Ordinance Survey1-15 United States 1820-1829 2-15 Asia/Australia/Oceans

A list of classic texts on the history of maps:

Bagrow, L. (1964). History of cartography. Cambridge: Harvard UniversityPress.

Brown, L.A. (1979). Story of maps. New York: Dover Publications.

Crone, G. R. (1978). Maps and their makers: An introduction to the history ofcartography. Hamden, CT.: Archon Books.

Harley, J.B. & Woodward, D. (1987-). History of cartography. Chicago:University of Chicago Press.

Hodgkiss, A.G. (1981). Understanding maps: A systematic history of their useand development. Folkstone, England: Dawson.

Karrow, R.W. (1993). Mapmakers of the sixteenth century and their maps : bio-bibliographies of the cartographers of Abraham Ortelius, 1570. Chicago:Speculum Orbis Press.

Lister, R. (1970). Antique Maps and their cartographers. Hamden, CT.: ArchonBooks.

Lister, R. (1965). How to identity old maps and globes, with a list ofcartographers, engravers, publishers and printers concerned with printed maps andglobes from c.1500 to c.1850. London: G. Bell .

Moreland, C. & Bannister, D. (1983). Antique maps, a collector's handbook.New York: Longman.

Shirley, R.W. (1983). Mapping of the world: Early printed world maps, 1472-1700. London: Holland Press.

Tooley, R. V. (1979). Tooley’s dictionary of mapmakers. New York: A. R.Liss.

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Tooley, R. V. (1970). Maps and map-makers. London: Batsford.

Library of Congress subject headings:

Cartography MapsCartography -- Europe -- History Maps --BibliographyCartography -- History Nautical charts -- Early works to 1800Cartography -- History -- [name ofcountry]

Renaissance -- Maps

Cartography -- History – 15th century(16th century, 17th century, etc.)

World Maps

Cartography -- History -- Maps World Maps -- Early works to 1800Classical geography -- Maps World maps -- HistoryEarly maps [insert country, region or city here] --

Maps (example: Portugal -- Maps)Geography, Ancient -- Maps [insert country, region or city here] --

Maps -- Early works to 1800 (example:Italy -- Maps -- Early works to 1800)

Geography, Medieval -- Maps [insert country, region or city here] --Maps – History (example: Europe –Maps -- History)

Journals covering historical maps:

Acta CartographicaPublished in Amsterdam by Theatrum Orbis Terrarum from 1967 to 1981"A series of monographs and studies on the history of cartography, reprinted fromperiodicals since 1800.Articles are in English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, etc."Available at UNC in Davis Library

Imago MundiJournal of the International Society for The History of CartographyPublished in Berlin by Bibliographikon since 1935Available at UNC in the Maps Collection

Mercator's World: The Magazine of Maps, Exploration and DiscoveryPublished in Eugene, Oregon by Aster Pub. Corp. since 1996Previously titled The Map Collector from 1977-1996Available at UNC in the Maps Collection and Davis Library

MeridianPublished in Eugene, Oregon by the Map & Geography Round Table since 1989Available at UNC in the Maps Collection

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PortolanThe Journal of the Washington Map SocietyPublished in Silver Spring, Maryland by the Washington Map Society since 1984Unavailable at UNC

The following print, CD-ROM and online indexes include coverage of historical mapjournal literature:

America: History and Life. Santa Barbara, Calif. : ABC-CLIO.CD-ROM index available at UNC's Davis Library"An international index to articles, book reviews, dissertations, and multi-authorworks in American and Canadian history" (UNC-Chapel Hill Libraries, 1998,"Description of America: History and Life").

Bibliographia Cartographica. New York: K.G. Saur.Print bibliography available at Maps Collection"This annually published bibliography contains entries on all branches ofcartographical literature. Each volume lists approximately 2,500 monographs andarticles from some 400 periodicals, analysed by a group of collaborating expertsfrom 40 countries worldwide. Cartographical themes covered in the BibliographiaCartographica include: Bibliography, documentation, general literature, history ofcartography, biographical aspects of cartography, organizations and institutions ofcartography, theory of cartography, map production, practical cartography, spatialinformation systems, topographic cartography, thematic cartography, atlas-cartography, tactile maps, maps for the blind, film and computer screen maps,map-like representations, use of maps, [and] regional cartography" (K.G. SaurPublishing, 1999).

Geobase. Norwich [England]: Elsevier.Online database available at UNC's Davis Library.Geobase is the online equivalent of the print bibliography, Geographical abstracts:Physical geography. The database supplies "... bibliographic information andabstracts for development studies, the Earth sciences, ecology, geomechanics,human geography, and oceanography ... Geobase provides current coverage of3,000 journals and approximately 2,000 other sources including books,proceedings, reports, irregular publications, maps and theses" (Elsevier, 1999,"Geobase Online").

Geographical Abstracts: Human Geography. Norwich [England]: Elsevier/GeoAbstracts.Print monthly journal available at UNC's Davis LibraryCovers "...current literature in all disciplines relating to the geography of humanactivity. Providing circa 10,000 abstracts annually, it forms a broad international

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bibliographic reference source in the areas of planning, social and economicgeography ... and historical geography" (Elsevier, 1999, "Geographical abstracts:Human geography").

Historical Abstracts. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-Clio.CD-ROM index available at UNC's Davis Library"An international index to articles, book reviews, dissertations, and multi-authorworks inpost-1450 world history. North American history is not included; instead seeAmerica: History and Life" (UNC-Chapel Hill Libraries, 1998, "Description ofHistorical Abstracts").

Website design

The online cartobibliography was created with some particular web design

principals in mind. The most basic of these is sticking to a broad and shallow structure.

“A system with a broad shallow structure is probably better than one which is deep and

complex, simply because it is less likely for the user to get lost in” (Cox, A., 1996, p. 47).

For the purposes of the cartobibliography, users should be able to understand the

structure of the site from the home page; they should not have to navigate through 15

directories to plumb its depths. All the basic contents of the cartobibliography, therefore,

are listed in the left frame, which stays constant throughout navigation.

Consistent with a broad shallow structure are short pages. The online

cartobibliography keeps its pages short (with a few exceptions like the entire listing of

maps – see http://ils.unc.edu/~boyej/historical_maps/alphabetical_list.htm. “… Care

must be taken to organize information in an easily comprehensible format which invites,

rather than deflects, investigation” (Shotsberger, 1996, p. 49). Shotsberger recommends

short pages, short paragraphs, bulleted lists, a minimal number of links per page, and

back, forward and home buttons on all pages as ways to keep a site navigable.

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Consistency across pages also helps users keep track of where they are. The Yale

Style Manual notes:

Repetition is not boring; it gives your site a consistent graphic identity thatreinforces a distinct sense of "place," and that makes your site more memorable.A consistent approach to layout and navigation allows readers to quickly adapt toyour design, and to confidently predict the location of information and navigationcontrols across the pages of your site. (Lynch, P. & Horton, S., 1997).

With this in mind, the pages of the website have the same footer, header size and color,

and Home button on every page.

The design of one page in particular deserves explanation, “Who uses historical

http://ils.unc.edu/~boyej/historical_maps/why1.htm). This

page allows users to click through a PowerPoint-like slide show offering examples of

how historical maps can be used. (Technically there are eight HTML files, but that

should be transparent to the user.) An earlier draft of that web page conveyed the same

information via the table on page 10 of this paper. But the suggestions of D. Scott

Brandt, a technology training librarian at Purdue University, changed the design. Brandt

promotes “self-guided, self-paced” tutorials:

By self-guided I mean there is some clear way to navigate back and forth throughthe tutorial … By self-paced I mean that the tutorial is conductive to setting upsome kind of pace for proceeding through it – divided into some logical structure– rather than simply being one long linear piece of text (Brandt, 1997, p. 45).

A slide show is also more visually inviting than a table. The change made in the website

from a table to a slide show is a small but important one in web design. Ultimately, the

point is to design a site that naturally encourages users to investigate rather than stare at

one page of text.

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Format of the cartobibliography:

The format of the map entries in the cartobibliography is based on examples from

several exemplary cartobibliographies found in UNC libraries1 as well as modifications

thereof. As E. W. Wolf (1986) points out, most cartobibliographies have unique formats:

From the very beginning, there have been enormous differences in style, format,and in the depth and breadth of coverage among cartobibliographies … The largenumber of information elements involved, but even more so the close relationshipof maps to non-cartographic elements (history, events, people), make thecompiling of a cartobibliography a very personal undertaking – one that makes itdifficult to adhere to a rigid and limiting format (Wolf, E.W., 1986, p. 30).

Wolf explains that most compilers of historical maps cartobibliographies have

thus rejected the standard advocated by Cartographic Materials: A Manual of

Interpretation of for AACR2 (1982). For the purposes of this project, AACR2 rules are

too oriented toward catalogers and not toward college students, calling for abbreviations

that would mystify most students (“col.” for example, means colored). This project also

supplies more description for each map than would an AACR2 catalog. In short, the

cartobibliography is an exercise in description, not in cataloging. The task of cataloging

the Maps Collection’s historical maps awaits others.

Data fields in this project include:

§ Title§ Cartographer§ Original or reproduction§ Publication date of original map§ Publication date of reproduction§ Nationality of cartographer§ Languages of map text§ Geographic coverage§ Size

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§ Publisher§ Publisher location§ Drawer in Maps Collection§ ID number of map§ Condition notes§ Description§ Images – some entries on the website have accompanying .jpg image files to

allow users to see what is being described

Most of these fields are typical. Exceptions include one of commission and one

of omission. “Nationality of cartographer” is an unusual field; it is included here to allow

users of the website to sort the entries by nationality of cartographer, to let them assess

countries’ contributions to cartographic history (see

http://ils.unc.edu/~boyej/historical_maps/cartobibliograaphy.htm). The most obvious

field left out is scale. Scale is one of the most basic and important features of maps; to

leave it out may seem odd. But scale is a tricky concept on many early maps in several

ways. First, there is the difficulty or impossibility of calculating scale for some maps,

especially those early maps that were created with less than scientific standards. Second,

while scale is critical to map-makers – and to 15th century navigators sailing west into the

unknown – it is less so to students studying old maps as historical artifacts. Many

cartobibliographies of historical maps include scale, noting it “indeterminable” when

necessary.2 Others leave it out altogether,3 an example this project follows.

Conclusion

It is hoped that this project will increase UNC-CH students’ access to historical

maps in the Maps Collection. Currently, the historical maps are a buried resource, lying

uncataloged in drawers in the basement of Wilson Library. Today no one accidentally

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discovers the historical maps; one has to know they exist and ask to see them. The online

cartobibliography (once it is linked to the Maps Collection’s website) will allow more

casual discovery. Patrons browsing through UNC library web pages (regardless whether

or not they are consciously looking for information about historical maps) will see a link

inviting them to find out about historical maps. Other users may discover the website

when others tell them about it. Either way, such potential patrons may be enticed into

becoming real patrons, visiting the Maps Collection and holding the historical maps in

their own hands. Beyond informing patrons that the resources exist, the

cartobibliography can help them learn about particular maps and devise search strategies

for finding other maps. The project is a contribution to ongoing discussions of how to

improve access to special collections.

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The Cartobibliography – Early European Maps in UNC’s Maps Collection

Below are descriptions of 74 maps in UNC’s Maps Collection by European

cartographers from 1450 to 1900. While roughly half of the approximately 1,400

historical maps in the Maps Collection are originals, the proportion of originals to

reproductions is much smaller for the early European maps (C.D. Pratt, personal

communication, June 14, 1999).

The maps below are arranged alphabetically by cartographer’s name. Maps by

cartographers whose names this writer could not discover are listed chronologically at the

end of the list, under the heading Unknown cartographer.

Apianus, Petrus. Mapa Universal, 1530.Reproduction.Madrid: Carlos Sanz, Reprint date: 1961.16 x 11.25 inches.Map text: LatinGeographic coverage: WorldNationality of cartographer: GermanDrawer in Maps Collection: 1-1 World to 1530; Map ID #: 9

Apianus offered the world in the shape of a heart. Illustrated winds blow onto hisglobe. South America consists of an east coast; North America is hardly there atall. Australia and Antarctica had not yet been discovered. The southeast Asianpeninsula is huge – bigger than India.

Petrus Apainus or Peter Apian (1495-1552) was a German mathematicianastronomer and cartographer (Museum of the History of Science, No date). HisCosmographia (1524 and 14 later editions) was an influential book of geography,astronomy and history, illustrated with maps (Encyclopædia Britannica Online,No date, “Maps of the discoveries”).

Baker, B. Map of the world from the best authorities, 1766-1840?Original.Islington, England: Publisher unknown.

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8.5 x 15.5 inches. Condition notes: Lots of brown spots; edges fair.Map text: EnglishGeographic coverage: WorldNationality of cartographer: EnglishDrawer in Maps Collection: 1-3 World 1531-1775; Map ID #: None

This world map with black lines on white paper is split into two circles for theeast and west hemispheres. The map looks mostly normal to the modern eye,with Japan a bit misshapen and Antarctica missing.

No information about the cartographer is printed on the map, but it does claim “B.Baker” as the engraver. The dates 1766-1840 appear in pencil on the foldercontaining the map.

Beins, Jean de. Delphinatus vulgo Dauphine avec les confins de Pais et ProvincesVoifines, c.1660.

Reproduction.Publisher location unknown: Publisher unknown.15.5 x 19.5 inches.Map text: FrenchGeographic coverage: FranceNationality of cartographer: FrenchDrawer in Maps Collection: 2-12 Europe; Map ID #: 509

The Maps Collection holds two copies of this map of France by 17th-centuryFrench cartographer Jean de Beins, a royal geographer and engineer – one is blackand white and the other reverses the black and white colors (Lister, R., 1965).Relief is shown with illustrated mountains.

Bellin, Jacques Nicolas. Plan du Mont St. Michel, 1764.Reproduction.Ithaca, New York: Historic Urban Plans, Reprint date: 1970.8.75 x 6.5 inches.Map text: FrenchGeographic coverage: Mont St. MichelNationality of cartographer: FrenchDrawer in Maps Collection: 2-12 Europe; Map ID #: None

Bellin’s map of Mont St. Michel, a town in Normandy (northern France), showsthe town in detail, including its abbey and chateau. Picturesque Mont St. Michelis famous for its tides. At high tide the town is an island, and at low tide the searecedes (Comité Régional de Tourisme de Normandi, No date).

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French cartographer Jacques Nicolas Bellin (1703-1772) served over 50 years inthe French Hydrographic Service, conducting major surveys of the coasts ofFrance and other coastlines around the world. Bellin’s surveys produced a largenumber of fine sea charts (Moreland, C. & Bannister, D., 1983).

Biurman, Georg. Charta öfwer Stockholm med des malmar och förstäder af HansKonge Majt. til strandernes anlaggning i nader faststäld den 1. julii 1751, 1751.

Reproduction.Ithaca, New York: Historic Urban Plans, Reprint date: 1968.22 x 19 inches.Map text: SwedishGeographic coverage: StockholmNationality of cartographer: UnknownDrawer in Maps Collection: 2-12 Europe; Map ID #: None

Cartographer Georg Biurman’s bird’s-eye view of 18th-century Stockholmreveals a fascinating city sprawling over eight islands and the mainland. The mapincludes an index to points of interest and an interesting chart (which thisbibliographer cannot interpret) allotting varying numbers of lanterns, flags andother symbols for the various islands and regions of the city.

Blaeu, Joan. Avgvsta Tavrinorvm, 1682.Reproduction.Ithaca, New York: Historic Urban Plans, Reprint date: 1968.20.5 x 30 inches.Map text: LatinGeographic coverage: TurinNationality of cartographer: DutchDrawer in Maps Collection: 2-12 Europe; Map ID #: None

This map of Turin, a city in northwestern Italy near Milan, is by Joan Blaeu(1596-1673), son of the more famous Willem Janszoon Blaeu (1571-1638). Themap includes an index to points of interest and an illustration of a coat of arms.

Joan Blaeu and his brother Cornelius inherited their father’s cartographicpublishing firm, the most important in Amsterdam in the late 16th century. Thefirm was destroyed by fire in 1672, a year before Joan’s death (Bagrow, L., 1985and OCLC, 1978-1999, “Avgvsta Tavrinorvm”).

Blaeu, Willem Janszoon. Europa recens descripta, 1617.

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Reproduction.Maplewood, N.J.: Hammond Incorporated, Reprint date: 1968.14 x 19 inches.Map text: Latin, DutchGeographic coverage: Europe, North AfricaNationality of cartographer: DutchDrawer in Maps Collection: 2-12 Europe; Map ID #: 514

Blaeu’s map of Europe (reproduced in color) is surrounded on left and right bycaricatures of people of the various nationalities, which was a different concept in1635 than today - “Angli,” “Galli,” “Belgi,” “Castiliani,” “Venetian,” “German,”“Hungari,” “Bohemi,” “Poloni” and “Greci.” Across the top are small aerialmaps of prominent cities, Amsterdam occupying the prominent top-left position.

Dutch cartographer Willem Janszoon Blaeu (1571-1638), a pupil of the famousDanish astronomer Tycho Brahe, brought his mentor’s scientific approach tomapmaking. He also took an entrepreneurial approach, founding in Amsterdam ahighly successful map publishing company, considered the most important of thelate 16th century (Bagrow, L., 1985).

Blaeu, Willem Janszoon. Nova totius terrarum orbis geographica ac hydrographicatabula, 1635.

Reproduction.Publisher location unknown: Publisher unknown, Reprint date: Unknown.14 x 18.5 inches.Map text: Latin and FrenchGeographic coverage: WorldNationality of cartographer: DutchDrawer in Maps Collection: 1-3 World 1531-1775; Map ID #: 13

This 1635 world map by Dutch cartographer Willem Janszoon Blaeu (1571-1638)is highly decorated, surrounded all four sides by the elements, the planets, theseasons, and the seven wonders of the world. At the bottom left and right are twoinset circular maps with northern and southern polar views, respectively.

On the map itself “Terra Australis Incognita” stretches like an enormousAntarctica across bottom, in the east taking the place of Australia and mergingwith “Nova Guinea.” On this large southern continent is the Psittacorum Regio,“so called because of its incredibly large parrots,” explains text on the verso of the1663 edition of this map (map #15M in this cartobibliography). Central andnorthwestern North America are ill defined, as is northern Greenland. NorthAmerica is enormous, wider from California to Newfoundland than Europe andAsia are from Portugal to eastern China. Blaeu’s maps include a few places that

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proved mythical, including the Island of Frisland near Iceland and the Kingdomof Anian in northwestern North America, notes text on the verso of the 1663 map.

A cartouche reads: “America: Anno domini 1492 a Christophoro Columbonomine Regis Castellae primum detecta, et ab Americo Vesputio nomen fortita1499.” The map was “…reproduced [by an unknown publisher] from anengraving by Willem Janzoon Blaue in the Cornell University Library.”

Blaeu, a pupil of the famous Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe, brought hismentor’s scientific approach to map-making. He also took an entrepreneurialapproach, founding in Amsterdam a highly successful map publishing company,considered the most important of the late 16th century (Bagrow, L., 1985).

The Maps Collection also holds a 1663 edition of this map – see map # 15M.

Blaeu, Willem Janszoon. Nova totius terrarum orbis geographica ac hydrographicatabula, 1663.

Reproduction.Amsterdam: Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, Ltd., Reprint date: 1966.16 x 21.5 inches.Map text: Latin and FrenchGeographic coverage: WorldNationality of cartographer: DutchDrawer in Maps Collection: 1-3 World 1531-1775; Map ID #: 15M

This is a later edition of Blaeu’s map of 1635 (Maps Collection #13). Dutchcartographer Willem Janszoon Blaeu (1571-1638) was dead in 1663, but his son,Joan, was still publishing his atlas, Le Grand Atlas ou Cosmographie Blaviane enlaquelle est exactement descritte la terre, la mer, et le ciel (The Great Atlas orBlaeu's Cosmography, in which are faithfully described the Earth, the Seas, andthe Heavens).

Text on the verso of this map claims: “It is today considered by scholars one ofthe most splendid and important atlases ever published. In fact, this monument ofcartography has never been surpassed in magnificence and in the number ofmaps.”

The map is highly decorated, surrounded all four sides by the elements, theplanets, the seasons, and the seven wonders of the world. At the bottom left andright are two inset circular maps with northern and southern polar views,respectively.

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On the map itself “Terra Australis Incognita” stretches like an enormousAntarctica across bottom, in the east taking the place of Australia and mergingwith “Nova Guinea.” On this large southern continent is the Psittacorum Regio,“so called because of its incredibly large parrots,” explains text on the verso ofthis map. Central and northwestern North America are ill defined, as is northernGreenland. North America is enormous, wider from California to Newfoundlandthan Europe and Asia are from Portugal to eastern China. Blaeu’s maps include afew places that proved mythical, including the Island of Frisland near Iceland andthe Kingdom of Anian in northwestern North America, notes text on the verso ofthis map.

A cartouche reads: “America: Anno domini 1492 a Christophoro Columbonomine Regis Castellae primum detecta, et ab Americo Vesputio nomen fortita1499.”

Blaeu, a pupil of the famous Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe, brought hismentor’s scientific approach to map-making. He also took an entrepreneurialapproach, founding in Amsterdam a highly successful map publishing company,considered the most important of the late 16th century (Bagrow, L., 1985).

Bonne, Rigobert. L'Ancien monde et le nouveau: En deux hemispheres, 1780.Original.Geneva: J.L. Pellet.8.25 x 16 inches. Condition notes: Edges badly torn, one fold torn halfwayacross; smudged with black.Map text: FrenchGeographic coverage: WorldNationality of cartographer: FrenchDrawer in Maps Collection: 1-3 World 1531-1775; Map ID #: 20

This small, busy map is hard to read. Australia and New Zealand are complete –this area was not well mapped earlier in the 18th century. Antarctica is missing.Modern-day Alaska is poorly defined, as is Northern Greenland.

The world map is from French cartographer Rigobert Bonne’s Atlas de Toutes lesParties Connues du Globe Terrestre. Bonne (c.1729-c.1795), who served asRoyal Hydrographer, also produced many marine charts (Moreland, C. &Bannister, D., 1983).

Bouchard, Giuseppe. Pianta della citta di Firenze nelle sue vere misure colladescrizione dei luoghi pui notabili di ciascun quartiere, 1755.

Reproduction.

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Ithaca, New York: Historic Urban Plans, Reprint date: 1969.19.75 x 26.75 inches.Map text: ItalianGeographic coverage: FlorenceNationality of cartographer: ItalianDrawer in Maps Collection: 2-12 Europe; Map ID #: 532

Cartographer Giuseppe Bouchard’s bird’s-eye view of Florence, Italy delineatesthe city down to the level of the larger buildings and streets. The indexes ofpoints of interest here are exceptional; each of the four “quartiere” of the city hasits own.

Bretez, Louis. Plan de Paris, 1739.Reproduction.Ithaca, New York: Historic Urban Plans, Reprint date: 1972.Each of 4 sheets = 19.5 x 25 inches.Map text: FrenchGeographic coverage: ParisNationality of cartographer: FrenchDrawer in Maps Collection: 2-12 Europe; Map ID #: 525

This map offers an extremely detailed aerial view of Paris. "It is one of the greatcity views and shows the primacy of French cartography in the period," accordingto Tom Conley, Harvard professor of Romance languages and literatures (Reed,C., 1997).

While most of the aerial views of Paris in the Maps Collection mark features withnumbers or letters and explain the symbols with a key, this map writes out namesbeside the streets and buildings. The map comes in four large sheets comprisingthe northeast, southeast, southwest and northwest sections of the city.

The map was published in Michel Turgot’s atlas Plan de Paris in 1739, a yearafter the death of cartographer Louis Bretez. Claude Lucas did the engraving(Library of Congress, No date, “Plan de Paris”).

Comenius, Johann Amos. Moravia marchionatus, 1635.Reproduction.Publisher location unknown: Publisher unknown.14.75 x 18.5 inches.Map text: LatinGeographic coverage: MoraviaNationality of cartographer: Czech

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Drawer in Maps Collection: 2-12 Europe; Map ID #: 524

Czech cartographer Johann Amos Comenius’ (1592-1670) map of Moravia (partof Germany) is originally from Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, an atlas published bythe great Dutch cartographer Willem Janszoon Blaeu (1571-1638) (OCLC, 1978-1999, “Moravia marchionatus”). This reproduction features black lines on whitepaper. Relief is shown pictorially, and illustrated castles mark towns and cities.

Contarini, Matheo and Francesco Roselli. Mapa Universal, 1506.Reproduction.Madrid: Carlos Sanz, Reprint date: 1923.11.25 x 16.75 inches.Map text: LatinGeographic coverage: WorldNationality of cartographer: ItalianDrawer in Maps Collection: 1-1 World to 1530; Map ID #: 4

This is the first printed world map to show the discovery of the Americas (Tooley,1979). The oldest known map of any kind to show the Americas is a 1500manuscript by Juan de la Cosa, one of Columbus’ pilots. Italian cartographerGiovanni Matteo Contarini combined the new discoveries with the known worldlargely derived from Ptolemy’s maps (Lister, 1970).

Contarini (d. 1506) and engraver Francesco Roselli (c. 1445-1513) created a fan-shaped map using a conical projection (Tooley, 1970). An inscription on the mapclaims “if by folding together the two sets of degrees you form them into a circle,you will perceive the whole spherical world combined into 360 degrees” (Crone,1978, p. 54). This is not literally true because the map shows only the NorthernHemisphere; the map is centered on the North Pole. Scholars debate thepossibility that Contarini made another map of the Southern Hemisphere (Lister,1970).

The most interesting feature of this map is that North America and Asia areconsidered one continent – the map-makers replicated Columbus’ error ofthinking the explorer had sailed to Asia. Hispañola (the island now made up ofHaiti and the Dominican Republic) is here called “Zimpangu” and is huge –bigger than Spain.

Another inscription on the map praises Contarini for showing:“The world and all its seas on a flat mapEurope, Libya, Asia, and the Antipodes,The poles, and zones and sites of places,The parallels for the climes of the mighty globe" (Crone, 1978, p. 54).

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Roselli engraved Contarini’s map in copper. He also developed the conicalprojection Contarini used for this map (Bagrow, 1964). Roselli’s store in Florenceis the world’s earliest known map shop. He is known for an aerial view of hisnative city – “one of the finest oblique pictorial views surviving from the 15thcentury” (Harley & Woodward, 1987-, p. 465).

This reproduction of the only surviving map in the British Museum (Bagrow,1964) is done with black lines on white paper. It is small and somewhat hard toread. Publisher Carlos Sanz includes explanatory Spanish text on the verso.

Cóvens, Johannes & Corneille Mortier. Recentis Romæ ichnographia et hypsographiasive planta et facies ad magnificentiam : qva svb Alexandro VII P.M. vrbs ipsa directaexcvlta et decorata est, 1667.

Reproduction.Ithaca, New York: Historic Urban Plans, Reprint date: 1966.21.5 x 28.25 inches.Map text: LatinGeographic coverage: RomeNationality of cartographer: DutchDrawer in Maps Collection: 2-12 Europe; Map ID #: 518

This city plan of Rome gives a detailed view of all the streets and the layout of thecity. Cartographers Cóvens and Mortier mark the 14 regions of the city with theregions’ insignia (Library of Congress, No date, “Recentis Romæ…”) A banneracross the top reads: “Alexandro VII Pont Max” in honor of Alexander VII, popefrom 1655 to 1667 (Encyclopaedia Britanica, No date, “Alexander VII”).

Dutch cartographers Johannes Cóvens (flourished 1740) and Corneille Mortier(18th century) drafted the map. The two men took over the firm of Pieter Mortierafter his death in 1724 Pieter Mortier had succeeded Frederik de Wit (Bagrow, L.,1985).

Cóvens, Johannes & Cornielle Mortier. Philippeville, Holland, 1710.Reproduction.Ithaca, New York: Historic Urban Plans, Reprint date: 1965.11.5 x 15.25 inches.Map text: FrenchGeographic coverage: Philippeville, HollandNationality of cartographer: DutchDrawer in Maps Collection: 2-12 Europe; Map ID #: None

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Philippeville, Holland is seen here as a star-shaped walled city. Text on the mapinforms the reader that the town is situated at 50 degrees and16 minutes (north)latitude and 25 degrees and 53 minutes (east) longitude.

Dutch cartographers Johannes Cóvens (flourished 1740) and Corneille Mortier(18th century) drafted the map. The two men took over the firm of Pieter Mortierafter his death in 1724. Pieter Mortier had succeeded Frederik de Wit (Bagrow,L., 1985).

Fer, Nicolas de. Mappe-monde ou Carte Universel, 1705.Original.Paris: Chez l'Auteur.9 x 13.5 inches. Condition notes: Edges worn and torn.Map text: FrenchGeographic coverage: WorldNationality of cartographer: FrenchDrawer in Maps Collection: 1-3 World 1531-1775; Map ID #: 19

This world map if from is from Nicolas de Fer’s L'atlas curieux; ou, Le monderéprésente dans des cartes générales et particuliéres du ciel et de la térre ... etorné par des plans et descriptions des villes capitales et principales et des plussuperbes edifices qui les embelissent ... (OCLC, 1978-1999, “L'atlas curieux…”).

This small map uses mostly black lines on white paper with colored lines markingthe continents. Australia (“Nouvelle Hollande”) wraps around to encompass NewGuinea, making those two modern-day countries one continent without welldefined southern or eastern coasts. New Zealand is a mere spit; California is anisland; northwestern North America, northern Greenland and eastern Russia are illdefined.

French cartographer Nicolas de Fer (1646-1720) made many atlases, mostly ofFrance, beginning in the 1690s (Bagrow, L., 1985).

Goos, Pieter. Orbis terrarvm nova et accvratissima tabvla, 1667.Reproduction.New York: American Heritage, Reprint date: 1959.17.25 x 21 inches. Condition notes: Small tears; taped on verso.Map text: Latin and DutchGeographic coverage: WorldNationality of cartographer: DutchDrawer in Maps Collection: 1-3 World 1531-1775; Map ID #: 16

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Dutch cartographer Pieter Goos (c. 1616-1675) was one of the most prominentengravers of navigational maps during the 17th century. His maps are consideredsome of the most beautiful of the era (Hodgkiss, A.G., 1981), a time when theDutch dominated both shipping and cartography (Moreland, C. & Bannister, D.,1986).

This colorfully illustrated map is the first in an atlas of sea charts, De Zee Atlasofte Water-Weereld (Moreland, C. & Bannister, D., 1983). The Eastern andWestern Hemispheres are divided into two large circles, while the polar views areshown in smaller circles at the bottom left and right. California is an island; thePacific Northwest of the modern-day United States and Canada do not exist here;Northeastern Russia is simply rounded off; the east coast of Australia is lost as thecontinent goes off the east side of the map and does not reappear in the west; andAntarctica does not appear. Text on the verso of the map explains that Hawaiidoes not appear because it was not discovered by Europeans until Captain Cookdid so in 1778. By the date of this map, 1667, European explorers had explorednearly all the world except the far reaches of the Pacific and the poles, the versotext notes.

Pieter Goos was the son of Abraham Goos (flourished 1614-1648), anotherAmsterdam cartographer and engraver (Bagrow, L., 1985).

Goos, Pieter. Pascaart van Europa, als mede een gedeelte vande cust van Africa, 1668.Reproduction.Maplewood, N.J.: Hammond Incorporated, Reprint date: 1970.14 x 17.25 inches.Map text: DutchGeographic coverage: Europe, Northwest Africa, GreenlandNationality of cartographer: DutchDrawer in Maps Collection: 2-12 Europe; Map ID #: 513

Dutch cartographer Pieter Goos (c. 1616-1675) was one of the most prominentengravers of navigational maps during the 17th century. His maps are consideredsome of the most beautiful of the era (Hodgkiss, A.G., 1981), a time when theDutch dominated both shipping and cartography (Moreland, C. & Bannister, D.,1986).

This map of Europe and the northwestern corner of Africa is oriented with Westat the top. Two ships sails westward, following the map’s navigational rhumblines past “Groenland.” The emphasis on navigation can be seen in the fact thatonly coastal cities are labeled. The map stretches eastward to Russia andsoutheast to Dalmatia (now called Croatia) but not far enough to include Greece.

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“Hispa.,” “Duytschlandt,” “Noorwegen,” “Sweden” and “Russia” are all markedby their royal crests.

Pieter Goos was the son of Abraham Goos (flourished 1614-1648), anotherAmsterdam cartographer and engraver (Bagrow, L., 1985).

Hondius, Jodocus. Nova Europæ descriptio, 1606.Reproduction.Edinburgh, Scotland: John Bartholomew & Son Ltd., Reprint date: 1973.15 x 20 inches.Map text: Latin, DutchGeographic coverage: Europe, parts of Africa, Middle East and the AmericasNationality of cartographer: FlemishDrawer in Maps Collection: 2-12 Europe; Map ID #: 517

Jodocus Hondius (1563-1612) is listed here as the cartographer, but in truth, heserved more as the atlas publisher of Mercator’s maps. Hondius, a Flemishengraver and map seller, made the wise move of buying the plates from the lateGerardus Mercator’s (1512-1594) atlas. Mercator’s Atlas sive Cosmographicaemeditationes de fabrica mundi et fabricati figura (Atlas, or cosmographicalmeditations upon the creation of the universe, and the universe as created),published in three parts from 1585 to 1595, was the first to use the term “atlas”(Brown, L.A., 1949, p. 165) and was celebrated for its beauty and accuracy(Collis, P., 1997). Hondius’ purchase of the plates made him rich and famous,while Mercator never lived to see his atlas reach the height of its popularity.

This map of Europe is from Hondius’ atlas of 1606, comprised of Mercator’splates and 50 other maps Hondius compiled (Brown, L.A., 1949). Mercatordelineated the boundaries of the countries with different colors and decorated theseas with ships, a seal and an assortment of monsters.

Isaak, Tirion. Amsterdams oudste staat: en byzondere vergrootingen, door zevenderleistippen en streepen afgebeeld, 1760.

Reproduction.Ithaca, New York: Historic Urban Plans, Reprint date: 1965.11.5 x 15.75 inches.Map text: DutchGeographic coverage: AmsterdamNationality of cartographer: DutchDrawer in Maps Collection: 2-12 Europe; Map ID #: 533

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Dutch cartographer Isaak Tirion’s bird’s-eye view of Amsterdam shows the cityand its planned growth in 1760. North is toward the lower right of the map.Tirion (d. 1769), who engraved this map, was a map publisher in Amsterdam.The Nieuwe en Beknopte Hand Atlas of 1744, Atlas van Zeeland in 1760 and anatlas of the Netherlands published posthumously in 1793 are his most importantworks (Lister, R., 1965 and OCLC, 1978-1999, “Amsterdams oudste staat…”).

Jansson, Jan. Italia Nuoament Piu Perfetta che Mai per Inanzi Posta in Luce, 1650.Reproduction.Maplewood, New Jersey: Hammond, Reprint date: 1970.14 x 19 inches.Map text: ItalianGeographic coverage: ItalyNationality of cartographer: DutchDrawer in Maps Collection: 2-12 Europe; Map ID #: 516

Dutch cartographer Jan Jansson’s map of 17th-century Italy is beautifully coloredand illustrated. Illustrations include ships and sea monsters, the legendary wolfnursing Remus and Romulus, and Neptune. The map includes the Dalmatian (nowCroatian) coast, Corsica, Sardinia and the northeastern tip of Sicily.

Jan Jansson (1588-1664) worked at the Amsterdam map publishing house of hisfather-in-law, Jodocus Hondius. Jansson inherited the firm in 1638 (Bagrow, L.,1985).

Janvier, Jean. Mappe-Monde description du globe terrestre, 1762.Original.Paris: Sieur Lattre.12 x 17.75 inches.Map text: FrenchGeographic coverage: WorldNationality of cartographer: FrenchDrawer in Maps Collection: 1-3 World 1531-1775; Map ID #: 20M

Black lines on white paper illustrate Janvier’s map, which is broken into twocircles for the “Oriental” and “Occidental” hemispheres. The borders ofcontinents are colored. Australia and New Guinea are one landmass here, andnorthwestern North America from modern-day Oregon to Alaska is covered bythe Pacific.

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French cartographer Jean Janvier (flourished 1746-1776) published AtlasModerne ou Collection des Cartes in 1762, from which this map may originate(Moreland, C. & Bannister, D., 1983).

L'Isle, Guillaume de. Mappe-monde dressé sur les observations de Mrs. de l'AcademieRoyale des Sciences et quelques autres et fur tes memoires tes plus recens, 1700.

Original.Amsterdam: Pierre Mortier.16.75 x 25.75 inches. Condition notes: Small amount of black smudging onedges.Map text: FrenchGeographic coverage: WorldNationality of cartographer: FrenchDrawer in Maps Collection: 1-3 World 1531-1775; Map ID #: 18

The world map of Guillaume de L'Isle (1675-1726) (Bagrow, L., 1985) shows theworld in two circular hemispheres. Most lines are black on white paper, exceptnational borders, which are colored. Explorer’s routes are marked.

Australia, Eastern Australia and Northwestern North America are not shown,while California is an island. Northern Greenland is ill defined.

French cartographer De L’Isle’s produced over 100 maps, which were collected inatlases after his death. His first maps, including this one, contain errors in thelongitudinal width of the Mediterranean Sea, a problem his later maps corrected(Bagrow, L., 1985).

Lagrive, Jean de. Plan de Versailles: Du petit parc, et de ses dependances où sontmarqués les emplacemens de chaque maison de cette ville : les plans du château, et deshôtels, et les distributions des jardins et bosquets, 1746.

Reproduction.Ithaca, New York: Historic Urban Plans, Reprint date: 1965.12.5 x 18.75 inches.Map text: FrenchGeographic coverage: VersaillesNationality of cartographer: FrenchDrawer in Maps Collection: 2-12 Europe; Map ID #: None

French cartographer Jean de Lagrive’s map is a colorful map is a bird’s-eye viewof Versailles, the royal palace and its extensive gardens and grounds.

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Lagrive (1689-1757), was involved in an effort by the astronomers of King LouisXV to determine the shape of the earth by surveying and mathematicalcalculations. Lagrive was an abbot (a superior within a monastery) (Brown, L.A.,1949).

Lagrive, Jean de. Plan de la ville de Berlin, capitale de l'electorat de Brandebourg et laresidence ordinaire du roi de Prusse, 1749.

Reproduction.Ithaca, New York: Historic Urban Plans, Reprint date: 1968.19 x 26.5 inches.Map text: French and GermanGeographic coverage: BerlinNationality of cartographer: FrenchDrawer in Maps Collection: 2-12 Europe; Map ID #: 527

Jean de Lagrive’s bird’s-eye view of Berlin has a title that translates: Plan of thetown of Berlin, capital of the electorate of Brandebourg and the ordinaryresidence of the King of Prussia. This aerial view is of smaller scale (more area iscovered) than most of the city plans in the Maps Collection. The detail is not asgreat; city blocks are outlined rather than individual buildings delineated.

Lagrive (1689-1757), was involved in an effort by the astronomers of King LouisXV to determine the shape of the earth by surveying and mathematicalcalculations. Lagrive was an abbot (a superior within a monastery) (Brown, L.A.,1949).

Lagrive, Jean de. Paris, Isle de la Cité, 1754.Reproduction.Ithaca, New York: Historic Urban Plans, Reprint date: 1968.17 x32 inches.Map text: FrenchGeographic coverage: Paris - only Isle de la CitéNationality of cartographer: FrenchDrawer in Maps Collection: 2-12 Europe; Map ID #: 531

Jean de Lagrive’s city plan zooms in on the center of Paris, the Isle de la Cité, anisland in the Seine river, dominated by Notre Dame cathedral. At this large scale,one can truly get a sense of how a location has changed over the years. The mapshows houses and buildings crowding around the entrance to the cathedral, wheretoday there is only an open courtyard. Modern-day traffic from the Left Bankcan reach the Isle via a bridge that this map shows did not exist in 1754.

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Lagrive (1689-1757), was involved in an effort by the astronomers of King LouisXV to determine the shape of the earth by surveying and mathematicalcalculations. Lagrive was an abbot (a superior within a monastery) (Brown, L.A.,1949).

Bibliographic data from (Library of Congress, No date, “Plan detaillé de la Cité”).

. Magyarország legrégibb ismert nyomtatott térképe, 1528.Reproduction.Budapest, Hungary: Kartográfiai Vállalat : Magyar Néphadsereg Tóth ÁgostonTérképészeti Intézete, Reprint date: 1989.26.75 x 21.25 inches.Map text: Latin, GermanGeographic coverage: HungaryNationality of cartographer: HungarianDrawer in Maps Collection: 2-12 Europe; Map ID #: None

Lázár’s work is the first known printed map of Hungary. The map shows reliefpictorially with purplish mountains and green forests. Lázár created the mapsometime around 1515 to 1520, and German cartographer Peter Apian (1495-1552) published the map in 1528 (Brown, L., 1985). The map goes as far south asthe Adriatic Sea.

Leardo, Giovanni. Map of the World, 1452.Reproduction.New York: American Geographical Society, Reprint date: 1929.28.5 x 23.5 (circular) inches. Condition notes: Edges and interior torn.Map text: LatinGeographic coverage: Europe, Africa, AsiaNationality of cartographer: ItalianDrawer in Maps Collection: 1-1 World to 1530; Map ID #: 3

Leardo’s map shows the pre-Columbian known world inside a calendar. East is atthe top. All three continents shown here – Europe, Africa and Asia – are distortedto the modern viewer’s eye. Africa, for instance, looks like an hour glass. TheVenetian cartographer’s information (on this map and subsequent maps in 1447and 1448) was about 100 years out of date (Larsgaard, 1991).

López, Juan. Plano de Madrid dividido en diex quarteles, 1812.Reproduction.Ithaca, New York: Historic Urban Plans, Reprint date: 1968.

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18.5 x 23.75 inches.Map text: SpanishGeographic coverage: MadridNationality of cartographer: SpanishDrawer in Maps Collection: 2-12 Europe; Map ID #: 538

Juan López’s bird’s-eye view of Madrid divides the city into 10 areas and offersand index to points of interest. Compared to other city plans in the MapsCollection, this one is not as detailed; individual buildings are not delineated (seemap #534 Plan Geometrico y Historico de la Villa de Madrid y sus Contornos,for a comparison of detail).

López, Tomás. Mapa de Europa Dividido segun la extension de sus Estados, ysubdividido en sus principales Provincisas, Construido sobre los mejores Mapasnacionales y sujeto a las observaciones Astronomicas, 1769.

Original.Madrid: Publisher unknown.19 x 23.5 inches.Map text: SpanishGeographic coverage: EuropeNationality of cartographer: SpanishDrawer in Maps Collection: 2-12 Europe; Map ID #: 535

Spanish cartographer Tomás López’s map of Europe divides the countries bycolored borders and subdivides countries by provinces. The map includes Icelandto the west, but not Greenland. Modern-day Greece, the Balkan states, Bulgariaand Romania are labeled “Turquia de Europa.”

López (1730-1802) was Geographer to the King of Spain and published townplans, atlases and maps in Madrid (Moreland, C. & Bannister, D., 1983).

López, Tomás. Mapa Nuevo de la Isla de Corsega, 1769.Original.Madrid: Publisher unknown.22.5 x 19 inches. Condition notes: Corners chipped, folded and worn.Map text: SpanishGeographic coverage: CorsicaNationality of cartographer: SpanishDrawer in Maps Collection: 2-12 Europe; Map ID #: 536

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Spanish cartographer Tomás López’s map shows Corsica (today a French island).An inset map shows northern Sardinia (“Cerdeña”) and western Tuscany(Toscana). López credits a map by “Capitan I. Vogt” as source material.

López (1730-1802) was Geographer to the King of Spain and published townplans, atlases and maps in Madrid (Moreland, C. & Bannister, D., 1983).

Mercator, Gerardus. Mappamundi, 1538.Reproduction.Madrid: Carlos Sanz, Reprint date: 1961.11.25 x 16.75 inches.Map text: LatinGeographic coverage: WorldNationality of cartographer: FlemishDrawer in Maps Collection: 1-3 World 1531-1775; Map ID #: 11

Flemish cartographer Gerardus Mercator (1512-1595) may be best known for therectangular projection that bears his name, but here in his first world map he useda heart-shaped or double-cordiform projection, double describing the separationof northern and southern hemispheres into two maps centered on the poles.Mercator’s map depicts a Northwest Passage through North America to Asia, anidea he clung to until his death. Mercator’s stature in the geographic world keptthe myth of the Northwest Passage alive for another generation of cartographersafter he died at the end of the 16th century (Harley, J.B., 1990). Mercator warnsthe map reader that the southern tip of South America is “Gigantu regio” (regionof giants) and that the Amazon rainforest contains “Canibales antropophagi”(cannibals).

In addition to his 1569 world map for sailors using the Mercator projection (onwhich both latitude and longitude lines appear straight), Mercator is famous forhis world atlas, Atlas sive Cosmographicae meditationes de fabrica mundi etfabricati figura (Atlas, or cosmographical meditations upon the creation of theuniverse, and the universe as created),” published in three parts from 1585 to1595. He was the first to use the term “atlas” for a bound collection of maps (”(Brown, L.A., 1949).

The Maps Collections holds two copies of this map; one has a black background,the other a red background. The verso contains explanatory text in Spanish.

Ortelius, Abraham. Map of Nordic Countries, 1570.Reproduction.Publisher location unknown: Publisher unknown, Reprint date: Unknown.

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14 x 19.25 inches.Map text: Latin, DutchGeographic coverage: ScandinaviaNationality of cartographer: DutchDrawer in Maps Collection: 2-12 Europe; Map ID #: None

Dutch cartographer Abraham Ortelius (1527-1598) published this map of northernEurope and Scandinavia in his 1570 atlas, Theatrum Orbis Terrarum. Orteliusdrew on knowledge gained from studying Mercator’s map of the northern seasand a map by Olaus Magnus. The accuracy of northern Scandinavia improved inlater maps as trading increased between Europe and Russia. The extreme north isunknown territory, as can be seen on Ortelius’ imagined Arctic continent, wherehe places mythical pygmies – “PIGMEI HIC HABITANT.” It took a warbetween Sweden and Russia later in the 6th century to improve the mapping ofthe Baltic Sea (Virtual Finland, 1998).

Frans Hogenberg (c. 1540 - c. 1590) engraved Ortelius’ colorful map. The sea isCarolina blue. Decorative ships and sea monsters abound, some playing lyres.

Ortelius, Abraham. Typvs orbis terrarvm, 1570?Original.Antwerp: Abraham Ortelius.13.25 x 19.5 inches. Condition notes: Glued to cardboard frame.Map text: LatinGeographic coverage: WorldNationality of cartographer: DutchDrawer in Maps Collection: 1-3 World 1531-1775; Map ID #: 10

This possibly original (?) 16th century map is from Dutch cartographer AbrahamOrtelius’ (1527-1598) atlas Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, considered by many to bethe first modern world atlas. The atlas was widely praised and a huge commercialsuccess for Ortelius, who was also a publisher (Karrow, R.W., 1993).

The colorful map shows the world in an oval, a shape that makes Antarctica(“Terra Australis Nodum Cognita”) huge. Australia does not appear; Japan andSouth America appear circular in shape; and North America is a strange east-to-west oval. Ortelius decorates the blue seas with ships and fish and the skiessurrounding the globe with clouds. Franciscus Hogenberg engraved Ortelius’map (Karrow, R.W., 1993).

Note on the date: The folder containing Ortelius’ map is marked with the date1580, but 1580 is not listed as a date of publication for Theatrum Orbis Terrarumin an authoritative work on Ortelius, Robert W. Karrow, Jr.’s Mapmakers of the

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Sixteenth Century and Their Maps: Bio-Bibliographies of the Cartographers ofAbraham Ortelius, 1570. It is difficult to determine with certainty the date of theMaps Collection’s copy, but given the evidence against 1580, thiscartobibliography lists the first edition date of 1570. Other possible dates include1587, 1592, and 1596 (Karrow, R.W., 1993). Maps Collection librarian CeliaPratt believes the map to be an original rather than a modern reproduction (C.D.Pratt, personal communication, March 20, 1999).

Ptolemy, Claudius. Primer Mapa Conocido de España Ptolomeo, Siglo II, 1482.Reproduction.Madrid: Carlos Sanz, Reprint date: Unknown.11 x 14.75 inches.Map text: LatinGeographic coverage: Spain and PortugalNationality of cartographer: GreekDrawer in Maps Collection: 2-12 Europe; Map ID #: 506

The maps and map-making methods of Greek geographer, mathematician andastronomer Claudius Ptolemy (87-150 A.D.) were forgotten for 1,000 yearsbefore they were rediscovered and spurred a geographical Renaissance in theearly 15th century. While Ptolemy’s Geographia, often considered the first worldatlas, contained out-of-date geography, it also offered a scientific approach tomap-making which 15th century cartographers borrowed and expanded (Harley,1990).

This map of the Iberian peninsula is, as publisher Carlos Sanz’s title tells us, thefirst known map of Spain by Ptolemy. Ptolemy’s conic projection creates atrapezoid, the southern border of the map being longer than the northern. To themodern eye, southwestern Portugal sticks strangely out into the Atlantic. Thenorthern coast of Spain is also more irregular in this map than we know it to betoday. The Carlos Sanz reproduction is of a 1482 printing in Ulm, Germany ofthe second-century map.

“Christopher Columbus owned a 1490 edition of Geographia, and it underlies thelogic of his decision to sail west into the ocean ... Ptolemy's underestimation ofthe circumference of the earth by one sixth would become a contributory factor inColumbus's calculations for his first voyage ...” (Harley, 1990, pp. 23-4).

Reimer, Dietrich. Deutschland, 1871-1914?Original.Berlin: Publisher unknown.22.25 x 26.5 inches. Condition notes: Edges torn; folds taped on back.

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Map text: GermanGeographic coverage: GermanyNationality of cartographer: GermanDrawer in Maps Collection: 2-12 Europe; Map ID #: 545

German cartographer Dietrich Reimer (1818-1899) (OCLC, 1978-1999,“Deutschland”) published this map sometime between 1871 and 1914, accordingto notes on this map. The map includes parts of modern-day Poland andDenmark. Rivers and cities are marked on this black and white map. The bottomright corner of the map is oddly blank, as if awaiting a legend.

Ribero, Diego. Primer Mapa Cientifico del Mundo (First Scientific World Map), 1529.Reproduction.Madrid: Carlos Sanz, Reprint date: 1962.9.5 x 22.75 inches.Map text: LatinGeographic coverage: WorldNationality of cartographer: PortugueseDrawer in Maps Collection: 1-1 World to 1530; Map ID #: 8

The 1529 world map of Diego Ribero, a Portuguese cartographer serving theSpanish court, was the first to show the extent of the Pacific Ocean. Riberogathered much of his data from sailors on Magellan’s voyage around the world(Encyclopædia Britannica Online, No date, "Maps of the discoveries."). The mapis highly accurate for its early date (Lister, R.,1965). Ribero framed his worldmap by the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas, which divided the new world betweenPortugal and Spain (Gibson, No date). The Americas occupy center stage here,with Europe and Asia to the east and the Pacific to the west. South and CentralAmerica, the Gulf and the eastern coasts of North America are remarkablyaccurate for the 1520s. Australia and Antarctica are missing, and the Indianpeninsula is too skinny.

Ribero marked his portolan (navigational) map with names, historical notes,rhumb lines (criss-crossing lines to and from wind roses that help sailors plotdirection and distance), and illustrations of ships at sea.

Carlos Sanz’s reproduction shows thin black lines on grey paper. The MapsCollection has three copies of this map; the verso of one copy containsexplanatory text in Spanish.

Rocque, John. Plan of Paris, 1754.Reproduction.

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Ithaca, New York: Historic Urban Plans, Reprint date: 1972.20 x 32.5 inches.Map text: French and EnglishGeographic coverage: ParisNationality of cartographer: EnglishDrawer in Maps Collection: 2-12 Europe; Map ID #: 530

English cartographer and land surveyor John Rocque crafted this aerial view ofParis to the same scale as his map of London eight years earlier (“London & theCountry round it Survey'd” reads the inscription on the Paris map). The mapshows Paris’ expansion beyond its city walls (Globe Corner Bookstore, No date).

Rossi, Giovanni Giacomo de. Roma antiqua triumphatrix ab antiquis monumentis etrerum gestarum memoriis eruta hic a Iacobo Lavro Romano, auctore et sculptore Io.Iacobus de Rubeis, 1630.

Reproduction.Ithaca, New York: Historic Urban Plans, Reprint date: 1969.19 x 28.75 inches.Map text: LatinGeographic coverage: RomeNationality of cartographer: ItalianDrawer in Maps Collection: 2-12 Europe; Map ID #: 512

Giovanni Giacomo de Rossi (Library of Congress, No date, “Roma antiqua…”)surrounds his city plan of 17th-century Rome with pictures and writtendescriptions of key events in Roman history and mythology – battles, Romulusand Remus being nursed the wolf, etc. Buildings and streets are marked withnumbers explained by indices on the left and right. St. Peter’s Basilica is just offthe edge of the map.

Sanson, Nicolas. Les deux poles Articque ou septentrional, et Antarcticque oumeridional, ou description des terres Arcticques et Antarcticques : et des Payscircumvoisins jusques aux 45 degrees de latitude, 1657.

Original.Paris: Publisher unknown.15.25 x 21.5 inches. Condition notes: Mounted on thick cardboard. Brown withmany dark brown spots.Map text: FrenchGeographic coverage: North and South PolesNationality of cartographer: FrenchDrawer in Maps Collection: 1-3 World 1531-1775; Map ID #: 15

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This original 17th century map by Nicolas Sanson (1600-1667) is divided intotwo circles for views of the North and South Poles to 45 degrees latitude(Bagrow, L., 1985). The only continent to be seen on the South Pole map is thesouthern tip of South America. The North Pole is surrounded by one largeconnected landmass incorporating Greenland, North America and Asia; thePacific Ocean cannot be seen.

Possible publisher information (written across the bottom of the map):“Chez Pierre Mariette, Rue S. Jacque a l'EsperanceJean Somer Pruthenus Sculpebat.”

Speed, John. America with those known parts in that unknowne world, both people andmanner of buildings discribed and inlarged, 1626.

Reproduction.Ithaca, New York: Historic Urban Plans, Reprint date: Unknown.14.25 x18.25 inches.Map text: EnglishGeographic coverage: AmericasNationality of cartographer: EnglishDrawer in Maps Collection: 1-3 World 1531-1775; Map ID #: 12

English cartographer John Speed’s (1552-1629) map of the Western Hemisphereis from his A Prospect of the most Famous Parts of the World (1627), the firstEnglish world atlas, published just before he died (Moreland, C. & Bannister, D.,1983).

This beautiful map separates countries with different colored borders and isdecorated with ships and sea monsters. City plans adorn the top – Havana, S.Dominto, Cartagena, Mexico, Cusco, Il of Mocha (in modern-day Chile)"RIANEIRO," and Olinda. Across the sides are caricatures of men (left side) andwomen (right) – “Groenlandian,” “Virginian,” “Brasiliane,” etc.

California and Baja California here are an island, revealing a confusion that wasnot widely corrected until the 18th century, although some earlier maps, includingthose of Mercator and Ortelius, showed Baja as a peninsula (Moreland, C. &Bannister, D., 1983).

Speed is most famous for his county maps of England, The Theater of the Empireof Great Britaine (editions from 1611-1770). His A Prospect of the Most FamousParts of the World (1627) was the first English world atlas, published just beforehe died (Moreland, C. & Bannister, D., 1983).

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Speed, John. A new and accurate map of the world drawne according to ye truestdescriptions, 1651.

Reproduction.Maplewood, N.J.: Hammond Incorportated, Reprint date: 1970.14 x 18.5 inches.Map text: English and DutchGeographic coverage: WorldNationality of cartographer: EnglishDrawer in Maps Collection: 1-3 World 1531-1775; Map ID #: 14

English cartographer John Speed’s (1552-1629) busy world map is divided intofive circles: two left and right circles for the west and east hemispheres, two topand bottom circles for the northern and southern constellations, and one circle atthe top left for “The Heavens and Elements.” The latter illustrates the earth, theother planets, "The Christaline Heaven” and "The first moveable Heaven."Portraits of Sir Francis Drake, Magellan, Mr. Thomas Candish, and Oliverusvander Noort decorate the sides of the map, while colorful depictions of the fourelements (earth, wind, fire and water) adorn the top and bottom. Topping it all offare illustrations of solar and lunar eclipses.

On the map areas, Antarctica is “The Southerne Unknowne Land." NorthwesternNorth America stretches all the way to the North Pole and too far west into whatwe know today is Siberia and the North Pacific. California and Baja Californiahere are an island, revealing a confusion that was not widely corrected until the18th century, although some ealier maps, including those of Mercator andOrtelius, showed Baja as a peninsula (Moreland, C. & Bannister, D., 1983).Australia and New Zealand are missing. The seas are blue, darker blue on thecoasts. Many colorful ships sails the seas. Relief is shown pictorially.

Speed is most famous for his county maps of England, The Theater of the Empireof Great Britaine (editions from 1611-1770). His A Prospect of the most FamousParts of the World (1627) was the first English world atlas, published just beforehe died (Moreland, C. & Bannister, D., 1983). Note that the date of this map,1651 according to publisher Hammond’s text, is 22 years after Speed’s death.

. St. Pétersbourg, 1753.Reproduction.Ithaca, New York: Historic Urban Plans, Reprint date: 1965.17 x 28.5 inches.Map text: French and RussianGeographic coverage: St. PetersburgNationality of cartographer: FrenchDrawer in Maps Collection: 2-12 Europe; Map ID #: None

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French cartographer Pierre François Tardieu’s (1711-1771) bird’s-eye view of St.Petersburg, Russia details city blocks, streets and rivers (OCLC, 1978-1999, “St.

Tardieu’s other notable maps include ones in A. Lorraine’s atlas La France et sesColonies and Edme Mentelle’s Atlas Universel; he also engraved William Bald’sCounty Map of Mayo (Ireland) (Lister, R., 1965).

Taylor, Daniel M.. Ancient Rome, 1900s.Original.Greenwich, Connecticut: Daniel M. Taylor.34 x 48 inches.Map text: EnglishGeographic coverage: Rome, Europe, Middle East, North AfricaNationality of cartographer: AmericanDrawer in Maps Collection: 2-12 Europe; Map ID #: 505

Taylor’s huge, laminated 20th-century map shows a city plan of Rome in 117 A.D.The map illustrates the major features of the old city - the Forum, CircusMaximus, Colosseum, Baths of Trajan, etc. Unfortunately, it does so in gaudyorange, green and yellow. Inset in the top right corner is a map of the RomanEmpire in the same year, the time of its greatest extent.

Thorne, Robert. First English World Map, 1527.Reproduction.Madrid: Carlos Sanz, Reprint date: 1961.9 x 17.75 inches.Map text: LatinGeographic coverage: WorldNationality of cartographer: EnglishDrawer in Maps Collection: 1-1 World to 1530; Map ID #: 7

The first world map by an English cartographer is strange to the modern eye, evencompared to other early 16th century maps. The North American east coast is asemicircle marked "Terra Florida." Central America runs west to east. SouthAmerica is egg-shaped, the rounder half on top. Africa's north half dwarfs itssouthern half. Mapmakers of the day knew neither the Southeast Asian peninsulanor Australia. Antarctica, or "Terra Firmorum," shows up only on the SouthAmerican side of the globe. Two large ships decorate the Indian and SouthAtlantic Oceans. This map was probably printed in London, according to reprint

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publisher Carlos Sanz. Explantory text appears on the bottom and verso of themap.

Thorne is famous in tales of cartographic espionage for stealing a map and reporton routes to the West Indies from the Spanish archives in Seville (Brown, 1979).

Visscher, Claes Jansz.. Amstelodami veteris et novissimæ vrbis accvratissimadelineatio, 1670.

Reproduction.Ithaca, New York: Historic Urban Plans, Reprint date: 1970.19.25 x 22.5 inches.Map text: Latin and DutchGeographic coverage: AmsterdamNationality of cartographer: DutchDrawer in Maps Collection: 2-12 Europe; Map ID #: 519

Dutch cartographer Claes Jansz. Visscher offers a bird’s-eye view of his homecity, Amsterdam. Compared with the 1710 map of Amsterdam by his son,Nicolaes, Plan de la grande & fameuse ville marchande d'Amsterdam Plan vande wyd vermaarde en beroemde koop stad Amsterdam (also in the MapsCollection: #522), Claes’ map is smaller scale, offering less detail. This map ismore lavishly illustrated; in addition to the regular map, it shows Amsterdamfrom a sailor’s viewpoint in the harbor.

Claes Jansz.Visscher (1587-1652) founded a map publishing dynasty inAmsterdam, his son Nicolaes I (1618-1679) and grandson Nicolaes II (1649-1702) continuing to publish atlases (Moreland, C. & Bannister, D., 1983). TheMaps Collection also owns a reproduction of Claes’ 1618 map of Paris, LutetiaParisiorum urbs, toto orbe celecerrima notissimaque, caput regni Franciae (map#511) (Moreland, C. & Bannister, D., 1983 and OCLC, 1978-1999,“Amstelodami veteris...”).

Visscher, Claes Janz.. Lutetia Parisiorum urbs, toto orbe celecerrima notissimaque,caput regni Franciae, 1618.

Reproduction.Ithaca, New York: Historic Urban Plans, Reprint date: 1968.21 x 32.5 inches.Map text: FrenchGeographic coverage: ParisNationality of cartographer: DutchDrawer in Maps Collection: 2-12 Europe; Map ID #: 511

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Dutch cartographer Claes Jansz. Visscher shows Paris from a bird’s-eye view,detailing individual buildings and streets. The map reader can easily find NotreDame Cathedral, the Pont-Neuf (new bridge in French), the Bastille and otherParisian landmarks. North here is to the left. Numbered points of interest all overthe city are named in an index at the bottom. Illustrations on the left side depictthe king of France, a Parisian gentleman, a bourgeois man, and a rustic “parisiivillageois.” To the right of the map are their female counterparts.

Visscher (1587-1652) founded a map publishing dynasty in Amsterdam, his sonNicolaes I (1618-1679) and grandson Nicolaes II (1649-1702) continuing topublish atlases (Moreland, C. & Bannister, D., 1983). The Maps Collection alsoowns a reproduction of Nicolaes I’s map of Amsterdam, Plan de la grande &fameuse ville marchande d'Amsterdam Plan van de wyd vermaarde en beroemdekoop stad Amsterdam, (map #522).

Bibliographic data from (Library of Congress, No date, “Lutetia Parisiorum

Visscher, Nicolaes. Plan de la grande & fameuse ville marchande d'Amsterdam Plan vande wyd vermaarde en beroemde koop stad Amsterdam, 1710.

Reproduction.Ithaca, New York: Historic Urban Plans, Reprint date: 1967.17.25 x 29.25 inches.Map text: DutchGeographic coverage: AmsterdamNationality of cartographer: DutchDrawer in Maps Collection: 2-12 Europe; Map ID #: 522

Dutch cartographer Nicolaes Visscher provides a bird’s-eye view of his homecity, Amsterdam. The map features an index to points of interest. Compared tohis father Claes Jansz. Visscher’s 1670 map of Amsterdam, Amstelodami veteriset novissimæ vrbis accvratissima delineatio (map # 519 in the Maps Collection),this one is larger-scale and shows more detail. Nicolaes’ map was publishedposthumously in 1710.

Nicolaes Visscher (1618-1679) inherited an Amsterdam map publishing firmfrom his father, Claes Jansz. Visscher (1587-1652), and passed it on to his sonNicolaes II (1649-1702) (Moreland, C. & Bannister, D., 1983 and OCLC, 1978-1999, “Plan de la grande…”). The Maps Collection also owns a reproduction of amap of Paris by Claes Jansz., the father: Lutetia Parisiorum urbs, toto orbecelecerrima notissimaque, caput regni Franciae (map #511).

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Waldseemüller, Martin. Mapa Universal, 1507.Reproduction.Madrid: Carlos Sanz, Reprint date: 1961.Each of 12 plates = 17.25 x 23.25; 4 reduced scale copies = 12.75 x 23.25 inches.Map text: LatinGeographic coverage: WorldNationality of cartographer: GermanDrawer in Maps Collection: 1-1 World to 1530; Map ID #: 5

This map is known as the first to use the name America. Contarini and Roselli'sworld map of 1506 was the first to show the new world, but Waldseemüller cameup with the idea of naming the discoveries after Italian explorer AmerigoVespucci, whom he incorrectly regarded as the discoverer of the new world(Moreland & Bannister, 1983). This heart-shaped projection is based onPtolemy's Geographia and the contemporary discoveries of Vespucci, hence theportraits at the top of the map of both men overlooking the globe and the map'sfull name: Universalis Cosmogrpahia secundum Ptolomaei traditionem atAmerici Vespucii aliorumque lustrationes (Lister, 1965).

South America here has only an east coastline; westward lies "terra ultraincognita." Southeast Asia, Australia and Antarctica are nowhere to be found,while Madagascar is oversized.

The map is in 12 sheets based on a woodcut in twelve blocks. One thousandcopies were printed at Strasbourg, Germany, but the one copy at the WolfeggCollection in Wolfegg, Germany is the only one left (Karrow, 1993). Thisreproduction is with black lines on a white background. In addition to the 12sheets, this reproduction offers a reduced-scale map on four sheets; these arecrowded and hard to read, especially around Europe, the Middle East and westernAsia. Explanatory Spanish text appears on the verso.

Waldseemüller (c.1475-1518) is considered the most important cartographer ofthe early 16th century (Karrow, 1993). The German mapmaker is also famous forhis maps in a 1513 edition of Ptolemy's Geographia, “…now regarded as themost important edition of that work" (Moreland & Bannister, 1983, p. 78).

Waldseemüller, Martin. Carta Marina, 1516.Reproduction.Madrid: Carlos Sanz, Reprint date: 1961.Each of 12 plates = 16.75 x 23.75; 4 reduced scale copies = 12.75 x 23.5 inches.Map text: LatinGeographic coverage: WorldNationality of cartographer: German

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Drawer in Maps Collection: 1-1 World to 1530; Map ID #: 6

The Carta Marina is a nautical chart using a rectangular projection. Wind rosesconnected by rhumb lines that criss-cross the map helped sailors plot directionand distance (Brown, 1979). All latitude lines from 70 degrees North to 50degrees South are marked as well. The map is covered with illustrations ofmountains, kings, camps and animals.

North America lacks all but the southeastern section, while South America onlyhas north and east coastlines. Southeast Asia is an enormous peninsula twice thesize of India. Australia and Antarctica are nowhere to be found.

The map is in 12 sheets based on a woodcut in twelve blocks. The WolfeggCollection in Wolfegg, Germany holds the only original copy of the CartaMarina (Karrow, 1993). This reproduction is with black lines on a whitebackground. In addition to the 12 sheets, this reproduction offers a reduced-scalemap on four sheets; these are crowded and hard to read. Explanatory Spanish textappears on the verso.

Waldseemüller (c.1475-1518) is considered the most important cartographer ofthe early 16th century (Karrow, 1993). The German mapmaker is also famous forhis maps in a 1513 edition of Ptolemy's Geographia, “…now regarded as themost important edition of that work" (Moreland & Bannister, 1983, p. 78).

Wit, Frederik de. Vienna, Aurstræ. Wien in Oostenreyk, 1695.Reproduction.Ithaca, New York: Historic Urban Plans, Reprint date: 1971.14.25 x 18.25 inches.Map text: German and LatinGeographic coverage: ViennaNationality of cartographer: DutchDrawer in Maps Collection: 2-12 Europe; Map ID #: 520

Dutch cartographer Frederik De Wit (1630-1706) offers a bird’s-eye view ofVienna, Austria at the end of the 17th century. Saint Stephan’s cathedraldominates the middle of the walled city. Illustrated boats float by on the Danube.The map includes an index to points of interest in German.

De Wit (1630-1706) “… was one of the most successful map engravers andpublishers in Amsterdam in the period following the decline of the Blaeu andJansson establishments, from which he acquired many copper plates when theywere dispersed at auction,” note Moreland and Bannister (1983). His work is

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especially noted for beautiful engraving and bright colors (Moreland, C. &Bannister, D., 1983).

Wit, Frederik de. La villa de Madrid corte delos reyes catolicos de Espanna, 1695.Reproduction.Ithaca, New York: Historic Urban Plans, Reprint date: 1971.16.5 x 28. 75 inches.Map text: Spanish and LatinGeographic coverage: MadridNationality of cartographer: DutchDrawer in Maps Collection: 2-12 Europe; Map ID #: 521

Dutch cartographer Frederik De Wit (1630-1706) shows a bird’s-eye view ofMadrid, Spain in the late 17th century. The map includes an index of points ofinterest, such as the Puerta del Sol in the center of the city.

The map of Madrid is from De Wit’s Theatrum Praecipuorum Totius EuropaeUrbium, an atlas of 132 plans of European city plans based on those of JanJansson, first published in1694 (Moreland, C. & Bannister, D., 1983).

De Wit’s (1630-1706) “… was one of the most successful map engravers andpublishers in Amsterdam in the period following the decline of the Blaeu andJansson establishments, from which he acquired many copper plates when theywere dispersed at auction,” note Moreland and Bannister (1983). His work isespecially noted for beautiful engraving and bright colors (Moreland, C. &Bannister, D., 1983).

Wit, Frederik de. Nova orbis tabvla, 1680.Reproduction.Edinburgh: John Bartholomew & Son and the Royal Scottish GeographicalSociety, Reprint date: 1900.18.25 x 21.5 inches.Map text: LatinGeographic coverage: WorldNationality of cartographer: DutchDrawer in Maps Collection: 1-3 World 1531-1775; Map ID #: 17

This world map is from an atlas by Dutch cartographer Frederik de Wit. The mapis lavishly illustrated, surrounding the world with the elements, signs of theZodiac, and pictures of the four seasons. The Eastern and Western Hemispheresare divided into two large circles, while the polar views are shown in smallercircles at the bottom left and right.

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California is shown as an island; the east coast of Australia is cut off by the mapcircular frame; Antarctica does not appear; and Northwestern North America andNortheastern Russia are ill defined.

De Wit (1630-1706) “… was one of the most successful map engravers andpublishers in Amsterdam in the period following the decline of the Blaeu andJansson establishments, from which he acquired many copper plates when theywere dispersed at auction,” note Moreland and Bannister (1983). His work isespecially noted for beautiful engraving and bright colors (Moreland, C. &Bannister, D., 1983).

Unknown cartographer. Map of the Western Roman Empire 250 A.D. TabulaItineraria (Peutinger's Tables), 1300s.

Reproduction.Publisher location unknown: Publisher unknown, Reprint date: Unknown.Each of 4 sheets = 16 x 20.5 inches.Map text: LatinGeographic coverage: EuropeNationality of cartographer: ItalianDrawer in Maps Collection: 1-1 World to 1530; Map ID #: None

The Peutinger Table, a road map of the ancient Roman Empire, is one of thestrangest of map projections. The lands are compressed north to south andextended east to west, resulting in rectangle sheets of maps that make all landmasses look like east-to-west islands separated by seas the width of rivers. TheMap Collection’s four sheets are a copy of a 13th century monk’s copy of originalRoman scroll maps. The Nationalbibliothek in Vienna has 11 parchment sheets ofthe monk’s original 12. The Map Collection’s copies are done with black lines onwhite, while the 13th century copy shows black, red, green, yellow, blue and rose(Encyclopædia Britannica Online, No date, "Peutinger Table").

The Map Collection’s copy was donated by Rev. E.F. Keener, 1948(?).

Unknown cartographer. Carte du Pays Vexin François, 1600s(?).Original.Publisher location unknown: Publisher unknown.17.75 x 20 inches.Map text: FrenchGeographic coverage: FranceNationality of cartographer: UnknownDrawer in Maps Collection: 2-12 Europe; Map ID #: 510

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This 17th century map is of Normandy, a region of northwestern France. Townsmapped include Pontoife, Vernon and Beauvais. The back of the map are pagesof text clearly from an atlas.

Unknown cartographer. Le Gouvernement de Calais & Pays Reconquis, 1600s(?).Original.Publisher location unknown: Publisher unknown.18.5 x 22.5 inches. Condition notes: Torn at central fold.Map text: FrenchGeographic coverage: Calais and northern FranceNationality of cartographer: UnknownDrawer in Maps Collection: 2-12 Europe; Map ID #: 508

This large-scale map of 17th-century Calais and the surrounding region (northernFrance by the English Channel) shows towns, forts, roads and rivers.Surrounding the cartouche (the illustrated area containing the title and other text)are illustrated soldiers.

Unknown cartographer. L' Espangne divesée en tous ses Royaumes et Principautes oùsont exactement recueillies et les memoires des Courriers Majors de Madrid, 1721.

Original.Publisher location unknown: Publisher unknown.18 x 25.5 inches.Map text: FrenchGeographic coverage: Spain and PortugalNationality of cartographer: UnknownDrawer in Maps Collection: 2-12 Europe; Map ID #: 523

This 18th-century French map of Spain is divided into kingdoms andprincipalities. Kingdoms include Portugal, “Gallice,” “Castille Novuelle” and“Grenade.” “Catalogne” is a principality. According to text on the map, it wasproduced “by order of his excellence the Marquis de Grimaldo, Minister andSecretary of State of his Catholic Majesty in 1721” (translated by this writer).

Unknown cartographer. Charta öfwer Finland, år 1747, 1747.Reproduction.Helsinki: Geographical Society of Finland, Reprint date: 1969.36.25 x 49 inches. Condition notes: Left edge slightly torn.Map text: FinnishGeographic coverage: Finland

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Nationality of cartographer: UnknownDrawer in Maps Collection: 2-12 Europe; Map ID #: 526

This huge (about 3 by 4 feet) map of Finland in the mid-18th century is facsimilecopy of the original in the Finnish Maritime Museum. The map shows rivers,towns, boundaries and roads. The seas and rivers are a light blue. The map isdedicated to Gustaf Fredrik von Rosen (1688-1769) (OCLC, 1978-1999, “Charta

Unknown cartographer. Die Haupt und Residenz Stadt Wien, 1750.Reproduction.Ithaca, New York: Historic Urban Plans, Reprint date: 1973.13 x 23.5 inches.Map text: GermanGeographic coverage: ViennaNationality of cartographer: UnknownDrawer in Maps Collection: 2-12 Europe; Map ID #: 528

This bird’s-eye view shows Vienna, Austria, in 1750. Saint Stephan’s cathedraldominates the middle of the city. Illustrated boats float by on the Danube, whilethe streets are filled with pedestrians and horse-drawn carriages. The mapincludes an index to points of interest in German. Neither OCLC’s WorldCat northe Library of Congress Online Catalog reveal the name of a cartographer[(OCLC, 1978-1999, “Die Haupt und Residenz Stadt Wien”) and (Library ofCongress, No date, “Die Haupt und Residenz Stadt Wien”)].

Unknown cartographer. Plan Geometrico y Historico de la Villa de Madrid y susContornos, 1761.

Original.Paris: Publisher unknown.39.5 x 55.5 inches. Condition notes: Worn edges; brown spots; c. 1.5 square inchhold in map near Plaza de Toros.Map text: French and SpanishGeographic coverage: MadridNationality of cartographer: FrenchDrawer in Maps Collection: 2-12 Europe; Map ID #: 534

This enormous (about 3 by 5 feet) bird’s-eye view of Madrid is probably ofFrench origin. The title and the several indexes to points of interest appearseparately in both French and Spanish. The indexes list such features as colleges,monasteries, convents, hospitals, churches, parks, etc. A brief history of Madridaccompanies both the French and Spanish indexes.

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A clue to the map’s origin lies in a note informing the reader that the map wassold at the Hotel de Soubise in Paris.

Unknown cartographer. World Map, 1765.Original.Publisher location unknown: Publisher unknown.8.25 x 12.75 inches. Condition notes: Edges worn and torn but not damage tomap area.Map text: FrenchGeographic coverage: WorldNationality of cartographer: FrenchDrawer in Maps Collection: 1-3 World 1531-1775; Map ID #: 21

This original 18th-century French map by an unknown cartographer uses theMercator projection. Flemish cartographer Gerardus Mercator (1512-1594)invented the projection, which shows longitude as straight lines, to help sailorsnavigate. On this map, diagonal lines shade the area from 30 degrees North to 30degrees South latitude. The map colors are black lines on white paper.

The map features look essentially normal to the modern eyes, except thatnorthwestern North America fades to a blank in the modern-day Yukon andNorthwestern Territories. Alaska does not appear.

Unknown cartographer. Chart of the World on Mercator’s Projection, 1766-1840.Original.Publisher location unknown: Publisher unknown.7.25 x 10.25 inches. Condition notes: Brown spots; edges fine.Map text: EnglishGeographic coverage: WorldNationality of cartographer: EnglishDrawer in Maps Collection: 1-3 World 1531-1775; Map ID #: 22

This small map with black lines on white paper is marked “Plate XXVIII,” so itmay have been removed from a book. Publisher and date are uncertain; the dateis marked in pencil “1766-1840” on the manila folder that contains the map. Themap looks normal to the modern eye with a couple exceptions. NorthernGreenland, the Yukon and Northwest Territories are ill defined, though Alaskadoes appear. Japan is misshapen.

Unknown cartographer. Plan von Moskwa, 1808.

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Reproduction.Ithaca, New York: Historic Urban Plans, Reprint date: 1973.27 x 21 inches.Map text: GermanGeographic coverage: MoscowNationality of cartographer: UnknownDrawer in Maps Collection: 2-12 Europe; Map ID #: 537

The Maps Collection holds two copies of this bird’s-eye view of Moscow. Themap is marked with numbers, but the map lacks an index to these points ofinterest.

Unknown cartographer. Portugal, 1831.Original.London: Baldwin & Gradock.13.75 x 9.5 inches. Condition notes: Edge torn; side splotched.Map text: Portuguese and EnglishGeographic coverage: PortugalNationality of cartographer: UnknownDrawer in Maps Collection: 2-12 Europe; Map ID #: 539

This English map of Portugal extends just a bit north and east into Spain. Themap text is in Portuguese while the bibliographic information is in English. Themap includes a small glossary of geographic terms in Portuguese. The map waspublished “under the superintendence of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful

Unknown cartographer. Karte Deutschland ne ost der Schweiz, 1849.Original.Weimar, Germany: Im Verlag des geographischen Instituts Instituts.13.5 x 22.75 inches. Condition notes: Bottom edge torn; taped across a fold.Map text: GermanGeographic coverage: GermanyNationality of cartographer: UnknownDrawer in Maps Collection: 2-12 Europe; Map ID #: 540

This map is from the 1849 atlas, Allgemeiner Hand-Atlas der ganzen Erde; nachden besten astronomischen Bestimmingen (OCLC, 1978-1999, “AllgemeinerHand-Atlas…”). It is a very odd mix of two maps, one of the middle section ofDenmark and one of southern Sweden. The Danish piece is at the top of this map,while the Swedish piece is upside down at the bottom, as if two maps werestrangely joined. The map is taped across one of its folds, but not in the right

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place for the two maps to have been taped together. Borders are marked with alight green color.

Unknown cartographer. Greece and the Ionian Republic, 1854.Original.New York: J.H. Colton & Co..13 x 16.25 inches. Condition notes: Edges torn.Map text: EnglishGeographic coverage: GreeceNationality of cartographer: UnknownDrawer in Maps Collection: 2-12 Europe; Map ID #: 541

This maps shows Greece in 1854. Note that the area north of Greece labeledTurkey is modern-day Albania and Macedonia and even northeastern Greece.Different colors distinguish the regions of the country. The map stops just northof the island of Crete.

Unknown cartographer. Sketch of the Engagement at Montebello on the 20th of May1859 as described in General Forey's Official Bulletin, 1859.

Original.London: (English) Topographical Depot War Office.17.5 x 13.75 inches.Map text: EnglishGeographic coverage: Part of northern ItalyNationality of cartographer: EnglishDrawer in Maps Collection: 2-12 Europe; Map ID #: 542

This British military map shows the movement of troops around Montebello (inmodern-day northern Italy) on May 20, 1859, in a battle in the Franco-Piedmontese War against the Austrians (1859-1861). The map shows French andSardinian forces repelling Austrians from Montebello. A separate smaller-scalemap (covering more territory) shows the allies pushing the Austrians as far northas Casatisma. Troop movements are marked with different colored marks foreach army – blue, red and yellow for the French, Sardinians and Austrians,respectively.

The map was “drawn and printed at the TOPOGRAPHICAL DEPOT WAROFFICE, under the direction of MAJOR A.C. COOKE R.E. COL. H. JAMESR.E. F.R.S. Superintendent," according to text on the map, and “published soonafter June 4 1859.” The English interest in the Franco-Piedmontese War was inbuilding up a strong Italian state to counter the influence of the French(Encyclopædia Britannica, No date, “Italy, history of”).

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Unknown cartographer. Plan of the Battle of Magenta, between the Austrian andSardo-French Armies, June 4 1859, 1859.

Original.London: (English) Topographical Depot War Office.15 x 16.75 inches. Condition notes: Edges torn.Map text: EnglishGeographic coverage: Part of Lombardy (northern Italy)Nationality of cartographer: EnglishDrawer in Maps Collection: 2-12 Europe; Map ID #: 543

This British military map depicts the June 4, 1859 Battle of Magenta during theFranco-Piedmontese War against the Austrians (1859-1961). The battle was avictory for the French and Italians. The map shows troop movements with color-coded rectangles (half-colored rectangles representing subsequent positions). Aninset map at smaller scale (covering more territory) shows the Lombardy regioneast to Milan. A separate blue folded page of text titled “Description of the Battleof Magenta (4th June 1859) and preliminary Movements, from the publishedsources up to this date, 13th June 1859” explains the battle.

The map was "lithographed and printed at the TOPOGRAPHICAL DEPOT WAROFFICE, under the direction of MAJOR A.C. COOKE R.E. COL. H. JAMESR.E. F.R.S.M.R.IA. &c. Superintendent," according to text on the map. TheEnglish interest in the Franco-Piedmontese War was in building up a strongItalian state to counter the influence of the French (Encyclopædia Britannica, No

“Napoleon III and his 54,000 troops met 58,000 Austrian troops under GeneralFranz Gyulai in a highly disorganized battle that left some 9,700 dead or injuredand 4,600 missing,” according to Britannica. “The narrow Frenchvictory over the Austrians was an important step toward Italian independence, forit led many districts and cities, beginning with Bologna on June 12, to throw offAustrian rule and join the cause of Italian unity. The battle is commemorated byan ossuary containing the remains of 9,000 of the dead” (Britannica, No date, “Magenta”).

Unknown cartographer. Balkan - Halbinsel, c.1878.Original.Leipzig, Germany: Bibliographisches Institut.18 x 13.75 inches.Map text: GermanGeographic coverage: Balkans

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Nationality of cartographer: UnknownDrawer in Maps Collection: 2-12 Europe; Map ID #: 546

This German map of the Balkans covers Croatia, Bosnia, Serbia, Montenegro,Romania, Bulgaria, Greece, western Turkey, the boot of Italy, and south as far asCrete.

Unknown cartographer. Map of Moravian Mission in Bohemia, 1871.Original.Publisher location unknown: Publisher unknown.Geographic coverage: Bohemia (modern-day Czech Republic)Nationality of cartographer: UnknownDrawer in Maps Collection: 2-12 Europe; Map ID #: 544

Unknown cartographer. Map of North-Western Germany Showing the Railway andSteamboat Communication, 1890.

Original.Leipzig, Germany: Wagner & Debes.15.75 x 11.5 inches.Map text: GermanGeographic coverage: GermanyNationality of cartographer: UnknownDrawer in Maps Collection: 2-12 Europe; Map ID #: 547

This maps shows railways with black lines on white; boat lanes are marked withdotted lines in the blue seas.

This map is in the same folder as “North-Eastern Germany” (also map #547).

Unknown cartographer. North-Eastern Germany, 1890.Original.Leipzig, Germany: Wagner & Debes.11.25 x 11.25 inches.Map text: GermanGeographic coverage: GermanyNationality of cartographer: UnknownDrawer in Maps Collection: 2-12 Europe; Map ID #: 547

This map shows railways with black lines on white; the rivers and seas are blue.An inset map shows the northeastern extremity of Prussia and the Baltic Sea.

59

This map is in the same folder as “Map of North-Western Germany Showing theRailway and Steamboat Communication” (also map #547).

Unknown cartographer. Map of the Roman Empire in its Greatest Extent [c. 117AD],1900s.

Original.Publisher location unknown: Publisher unknown, Reprint date: Unknown.10 x 14 inches. Condition notes: Edges slightly torn.Map text: Latin, EnglishGeographic coverage: Europe, Middle East, North AfricaNationality of cartographer: ItalianDrawer in Maps Collection: 1-1 World to 1530; Map ID #: 1

This early 20th (or perhaps late 19th) century map shows exactly what its titleindicates – the Roman Empire at the time of its greatest extent, which coveredmost of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa. A map of Ancient Greece isinset in the top right quarter of the map.

The verso side offers two more historical maps, each with another inset map: 1)Palestine Under the Judges and Kings with the Distribution of the Twelve Tribes,inset with Environs of Jerusalem in the lower right corner, and 2) The Routes ofthe Israelites from Egypt through the Desert, Canaan at the time of the Conquest,inset with Mountains of the Sinai.

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End notes1 Cartobibliographies consulted include:§ Taliaferro, H.G., Kenamore, J.A. & Haller, U. (1988). Cartographic Sources in

the Rosenberg Library. College Station, TX: Texas A&M UniversityPress.

§ Brun, C. (1959). Guide to the Manuscript Maps in the William L. ClementsLibrary. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan.

§ Sellers, J.R. & Molen Van Ee, P. (1981). Maps and Charts of North America andthe West Indies, 1750-1789: A Guide to the Collections in the Library ofCongress. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress.

§ Smith, T.R. & Thomas, B.L. (1963). Maps of the 16th to 19th Centuries in theUniversity of Kansas Libraries: An analytical Carto-bibliography.Lawrence, KS: University of Kansas Libraries.

§ Mooney, J.E. (1988). Maps, Globes, Atlases and Geographies Through the Year1800: The Eleanor Houston and Lawrence M.C. Smith CartographicCollection at the Smith Cartographic Center, University of SouthernMaine. Freeport, ME: Renfrew Group.

§ Johnsen, M.A. (1981). Nineteenth Century Maps in the Collection of theGeorgia Surveyor General Department, 1800-1849. Atlanta: State Print.Office.

2 See Taliaferro, H.G., Kenamore, J.A. & Haller, U. (1988). Cartographic Sources in theRosenberg Library. College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press.

3 See Smith, T.R. & Thomas, B.L. (1963). Maps of the 16th to 19th Centuries in theUniversity of Kansas Libraries: An analytical Carto-bibliography. Lawrence, KS:University of Kansas Libraries.and Mooney, J.E. (1988). Maps, Globes, Atlases and Geographies Through the Year1800: The Eleanor Houston and Lawrence M.C. Smith Cartographic Collection at theSmith Cartographic Center, University of Southern Maine. Freeport, ME: RenfrewGroup.

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