1 Duverger, Political Parties, pp. 203-205.

M T R Conservative ~ J ~ ~ u I L I U ~ U ~ ~ J ~ R ~ ( ~ O ~ ~ ~ W T T ~ ~ Labor d J ( l ( l ~ 3 f n l T # J f i ~ a ( l ~ h u ~ f i o c u i n i n i . r i ~ ~ S j s ~ ~ u \ 9 1 ( n o u ~ q u i u ) C ( ~ [ I I L R R L ~ U i~'lfi~d~oanbih( 2 nlu Ra

fllu Hamilton d J b f ~ n l i ? b ~ J d l w ? n ~ H $ h # f f a ( l u (Federalist) flun(u Jefferson b 5 ~ n hb84'h ~ n c l 1 T i l T ZUfffkJu (Republican) M ~ D ( / O ~ ~ I U R H I h % f f a ( l ~ (Anti-Federalist)

ff y ~ ~ b ( I ~ ? f l ~ ~ ~ ~ f 1 7 ~ f I % J I I I U H ~ ( J ~ T ~ % ~ U I ~ U ~ ~ U I I fi.A. I 824 ~i7 ' l l%Ld4f l~b!h~Tm

RepubIica~ uat: Democrat ~zuuffo~~~~clbs'L6nniu~flururclnni~ni~bdojuo~ds~bn~

S i J n o J 3

jlumo~lin6dl'lflbb(lnl~u 3 n(u 'LhTi Legistimister ~ i l u Y ( ? n % d a u ~ CLUUB~UIO

~ U u ~ l l n d d o ~ ~ a n r u f z d~uw~ni~5icouiiiid~i3u 3 mn~dwiu?L fiawqn Jacobin

Bn 2 ~ n % i i i h ? n Gimndin i i h w ? n ~ u i ~ 1 ~ 1 ~ z u o u ~ m m 6 Ufl<Thermidoriens 8 4

Wflu~uuoun~aili~Srnu~iuu Q G ~ V O J ~ J ~ ~ W

rnul6~1imarrru~d 3 n ~ ~ ~ f i ~ ~ u " ~ l ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ d n ~ ~ d n ~ ~ ~ ~ u ' o u ~ ~ ~ 6 ~ ~ 1 1 u o ~ f n d

CIII~~nz~riliiu~ci1~er~8lt'u~z~o~u1a1~ms'~ ( iml t~obiu~zua~n~a3~l i lc io"n) ud

r3ry~~rderafiuks~nii~uo~s',su~n d-ilfiwant+~ffhu i~d~domOu 2 nqn . iiolwu.3~

(Radicaux) biDJnll~'ijln1 2 l ni ~ ( l l M 1 1 3 1 3 1958 fiYhl$b33ml?

(tuu u d ~ ~ i l u 2 wan w ? n ~ d ~ ~ n f l u o g f i u f ~ ~ n ~ u ~ u ~ r i ~ d o ~ j i d i u I ~ ~ J ~ n o ( i d ~ ~ w n l d P d ~nwan~dluua1Culdni~fia~~~~uoud~za1uitua~3on~d3zn1~~f u6l

t t 5 ~ i m u 1 ~ i n I ~ r u i ~ d 5 n13iid~n+~~f;udsing~ 1mufiuua1gudaz3aufiu i~udiuuaiwanwii~ .nzdiu~IuwanvldJiim a ~ l u u r i f i z n ~ u ~ i ~ u n ~ ~ u n n ~ u n ~ u l o

houa~ud~iUunanlild'InnS~d unzwanInn8nh daucliul~iufiisn ~ ~ ~ ~ Y I U I I U ~ I U " I ~ nou~fiahanznnur~Pnbi lun~uhuu?~ildldlnn~wh k i \d~i~w~niunr ju doniu

Union for French Democracy (4 J i ~ ~ n I 3 3 a ~ 6 a f i ~ l ~ J ~ 3 3 ~ Republicans. Centrists iLRt I

Radicals) f i ~ f ~ ( i ~ Pro Giscardian &~)?Ididlfl n n i i m n ~ ~ l n ~ ~ u r n n ~ ~ ~ u ~ ~ n z n ~ u $ w h

i0uwnuinn~~1n1a iu"i3!aud3z~uw~'~nnouyfi1~1n ~urYiucr~nu(tuudfin~ni3

i%i~au l&i iunu1~~~3nnou~f i16~

2.2 maul u a n q i n i ~ ~ n i 3 r ~ 1 ~ d s z ~ ~ 1 ~ a i d f i I ~ U ~ ~ L L P J Y V ~ J ~ ~ ~ R ~ I S & O J

hhzmprfu 1 iiib ~ ~ ~ i l i i ~ O u O a B b d o d i u a u w ~ ~ n n i ~ i d o ~ l ~ C o u ~ ~ # u a 'lu6;mqv

n a ~ u u a n d ~ ~ ~ u ~ ~ a ~ ~ ~ ~ u i n ~ n a ~ u ~ ~ u u " u n ~ ~ d o % u i ~ d d i u i ~ ~ o J R I R U I ~ ~ ~ L ~ O U R J nia

b;mqadaul~~o%u'io~iau1e7f ~hfin~uIdaia~aRud ~ . J J $ I ~ ~ . I Z ~ ~ R ~ I R ~ U ~ I ~ ~

~ ~ ~ i n ~ ~ % ~ ~ t k n ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ u ~ ~ ~ d i ~ d n ~ u n ~ ~ ~ ~ o ~ i i a n i i u n o o n ~ d ~ n idu iubanf nnu6 n a ~ u n ~ ~ i ~ u n ~ z n a i ~ n ~ ~ o S n i i ~ z ' I d ~ i a ~ ~ i R ~ O i dilfiwanoyTntf~auKui0uwaan~#era

rd.6 kunino~nIdtn.rm Roman-Catholic People's 8~ d ~ ~ d l ~ ~ d 3 L ~ ~ ~ L ~ ~ ~ ~ J ~ ~ d J

ldfhlih 2 Wan 6awan Anti-Revolutionary LLR:Wan Christian Historical Union 4

2.3 ~ r o r i l mw ~~nzuuusrruliruudr::~wd oJ~d.rznouni~idonifiicnz

nia1~ildauiil~~finwaae7n1aid0.j~1nJou~dun'u 1u6jnqv~zuu~n~wsae7i^na~u

d dauaud~~wunui~innaiu~~ubon~d'bu~winri 'd~ainid bthr niaivjn~Sinairu ~fl13d

acusnub%uhr mtiiC;~rerr~awiniauiu ~ u m i r ~ i r m n ~ u ~ n n d X o ~ ~ 'bunon ~ d u -

8dn$ fioufl 1914 d Polish Party, Cgech Party, Croation Party rrwrddnwTwai~iin n ' a ~

fj 1938 fl Siedite German Party, Slovak Partv SZYYH W I O W ~ ~ ~ ~ ' W O O I L ~ O - ~ ~ ~ I ~ U1Z ;i

~dnTnirlai~fiu $ ~ n ~ J i o u ~ ~ ~ ~ u ~ ~ n a ~ u ~ ~ n n d i ~ ~ ~ w r n a ~ u ~ n d n m . % ~ w i ~ ~ . % o " ~ ~ i ~ lufldnqa

fid ~ s h Party linud Ireland i)ia:lEi~nn3ia (udm.sndn~us~umsn Liberal LUU %ma) ~dulaiiu~unlau~bwz~~~bafi fly~~nrnaun"u~i?nub~niru~z~4i~no~d~r~wm

d ~8n~wnn~nu~in13u~dwnnni~bdo~oonbdu~ninw~~~o~bdubaniu1u~

nu#ulu~~nuflni~d~rddaruouiru w r r nnir ~do~fifiJarr

kuc innmud 3 ~m~wjiiolurrsc~u~uo~iruni~~nwm~nrru ~ ~ a r ~du8jnuauuw

mc#u/~fiiuio1u8~nu1~~~fiwan T u u ~ ~ u w z ~ ~ ~ ~ n ~ C / ~ u d~l imi iwano~au (aristocrats)

dd~i~uimidnvln ~TivrbidRdnu uwrmou9i~~.ra~RwomiG ounr r~~hmmma

9/ to f i n h u a : ~ a n n u ~ ~ u ~ " m d u 16~iim~u#u'b~~~ddw~wwwi~nn&i.~~~w:$mnnrau

k wannpufl (Bourgeosie) ~ ~ u ~ I ~ M ~ I ~ I ~ L ~ ~ ~ ~ R ~ ~ ~ " ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~ I H ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I wan

ngd~ir+kuingu ~uurur~~afififinia~n~iuin~u unrlEi3'unisnfiuayuainm

fiiVu wanitfi1$ifi6winp~nffindu ~m&un+m~iwann ~"11uno~la"unirb~1uubb~ n~

r o ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ n i i a n i ~ ~ m ~ a ~ W ~ ~ ~ w : # ~ n u unu~~r f iw5f i~muhd q buuioinfii~fim dau

, mnoPi?rufi~~~uanaiuAmni~oyfnd~nu d4wnui~nwwnd~c%1~d~o~nu1%meroi~~

nnun~unyunnniaui ( n i r d f i ~ ~ g i d h ~ m n d 1789 ~ ~ u ( i ? o e i i ~ w i ~ n i ~ ~ o ~ r ~ ~ i ~

mc 2 &d) $dn hal641'buda~lioumnaa~ud I 9 ~ U u n n d n @ r ~ A ~ 2 h n #oohu\~nr

' ~ u v o r ~ e r , Polltical Parties. p. 204

188 * F'S 215

&daouhsdiofi~~uui~~u(~apitalist)~in: iiiiuanai x ~ ' ~ ~ I o I ~ I ~ ~ J ~ ~ ~ ' ~ I ~ T I ~ T ~ ~ ~ w ~ I o I ~ ~ w B I ~

ciauqnnn rruuaoomanfin5ukan idu 5onqv anrdazinwdo%nanw ( c i a u ~ ~ f ~

o~dnidu%iosn~iu ~mirwrrmo~oi~ni'boioia~sn'b~~~~~u~an~omu#u~a rwi:

r m n ' b u i l h r n o u ~ m ~ ~ o ~ 1 ~ ~ u ~ ~ n ~ i u ~ ~ u 6 u ~ d o ~ u ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ n " u ) dau~udarmndu

4. L L n i ~ p ~ u n n d n3a~a05u~d~diin'~u1~~1a'b$wa~nnn~do~~4~uauuin~"sou"oa Ih~d qaunnd

m~nmfloo qaunndm~nn tioodn h?ii ui~nIjfidn?iu~uw'ua'baumo;li~~ll~~ueii~ 7 - ~icifi'bJinuoldoBiowann3~~1"11~ ifluhu oia~qnuni~dnioniai~oodi~n'u rdooain

3afisun'.lUL!nnn Hfa Individualism b d ~ CI~JLRR ~33(1o~fndfiflu iaSQau Ut3:

k~ndhu ~ ~ r u ~ i n g ~ i i i u d d a ~ m n ~ ~ 0 . ~ 6 o ~ d u knrp, iundsu unnhrmnnlu

'L)inh?noudouuhh w ~ ~ n n i ~ ~ ~ o ~ ~ ~ u w ~ ~ ~ ~ m d ~ f i a a i n n i t i f a ~ ~ ~ i ~ f i ~ ~ : : ~ d i ~

m&~~mrqaunnd k u ~ ~ u ( l ? u ~ i ~ ~ a ~ ~ ~ ~ z ~ . ~ i ~ w ~ n o ~ a ~ f i u w ~ n n ~ u d d J i a ~ ~ n t

*oq~&~u)iu~af~uu umz'Iumu~rnunnmltd 1s h n m a d 2; 'Ldi~fiaBnii knu - ctuuh, (~do~nnmr~~ini~~1i~m~u~~mznn9ii f i7' I~~~u~urmumdA) 7 r u ~

ra~m~n5~d~~u~1fludar~d~tlu~du~t:11u~iu w 7 7 d~azi9iu'L4$du&Jn zp (noutiu

w n n ~ r d 20) ~ 7 z ~ n n B u 7 ~ ~ u u i n i ~ n i ~ w ~ ~ n n i ~ ~ i i ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ' ~ ~ ~ n l t ~ ~ ~ u ~ f i ~

uonnnnqida~rti~~~~ql~aunnd~~ndndiqui nnudd~unmiuRa~Cnidu

nqu (internal divisions) ~ ~ n z n i . r n i u ~ ~ u ~ ~ u n ~ ~ u f i a ~fluvodn (iudid 7 (overlaping) d11# mmnnrfio~d~quauanBuld6n kd~na~~ufiqodi~dfiilodn~iiid baowizluntju vo~vfJcliso~fn.d~u a ~ z ~ c l f ~ u I & ~ ~ d ~ o o n ~ f l u nduflqu~nd (extremist bar radical)

unzn(u%qla+~~.rd (moderate) ~h~#u?liudchs8m~u1~~~dd~un~ekrw?nd&d unz

w~nda% hnnutm~un4~fi~o~ni11'1uwn~ tduuur:uwnsnfld~dk~~~d~d ()hail4

djnqa r0u)iu) udhuan~~n~uu.r~uin~6n~~uunuik~m.rn'I~d ~ o n n n d n n d n ~ u

chd 1 dnnu~m~hmu~l(anz~did~munnddid 1 kdq~~lmrnnn~iic~~?imhuin nhnnuanuclnmulunQu~d u#n li?odi~ ~wc l~~~endnnud~uan~ f lu u iau i (clerical)

do&l~~ lW41 (Anti-Clerleal) ~b l I l ~ f l ~?U9 ln (West) ~ R t ~ b l J 1 ~ 9 l t ~ ~ b 0 n (East) URZ

a~did~w.ru~Asuuurclffiud~CTu (Planning) m . r ~ n n r 8 o ~ l ~ ~ ~ a ~ ~ m u n ' 1 . r d n 1 u

h ? ~ a u ~ m u n i . r d ( ~ d d -

nouyQcld - ubuiuazjkoon, r/o&iunicl~i

dcl~huiriwitii - ubuiaa:Tuoon, Mu , niclui

r9jnu&u - ubuiuolz?uoln, &flu, eiodiiuniclui

M.R.P. - ubuiuaz?uan. &flu, niaui

71afin - ubwwaz~uan, ~cn r l f i r r d , ( i ~ h n i ~ u i

C17uvm - ubu~rmrT~nn, L~TI)IA~LA~. a iaui

PS 215

a JeLni~mdn : ~auunn~iankd i

~ z u u n i ~ r ~ o n k ~ ( ~ u ~ ~ O u d o ~ u r ' ~ ~ r 3 i c i ~ u i n d d 8 ~ ,

uo~diu?umrnnnrjo~ i~~zi~unnr8on#~d~di~uirrmiu.iioz~unuinr0ul~?tn~~~uu

~ Y V I T U ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ L ~ ~ R T Z U U V W T h a ~Glrr~rrdfiunum u ~ o ~ ~ ~ r ' ~ ~ f i ~ i ~ ~ d ~ ~ ~ ~ d r r ~ ~ # ~ f i a ~ z u u w n n l u / d ~ ~ ~ ~ d ~ ~~aznnoz'Ifldiwmiu~n~~~uirroz3~o~~i#tldo1~8~f qadi311

~mur~~izd~ieitg'io qaunn duaz~m~n~df~~ni~rQ~nu

~zuunnr8onbrrd~I6~Ou 2 izuul~gi 5io

n. r~uunnidank;a1uidu~uY1;~1n (Majority System) T~UU~B~LL~JI&OU 2

t: t: fi~uinarrusli ~~onmorjmorjb6tl

dilt~n~~¶J~~tl?" (Simple Majority Single Ballot

(2) ~ r n ~ 1 6 i ~ n & b ~ f i ~ o / 7 n 6

t: t: da d fi?~unn&onnorjnr ~b~sn~orj~ifl6~:u'~~~~~orj~fiun~~uorj~d?&~;~o~dn1s~bon~orj~1s"~d~~orj

do?d sruuiiklindanfludi f :u~nfitAnnkJ~kad~orjmn~oaou" (Majody with two

ballot System)

u. r:uunirl~enk~~irrn%d~un:~~uu~h (Proportional Representation) 40 sruud~adsdi~~u~~~a1aiu~mdaunz~buu~Qu~d~~in:waafi?6~u \

~n5wn~a?duoa:uu~#on&orjdddoa:uu~fa~nia~fioao1a~~tlnb0u~m riici~d 4 4

(1) 1~.uunx~ljans~~a"vifi~o/7nmum7 malauicY7uwmauriva iiorj1~3 U ~ G ~ Z U U

Raawnn1~~w~~dduu67uiai~u

(2) ~ufmxl~an&~du~11"7i~7n~~1")117m~a~a"~~v"7io/7naafiau ii JLR~UIGGT:UU mannia~~norjuuuaniuwaafi udrnsnniabflo~a:88nwa:dma~u (flexible) u1m:r.r:

I

(dependent) L L ~ ~ ~ u R J W ~ R B J R ' ~ ~ (Relatively stable)

(3) 1zuun~rnhkun7ur7daun~ll~~la"vi n'orj~~9u~~fla:uuaniuwaafi~Ju5u I -

bbdwsafiniabdoorja:d8n33m:L$u orjam (rigid) flfl'Il~Lh$"U3~ (independent) LLB:Q'UF~~I

(stable)

ClmrLiufirCd 4 bzmn t o runduu riou n.n.is94 d ~ ~ % r u u ~ f i o n k ~ ~ ~ a c

4i1,quinno~aou udhzuuwo~waan rraz6n 3 dazrnn t o nd3rrnu rim fi.n.1gii

rauu13n riou n.n.io;o rrnzrrnriailTo?flu ~g~l#azuudon8cdu~~icuinaou~~ua rrdhruuvlaiuwaan ns~darrnnruaduu qcndihunaiu~u~dat~didazuur#a~

bi~uins~urluaiiuaru~~o~waan rilubounr5ud~1lfinwwzijar2juuinnd16j rwai r

n1arton&no~aoudiii~ualflun~~u1ur"non~~~~ou0zl~~'1.on1nl~~rna rnairlu

n l d d ~ ~ ~ ~ r ~ n f ~ ~ a 0 n l ~ ~ ~ d ~ ~ ~ 1 1 a f l ~ f l ~ d 2 nI.4 (iaodidrdu 1892 L Y O L L O ~ ~ ~ # ~

vlua 41 flrfiu~ 4 rvadejodr~~on&d 2 sou ~ u n a z ~ ~ l i d n i a ~ l n n ~ n ~ r f i o n k ~ r d u

~ n g t a l d u~rrmn~~nu~ud~in~~Au'burnouiuerama~d 19 nn~nnnr8on&uuu

rflsJti~uin 2 m u BdOilinndirfiuun-,G 3 diua$qlvlJiiiu l o oyfn'ndfku-miffflu-

$,qnuQau n13rtonkdfl i 894 d 14 nadejo~bni3r~nndh 2 .rou unrfl 1898 ij i s LYR

otii~r~fimiu fia1u$uflud.rr~dida~uunod~33niiun13~ijonk~r~udu"idu1n3ou~~ua

fifi~~ilugns~r~odo~~dobdfnub~nuru nduuiiu8dn9w neJno~1~.rnnnaruuwo~wa3~1

16rd~uu1drdowsn#dnufinud31n~fia~u u d n i ~ d ~ ~ n ~ w 1 ~ ~ z u u ~ ~ o n 6 ~ 1 ~ a ~ i ~ u i n

aoudunlilfiazuunomnnn6uhui I m ~ u m s a ~ ~ u g n f i i ~ a o o n ~wwdrundau

ws~nuff iuukntn~ ii&dwssn#u q iii~Qaqu&ai?u

daunqrau riou n.er.191 i wi~nvrr~lon&rduairun13~~iiaw33nfi~~1ana~u

rriuou uonnndu~qvlini~nnriSo~~~nt~~nuu~~~]aznn t o mvlinlsrwn(iannnq1n

tm5ra6 nn~a td~rz~ i i~mrunn 'u~6~~oS i 'b~r~ana1u~uw~~u~~o1~0z~a~~d1 Prjrau

brruuwnnlww\r ud f i i i l ~ i~ i~w~~aar8onk~d1~ 7 uBa .'aulrrqj~whmfurtonkd

2 ML 1rnt~u5r6u"di~fid~~ua'b~ur~fidnon~flu 2 ndubd q go nsjuoyfndduufiundu

raiduu ufitiunaa.r.rwd 20 rnsnff~fiuiiuud31ngh~u gnwwtniario$urnl

Rirksdag ~odw~raufinhufiuf~wni~dnqw Aoni~rw%qvlJi.rrvlh~d1tloyr'nG6ouiiu

rditluu smnnurddundld r~ncr?mw1iil~~uu~t~unls~8onR~~0u~~uu~a~au 3ruu

~ ~ i u n ~ ~ f i B ~ d ~ i n g f i ' a ~ u

divlful)snnnrauutfn fiflfinawnbiiun?~olu rrhr&u"diRozlhinD2i6man

ni.rrflo~lvl$ q 4 n n n Rn wnfioyfnGQsu wnnrn5Qau ~ 3 m i l f h wrwnn

finuduu u c i n i ~ u d ~ u ' ~ i i ~ ~ ~ a r d o n & ~ d i ~ 7 daulvl~rflunisdo@rvl~idnodw~3n

uinn21 luS 1910 rjiu3unarPonb i 14 ma ii@fimfudonih 2 nu r#u 89 ma 3 CIU

194 PS 215

1

f - h B

yfndfiuu d7w5n 2 wnn iio wnn

naauna ~~azwaanaiaui (Social Cr ~ f i u ~ y u ~ ~ u ~ u i ~ k a T r n ~ ' i i f u %a

~ n t w nuw"of ~ ~ u w " o ~ & u i ~ f i o ~ ~ u

naInua~rzuutdend~rdu4~14

nnlmmnruuJldBorla+u

man~yTndiuu~nzb~uuiuu 35,000 b i u ~ wsrnnnum G 40,000 $UJ ~~,nzwaan~~$ha~

J is,ax, ~ g e ~ nnh~~u~~a~uii~z~~u~~.d~~~~ut~~o~waanmauna~uo~n'unrab"iiib~li~u

uo~wran~~fQuu nii7Ao Oimsn~~~fiuunnu@5nauo~waanmuoonoinniabb~~~u

f i ~ ~ u d ~ ~ ~ l t i i i ntuw&uJd7ul~~uo~waa~Eozmnldo~f iuwaano~a"ndiu d nnqnumr&&8u~fi) d-dunz~~uunaEbdmrine& oz~d~oon~f lu 2 d7u drw~dc

ozn~~$;mannaauna unz~nd7uMdJniodnoofi~du~ ~ u u g i ~ i u o i o f ~ ~ u ~ ~ 2 darn?a

~oman~RffiuuslnnJn"uwaano~fn3;fiuudozma~d6a~~ 6nafu~don k~~os luoon ('ban A

wasnoyfn~fiuuhmw ~"du'bnunianaudi7luaaod6wsan~~$fiuu) azuu~o~wamR d %zIti~1kon1aaaufian"u~fo~flufiun8mn"od ~!aTdinw~dllsus waam~ar"auua~o$sfiu

dordt rjalinsuo~au~~iuridudoln] buWuou~fluriunfinan'uwaafiIn rjlgnnkoz

dou 7 noni~wram~5fiuuld ' azuuRoJw~nfiIiiuiluniadwaan~~f~uu~nwowW~

(elimination) In]

~uu~piubnusndd.nn~~u6~nqwnlf0~sJ"fa lu~d%unQm~a.ru 7 az~.d i~wnn

oyfndfuuunz~~f&lu ~~nz~ubussf i icsz~d~~wffnf i~ ~@mn]az"IIitn]~rnu (o yfndQuu)

rmm~4dazai91Jlau (~~56uu) d ~ u ~ u o o ~ ~ s n ~ ~ u m . ~ n ~ ~ ? Q n u ~ u w a ~ n ~ y r " n r f ~ u u

~&~%ii~ut0uman~#u7fiuu &uri n.m.1909 ~do~oinnia~~~fiubus~ws~nmrum

I h ~ n n l t ~ n ~OuGobmnfin Ihwi wssndHiuoz~~~unu~ouniidmar~ta~iuu I I

8ma1dad~tlu~nifiunz~~uu~du~dl6a'u (under-representatiod ~odidb;lnqwlunia

lirnnb~dn t ~ o u ~ n i n u D i 974 waafifiiuna"sJl6nzLLuuLiuJJiadaz~~~~ 5,325,862 L L ~ ~ J I I I I

~ ~ s i d q f i ~ I u ~ m ~ d u t i i q f i ~uumc-dmand~auz~onkdf io waan~n~uofIbin:uuu I I I I

biud 1 1,449,070 dud bbdl6fifa"d 31 9 fig4 b b ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ f l c l ~ l ~ b g ~ f b?~dl&f i f LLUM 1 0,391,301 I I

dud l G d h 276 Cad 8 ~ 8 o z r ~ i u i i waandmuijnoz~iu~~~uurniud~~dou~~oa~ ud

idaHiuiaainiaurwaanM$dl6 wam~usznna~lupiu~~Ouwaand~iu~~~zdlan~~d

a r ~ n v u l n a n l d 4 I lr~n~mna.r ~OulTa' j l ln i~~m~mui nrJ8rnoin~nqw n d i i ~ u a f uu ~ i u d ~ i d u i n

aou~tiua ~r#an&oz~$1~4w'ufiii n~~u~Bu~ua~wanmuoz~~~du~doeii~bddidazhvd

i i i i d n d t v ~ u n ~ u w n n d m (rmirt~nnk~ldfilddni~vuz) 4~Culdn~nz~~uulS;wtsn

d~rwu~uuiulnbFiaJriunuu ~ ~ o ~ < f i u m m A ~ a a ~ o u d ~ a rAorfiniiud$uvuzvadwaan

dmuliajaE1uuindqn

aindniiauid o z r ~ u ~ h i ~ a ~ u u ~ W u ~ ~ ~ ~ u ~ n a n u ~ # ~ ~ a ~ i u i a n d i a ~ a " n w i a z u ~

anrmanro i l i ~un~mvodazuu8az~utdniarbmnaunvndm~nbrii u n r d a ~ i u n i ~

do~amswaan1w.i ndiafia waanrdioz6a;raau~uoeii~~~dubbfiu ~inbbmn~~nf iuozdu

niaiiaiu6arod rdu niaumnuunvodwaan Liberal lufl 1918 bfluwnl<waan d w f a

gnvrm5nennld d a u w r a ~ d o z d a 6 a ~ ~ a d i ~ ~ u ~ ~ ~ s i a ~ d a ~ ~ a " u n a i u ~ ~ v a ~ u a ~ n o l " a d d u

oeiituinuiu ~~o~dfi6otfinia~aazbfiu~loddinia~aamz6uvi~adidb#a1b~~d (bunafibban

~ ~ s n l ~ i o : g n ~ i f i a 6 a ~ o d 1 u ~ " o d d ~ i ~ 1 ~ m f 8a,~uv~].~mu ~n:ozuuioGnPw nl6odiin815

~ ~ a ~ ~ i r ~ n z u i n ~ f l u bdu rrnuiai rUuhaBir (waannnuna unzwaanaiauid8nlwsJ

~awizol"a~~ubw'i~u) kwdd 2 2iih dwmn1~d~j1~nin~~~~8u1~ouniuianun;iuz l ~ a u w a a n d n o j l 6 ii?odi~~du rnan~~~ufiu~udrz~n~~rbad~nnbbgn"~~au i~u(iu

a , t 6~8~waizwnfiunom~uirin~u~i~aw~u~naauna d~dwkuinwndozw6n6uwaan

IC~nahu i lA ' wnni6n 7 ~zgnu0hnonl~~i~Idfinoua'uldo~Iua~6u~a~du azuu

m ~ m s n f i ~ u ~ u u i r d o w a a n d ~ i u f ~ a i n ~ ~ u

' ~ u v e r ~ e r , Polltical Parties, pp. 217-228.

d

~h~n~n13dL~u?f iUnlSf l~LbW~oL]T1~1df l~ (under-reprerentatibn) ~ddf idb~~f l~ M%3

azfinfiun~~i~uanuam 1u~ouao~mandfluu~1~a1nd~6u~fiuasaufiu &'bmuvfa!d

Ibud madiunni~ dnu~rjrio~div81ua~zdiaua7 nnaaafiud~~dain~tu~dw"u~i~m a I

kfionb (Alliance ~ lec tka l ) ~ m i r ~ u ~ ~ u u s n ~ 1 d ~ z ~ a ~ 1 ~ 1 ~ f l ~ $ I m a 1 u ~ ~ ~ d a z l 6 ~ ~ ~ ~ u

ani6aun'od wn8wd8f o$7'bfldwaamnia~8o~~niuwaam

hindiobdu nuu~~ibu~r~onb~ddddiuoya'ndfiuudmzbbuu~u 100,000 ~ # s c

uodmsn ~rnir~~uni~aauni1u8nwmrflw~i~wa~am31 ~ior~ua~n.n#onn"J L ~ E I

~owur~~aflnd1u8naw~wa~m~d~n~u1siaoon'bu~u~~fion&~~d ua:finwcm~dq . fi~mau~unianouhioon'bw~um~fian&d$u ni~dmsnsiic q lriti~fluha~rau5u~iaa

douriwu~ludu fi~wn~u~n~wsan8;rd~~iu~~~'bunia~fion kdaou ~ ~ a o (nmfion b 9 1978 uodkd~m ~in.mgii~utiwau 491 am ~ c i i s o y~\ankuWdio~~fionR~lusau : daod~nii~ so bun) ir?a~n~wnfiniid Biu?uws.mi~Wnn~~

~ ~ n L ~ ~ % ~ d ~ B I ~ ~ b d u ~ ~ 1 $ i L b d d ~ ~ b ~ f i b ~ W b a ' ~ 1 U d~~#szuuLBiud+iduin 2 aou :

ud~d~~rnzuu~niuwaand~f lubdud~do~u~'~~n~f innd 2 aou l u m ~ d ~ ~ ~ 3 a u l d f l

bnialBbnu idn~~inifbflnd 2 mnbrii#~dw$~~u"iEu (bwsir~uant~onk~a'au~n~

d@ulfiatflu~ 2 nubdi#u) T ~ U U R O J W S S ~ I ~ I U ~ L ~ ~ U ~ J ~ ~ ~ Z ~ ~ ~ 1 o ~ i n i a ~ f i o n kdu : sounod ~q~id~~dna~-Jn~~lun~~~~'b~niw'brs"~n~~d~nk~a~mou ~ddfiilflvma

l ~ q i 7 ~ u ~ u n ~ ~ u u ~ ~ u m n o o n ~ ~ w w z s m ~ 6 n 7 dlnoufiffo dd~Ou 2 ~ ~ ~ z n i ~ d i i u n ~ ~

d ifiq\u.~1:ddd b:

. .

'wd~dq, &511ifY, d l 334.

198 PS 2151 4

'~uverger. Political Parties, pp, 348-368.

10lu,uruo~~ul~~nrrr~unto~l#~nr~nrruu#ncr'~ur~u r w r i c r d o n i ~ d o r o l r u a ~ w ~ ~ n d i ~ 7 l u n i r ~ n k ~

TpJ1a

~bnnE'ldfiii,,,4iu~u~~~nuC;~~a~~onRs~ds~tw"sb'l~~~piuau u r i n p ~ u ~ s d o n d d

n " J 9 ~ f i i M ~ @ d l ~ ~ ~ t L ~ U ~ b L ~ P I 1 ~ ~ U o:0io~'l6?in:icuu~dum~~aun~i "Uniform Number"

(U.N .I ~ lP I?~ lY i l~ f l L ~ ; O ~ ~ ~ R J ~ ~ L L U U L ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ W ~ ~ " ~ % ~ ~ J ~ % I U .N. ~~M~'~~I~~?U(FUUU

~ i insdudaz w a ~ n 1 6 I& a l jw f ~vi11nfi~001i~~~u(~~nud~~dwtwaan16f~1~8nnkd

L ~ a l z ~ z ~ u ~ ~ % a i n ~ o ~ w ~ n a a " ~ L f i o n & s Y o . ~ w a ~ e ; ' M d d ~ r ~ $ 6 a " u ~ # o n & d n ~ f i q ~

u d d i 4 i u m ~ 6 t l ~ d ~ " ~ ~ a i ~ ~ o ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ u $ r u i n n d i 3 i u ~ u i ~ u . ~ e i ' ~ i ~ u n ~ ~ d ~ . ~ ~ ~ i ~n11n

$2061~ RUUMI ngnuififiinwn:LwLdujinro~~d~t~~u~dor~~0u~~~u M?O

U.N. ~viiiTu 15,000 L ~ ~ z n a ~ ~ o n ~ ~ ~ d s d w a a n n i a ~ ~ ~ s ~ ~ i 1 ~ 7 i s ~ u 5 waaR ~EIWI~A n.

3. n. s. LL~X -a. T@uwaan n. 16 27,000 n x u u m a ~ n 3. 16 23,000 ntb~ku waan n.

I 6 15,000 nt~~w waan 9. 16 7,800 n z ~ i u u LLR<WTT~ O. 16 7,400 n z ~ t u u ~ d a n i a

r i r n n d 8 u y n f i ~ o i U.N. 'l~nnnz~uu~k*nsd~6iwt'waan1$i~~ d ~ ~ r d a ~ n ~ ~ m ~ d I

warn n. 27,000 i 15,000 'l6qi~nu i n u d i u - t r ~ ~ l n 12,000

o m h i o t i i ~ wads ing i i w a n n. u. u r t n. 1 6 ~ ~ ~ n u ~ u m a d warns; 1 nu

d q u m a n J. iTu 1. 1 d 1 6 r j ~ ~ n u ~ s s l u n a d I

otiislafimu ifnia~hnn'Juuu~a~1fi~o~f;lt~~uu~~ns~~~o~81w~a~~~dnzwaan

l umn~8ann ' jd?~ q Ji;htmmuv?ufio1Lio~~u~av;i~i~a~bLnu'l&fln 64du k&nm s. fiu 9. O ~ ~ ~ U ~ C ~ ~ U L Q D ~ R ~ I W L Y ~ ~ ~rci~dnnzuU01~Gn~i~\ta~mwun3~iTu~~da~~nm~~bj3

f in i ld(~~nu' l6

nndon~uuuiii~u~nt~~uu~1u~d~~~u"i l l i o U.N. d k i i ~ i l u t i f n i a d n u ~ d

r i ~ f l ~ r h n u h ~ i u ~ u ~ ~ i n u ~ l ~ d ~ b ~ (Electoral Quotient System)

~~nndordnn~lnuaii~yaLionkdMi:dijqLLnu~$iinu d~uw33nnnrlm;llaat

SjqLum~bsfuLion&nu dmzrl~bmn~oi0~u~un::~~uu~1u~~donk~~~~ua~d~r~i~~

m o o n ~ d n ~ l u a a h ~nii?uB~u~u~unud1n'i~~ua1pi~~6~uo~~ua~donk.~du wnKwiwf

~fionnmrfu Lfunii "Electoral Quotient" d o " E Q k k l ~ i EQ w VI I~~ :LLUUL~ I I J~

udaz wnnl6fu lfi~lu?u~viilnl?~0u37~2uq~~n'tdd~~d wzwsn16fu~don 64 ,

K h d i ~ nuuhiiruadnnk11dddy'~~wulfi 5 nu unriiw~.rnnn~iio~~u"i~~1Jdu

5 wnn fro wnn n .u n U R ~ o ~ d w r w n n d ~ f l ~ i u ~ o ~ n n a ~ u " i ~ ~ d ~ u 5 nu ME/J

WWl fl. 15,000 + 16,000 in' - ddd 15,000

Wnn d. 7,600 + 16,000 16 - d i d , 7,600

~ 3 3 ~ o. 7,400 + 16,000 In' - d& 7,400

waan n. 96 1 n u dnz~tuurd

waanu. 16 1 flu

waan n. ld\h@~mubau

waan 4. 7,600

waan O . I * 7,400

~ u ~ ~ n 6 n n b k n r i i a 6 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 6 s mr d~bj~mod 3 n u n l s u o n d i u j u n u d ~ ~ ~

mu~5madf io ~ ~ i i l 3 i y h 1 d o wadndnz~~u~~du~badauind~nf i b~~)n~bbmu~~"aflaiu

~i&uaumw~iu?wdlilnwnuinum drww~wf o r n o n n 6 d ,

Q LrU w n n n. dnr uuu~klo4aftn 1 s,ooo nlng~tvunufi 3

waan n. ,, 1 1,000 #I i 4 In waan 3. I # 7,600 I ) 5 .

~ ~ d ~ d i a m a n n. I 6 P n u waan 1. n. J; I iWfannr 1 n u siauwaan Q. 'lL I~~UWULRU

I I I

(2) rnr~~llrsuulliuaimtQduuinS~m n i ~ l n i r d r z i i n i s n ~ ~ a ~ ~ o t i e i ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

~~'Rour iu4arw~an trRzdifiumTMinruuu~~uJ~~$s b u ~oi4iuaudaL1unni dkd

nzrnam" ~daia;iiuaunt ~ ~ w ~ d a ~ R 4 ~ u m d ~ ~ d a z w a a n \ E u ~q$hi~dowsahfidau

I

waan n. B 1 nod + 1 Mia 27,000 ~atlunun:: 13,500 n::~~uu

waan u. $I 1 nu + 1 23#00o 1 1,500 LLUU

W33m fl. 2 0 flu + 1 , 15,000 1 5,000 FtZ LLUU I

waan J. ii o nu + 1 7,600 7,600 flzlLUU

unilrdsingii m s n u. ~ U u c h u l 6 ~ u d 5 I d

n. r n r ~ ~ o p k ~ r z u u a % d ~ ~ n z ~ ~ u u ~ ~ u ~ ~ ~ u u

6 ~ ~ 6 (Dhaundt) L~MI?LURL~IIU ?bnis~irduniud2un:uuu~~o~uo~60~4

~dudf isuf iu~3 ld LWI: hucionisAlu2 nr nd asn iauo~6o~f i fiWRfiw6 L M h u n " E l ~ Electoral Quotient System (E.Q.) URf

n15h n:~~uuadud~w #o~~~~miu~~uuuo~%~i~nuY"n f i w nod ~~cilai6o~fiirflu8~6dumou

a no 1 f l f ~ u i r d n a ~ u ~ u n ~ f i ~ ~ ~ ~ o n 5 d ~ ~ w r ~ ~ 1 ' ~ 1 ~ ~ 6 ~ d ~ u u ~w~izrzil1~1~1dd41u?ir

war ~ u i n ~ f i ~ ~ d ' ~ - s s

15 w ~ d ~ f i ~ , d?~llrY?. ~ $ 1 341-346; '

206 PS 215

1 . n ~ ~ ~ l ? ~ l l ~ h (United Malaya National organization = UMNO)

2. nquai-~6w (Malayan Chinese Association = MCA)

3. ~ $ M ~ ? $ u L ~ u (Malayan Indian Congress = MIC)

~ i n u ~ ~ u ~ n u o ~ m r ~ ~ ' ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ilu(i?ununRhzbdvo~nuqnn~u 'IJ?'ionfluuiuQi~

dons3un.r do&i aiqui M9onurnwqd-& bafi~~unuhuiul~a~~u~~u~nni~ a' A

(Centrism) unzmounqua~~.ro~cii~ 7 d o C J ~ o 1 ~ ~ ~ m ~ ~ m 3 n ~ ~ u ~ ~ u q n ~ ~ u qnqZnifi

Y)nEll%~ 'VJlIm W $d~flfilJ*m~~LflDJioJ8u 7 Ldu WWlmu@~(i ~%lVK3ntfJfiu

Quu d~d3zni~nu~3u)i?unuwwd3z%1'11fb~o~n~unsiuns lufZddqnnirm3iuuin

d o v m n ~ ~ ~ u n s i i i i f ~ ' u . ~ ~ ~ u ~ a ~ ~ ~ ~ n h z b d ~ ~ ~ w ~ ~ m i ~ u ~ u 3 ' ~ n i ~ ~ 1 ~fluliu

d?ummriuaSnrun~m~n~%ufi~u~uuiuuou~umwrn~finu ludo tnwu

~mndiaoqmu (in6 nnznnu6oio~nnvo~n~u~#og18di~ 7 ~C/o@~ud3:~n~~ionh

GIM~J fionn?i~wbuiua7m?iu~flu6~ (S~bstantive PoIicies) 6~fi i \rs'm~t~Hun~iu