During the British Colonial Period & After World War II (Second Stage)

PHILOSOPHY & EDUCATION IN MALAYSIA(EDU 3101)Development of the Education System in Malaysia

PHASE 1: Before The British Colonial Period (1400-1786)Islamic education was initially taught in: Teachers Home - Recite the Quran and Fardhu Ain - Taught by Ulamak Mosques, surau and madarasah - To carter for the increasing number of students - Ulamak were invited to the Istana to teach members of royal family

Religious Institutions (Pondok) - No provision for a standard syllabi - Uses curriculum from Al Haram Mosque in Makkah - Serve as religious teachers in their respective kampungs - Further their studies in Makkah, Kaherah, Pakistan or India.

Before The Second World War (1786-1941)Stage 1

Education System in MalayaEducation System in Sabah Education System in Sarawak

Education System in MalayaPrimary EducationSecondary EducationTeacher TrainingVocational and Technical EducationTertiary Education

Primary and Secondary Education in MalayaMalays, Chinese and Indians were segregated in terms of educationBritish implemented Divide and Rule. WHY??? - To create a divide amongst the citizens6 years of basic education were given to Malays in order to: - Provide basic Arithmetic skills for males - Promote awareness regarding the importance of moral values - Ensure children of royal family can master English effectively

Indians6 years of basic education were given to IndiansWork as laborers in the rubber estates and railway tracks

ChineseSetting up their own schoolsDesigning their own curriculumEmploying teachers and using textbooks from China

English To supply manpower for the British administration

Malay SchoolsProvide schooling until Standard FiveMalay Language as the medium of instruction

However, Malay parents were not interested in sending their children to Malay Schools. SO, A.M. Skinner started Quran recitation classes.Finally, the number of Malay students are increased .

Development of Malay SchoolsBritish Government enforced the COMPULSORY EDUCATION ACT Every child is compulsory to receive education or else their parents would be FINED!Government took a longer time to set up schools for girls.They did not put in extra effort in setting up Malay secondary schools because British worried that highly educated Malays would initiate ANTI-BRITISH feeling among the Malays.

Chinese SchoolsExpenditure for building Chinese schools are fully sponsored by Chinese businessmen and leaders.Curriculum and Chinese school teachers were brought in from ChinaDuring Revolution in 1911, the Chinese schools were frequently visited and monitored by EDUCATION OFFICERS from China.6 years of Primary School Education3 years of Lower Secondary School Education3 years of Upper Secondary School Education

Development of Chinese Schools

Tamil SchoolsIndians were not very responsive to Tamil SchoolTamil schools were inadequately equipped with basic physical amenitiesSystem was poorly organized

CONSEQUENCE???Indian children were not interested in schooling

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Development of Tamil Schools

English Schools/ Mission SchoolsWHY???Penang FREE School (WHAT IS THE FREE HERE MEAN?)Characteristics of English Schools - Located in town area - Non-muslim pupils were compulsory to study Religious Knowledge - English Language - Supported by British colonial Government

Teacher Training The TEACHING PROFESION was deluged - Low wages - Small number of female teachers - Lack of trained teachers in Malay schoolsSetting up of many teacher training collegesTranslation Bureau was set up WHY???To solve the shortage of reading and reference materials written in Malay Language

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Vocational and Technical Schools1990 - Malay handicraft - Teach in Malay schools1905 - Establishment of Treacher Technical School in KL 1918 - Formation of the Technical and Industrial Education Commission

1923 - Setting up of the Agricultural Training Centre1926 - Setting up of the Technical School1931 - Establishment of the Agriculture School in Serdang , Selangor1946 - Agriculture school was elevated to Agriculture college

Tertiary Education1905 - Establishment of King Edward VII Medical School1929 - Establishment of Raffles College1938 - Formation of a commission - Merging of both colleges to form a university1941 - Establishment of UM in Singapore

Education System in SabahMalays were only given religious education in areasDusun would receive education related to the traditions of their descendantsEnglish is the major medium of instruction in Sabahs Education system 1st Government-aided school was established at KOTA BELUD21 28

Education System in SarawakNo formal educationFarming, hunting and handicraftRuled by Christian missionaries, Brooke Government and Chinese CommunityEnglish LanguageExpenses of Chinese schools were sully supported by Chinese traders and businessmen.Setting up of an Education Department in Sarawak (1924)Setting up of Malay Teacher Training College

After World War II(Second Stage)

Cheeseman PlanRecommendationsFree basic education for allEnglish, Malay, mandarin and Tamil are used in secondary level of educationEnglish is the compulsory subject for all vernacular schoolFailedReasons: Does not address the issue ofsocial integration among multi ethnic groups in MalayaVanished in 1949 with Malayan Union

Barnes Report 1951RecommendationsMalay and English be the medium of instructionConversion of Malay, Chinese, Tamil schools to national-type schoolsIslamic religious studies in schoolFailedReasons:Oppose from the Chinese communityagreed with the basic recommendation that Malay be treated as the principal languageRecognize Chinese and Tamil language

Fenn-Wu Report 1952CharacteristicsFocused on Chinese schoolsAccepted the Malay and English language as the medium of instructionWanted to retain their mother tongueRecommendationThe Malay language, Mandarin and English language as the medium of instruction in all vernacular schools

Education Ordinance 1952Brief Explanation:British colonial government set up a Central Advisory Committee Follow up the Barnes report and Fenn-Wu Report

Recommendations:Five types of schooling systems:English schoolMalay schoolChinese schoolTamil schoolReligious schoolCurriculum according to individual school system

Razak Report 1956Cabinet committeeFunctions:Examine existing educational policiesRecommend educational changesRecommendations:One common schooling system for allMalay language as the medium of instruction for all stages of schoolingCentralized curriculum and school examination

Teacher TrainingProblems:Growing demands in schoolLack of trained and qualified teachers

Development of education system in Malaysia: Post independence

Rahman Talib report 1960Brief explanationCommittee led by Abdul Rahman Talib is formed toReview the implementation of the National Education PolicyImprove the education systemRecommendationsMalay language as the main medium of instructionFree secondary school educationAutomatic promotion until form 3Establishment of technical and vocational schoolsEmphasis on religious and moral education

Education Act 1961Aims:To promote the cultural, economical, and political advancementTo make the Malay language the national languageContent:Compulsory for all children of school-going ageFree primary education for allTechnical and vocational education in secondary schoolIslamic education offered (provided the number of Muslim pupil is more than 15)

Hussein Onn report 1971According to the Hussien Onn Report (1971)The national system of education is designed to meet the countrys needsPromote cultural, social, economical and political developmentBeginning 1968, the Malay language will replace English language as the medium of instruction in all English medium schools.

Mahathir reportObjectives:To review the goals and effectiveness of the educational systemEnsure the educational system meets the manpower needs of the countryProduce a united, disciplined and skilled societyRecommendations:Focus on 3 basic skills (reading, writing, arithmetic)English language as second languageAcademic and vocational streams in secondary education4. Establishment of moral and disciplined Malaysian society

DEVELOPMENT OF EDUCATION SYSTEM IN MALAYSIA: CURRENT EDUCATION

Why our country has undergone several changes?To liberate Malaysians from the effects of British ColonialismTo fulfill the economic needs of our growing nation

EDUCATION ACT 1996EDUCATION POLICY 1999EDUCATION DEVELOPMENT MASTER PLAN (2006-2010)

EDUCATION ACT 1996AIM:To further consolidate the national education system for the young generationTo outline the legislation related to education

Legislative ProvisionThe National Philosophy of Education (FPK)The consolidation of the national education system - all levels of schooling - all categories of schoolsNational Language Malay Language became the main medium of instruction

Legislative Provision of the Education Act 1996 According to the LEVELS OF SCHOOLINGPre-school - Children from poor family can receive pre-school education - Empower to establish and maintain pre-school - Compulsory use of the Pre-school Curriculum Guidelines Primary and Secondary School - Sit for public examination - Islamic Education was taught to all Muslim pupils

Technical and Vocational - To enculturate science and technology education - Vocational TECHNICAL schools - Twinning programmes Teacher Training - Diploma and Degree levelTertiary Education - Teaching National Language in private institutions

National Education PolicyMission of Ministry of Education (MOE) - To produce world class education - To fulfill the nations aspirationsGoals - To produce a united bangsa Malaysia - To produce excellent Malaysians - To provide competent work force - To offer equal educational opportunities for all Malaysian citizens

POLICYIMPLEMENTATION STRATEGIESPRE-SCHOOL EDUCATIONReinforced Pre-school Curriculum Guidelines Initiate quality teaching and teaching approachesPRIMARY EDUCATIONIntroduce and emphasis on the mastery of three basic skills (3Rs)Increase the number of graduates and trained teachersEstablish strong foundation for particular subjectsIntroduction of Vision School and Model SchoolSECONDARY EDUCATIONEstablish a curriculum that emphasize on few subjects.Provide Form 6 and matriculation programme

POLICYIMPLEMENTATION STRATEGIESSPECIAL EDUCATIONProvide educational opportunities to special needs childrenProvide a suitable curriculum and trained teachersTECHNICAL AND VOCATIONAL EDUCATIONConsolidate technical and vocational education Provide diversified technical coursesPOLYTECHNICSIncrease the number of workersSet up new polytechnics / Increase private sector involvement TERTIARY EDUCATIONUpgrade our country as a centre of excellence for educationEstablish MQA

Teaching of Science and Mathematics in English (PPSMI)AIM: - To ensure Malaysia would not be left out in the globalization era

Implications: - Science and Mathematics teacher need to master the English Language - To ensure there is an adequate supply of Science and Mathematics Textbook

Compulsory EducationParents are responsible to register their children who have reached the age of 6 years for schoolingDuration 6 yearsImplications: - To ensure all Malaysians receive equal access to education - To protect the rights of children

Status of Chinese and Tamil Language Chinese and Tamil language was compulsory in all national schools because of: - An inadequate number of pupils in Government schools - An increase in the number of non-Chinese pupils in Chinese Vernacular schools

So, Increase in the number of trained teachers is a MUST!

Smart School Rationale: - To keep pace with rapid development in this era of science and technology

How? - Move away from rote-learning and drill strategies - Concern and take responsibility of their own learning

Goals: - To produce a knowledge-based work force

Implementation: - Produce a computer-savvy equipped with thinking skills - Holistic development due to the individual capacities

Vision SchoolAIM: - To foster racial unityRationale: - United schools under a standardized education systemChallenges: - Unique identity and culture would lossConsequence: - Sekolah Kebangsaan - Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan Tamil

Basic Reading and Writing Classroom Intervention Programme (KIA2M)Duration: - Three or six monthsGoals - To enable pupils to master 2R (Basic Reading & Writing skills)

Target Group - Year one pupils who need remediation in class, a special remedial class or slow learner

Teaching and Learning strategies - Nomination - Screening test - Planning - Teaching - Evaluation - Follow up

Education Development Master Plan (EDPM) in 2006-2010Goals - To ensure equity and equality in education - To develop the schools to achieve measurable success in educationThrusts - Nation-building - Developing human capital - Strengthening national schools - Bridging education gap - Enhancing the teaching process - Accelerating excellence of educational institutions

MALAYSIA EDUCATION BLUEPRINT 2013-2025

AIM:*Understanding the current performance and challenges of the Malaysian school systemRaising standards (quality) of academic performancePromoting unity among students

Aspirations for the Malaysian Education System and Malaysian StudentsThese aspirations comprise two aspects.Those for the education system as a wholeThose for individual students

System aspiration (5 outcomes)Access (Equal access to an education)Quality (Have the opportunity to attain an excellent education)Equity (Fair)Unity (Share experiences and aspirations to form the foundation for unity)Efficiency (Produce students with high academic performance )

STUDENT ASPIRATIONSKnowledge (Fully literate and numerate)Thinking Skills (Master a range of important cognitive skills)Leadership skills (Take on leadership roles)Bilingual proficiency (BM & BI)Ethics and spirituality (Inculcate strong ethics and spirituality )National Identity (Understand the countrys history, and share common aspirations for the future)

referencesChoong, L. K.(2008), Philosophy and Education in Malaysia. Kumpulan Budiman SDNBHD.University Education in Malaysia. (2009, September 23). Education System inMalaysia. Retrieved from: http://www.etawau.comSoutheast Asian Ministers of Education Organization. (2012). National Education System. Retrieved from: http://www.seameo.org

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