1. Dan felt cheated by the used car salesperson who sold him a 1997 Honda Accord several years ago. Ever since then, he assumes the worst when it comes to dealing with salespeople. Which attitude component is this an example of?

A) AffectiveB) BehavioralC) CognitiveD) Acquisition

2. Social cognition refers to how people perceive and interpret themselves and others in their social world.

A) TrueB) False

3. The component of attitudes that describes how we feel about something is the __________ component.

4. Describe a situation that would likely result in direct transmission of attitudes.

5. Beyond parental influence, describe 2 factors that may shape the development of attitudes as children mature?

6. Miriam, a major in gender studies, was in an abusive relationship with Don. She experienced emotional discomfort because her beliefs about equal rights and respect in a relationship were contradicted every time she tolerated Don's abusive behavior. Which of the following best describes the discomfort Miriam experienced?

A) Attitude specificityB) Cognitive dissonanceC) Associative dissonanceD) All of the above

7. Melanie predicted that the end of the world was coming on May 21, 2011. Obviously Melanie's prediction did not come true. According to cognitive dissonance theory, how will Melanie reconcile the fact that there is inconsistency between her thoughts and actions?

A) She will likely edit her beliefs slightly to accommodate for the failed prediction and will become even more committed to her original prophecy.

B) She will repress any memory of her original prophecy and deny ever making a prediction.

C) She will come to realize that her prophecy was irrational, illogical, and incorrect and will abandon her original beliefs.

D) She will admit that she was prediction was incorrect and conclude that the end of the world is not coming

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8. Habituation refers to the emotional discomfort we feel when we hold 2 contradictory beliefs.

A) TrueB) False

9. Who proposed the concept of cognitive dissonance?

10. Describe Bem's self-perception theory.

11. In which situation is self-perception theory particularly relevant?A) When we behave in ways that are slightly out of characterB) When we behave in ways that are strikingly out of characterC) When we behave in ways that are most familiar to usD) When we behave in ways that are unfamiliar to us

12. Attitudes are not necessarily related to behaviors.A) TrueB) False

13. The more specific an attitude, the __________ likely it is to be accurately predicted.

14. Define attitude strength.

15. Describe the bogus pipeline technique.

16. Mick did not believe himself to be homophobic, but he broke out in hives when a homosexual individual sat next to him in class. What type of attitude is being described here?

A) AffectiveB) BehavioralC) ExplicitD) Implicit

17. Implicit attitudes are not predictive of overt acts of racism.A) TrueB) False

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18. Generalized impressions of groups of people based on the social category they occupy are known as __________.

19. Define prejudice.

20. According to social identity theory, what 3 processes create prejudice?

21. Hichem listened to the Presidential State of The Union address and heard that there is a need for healthcare reform in the United States. Which element was the source of persuasion?

A) HealthcareB) Need for reformC) PresidentD) Hichem

22. The central route of persuasion emphasizes the content of the message by using logical arguments to persuade.

A) TrueB) False

23. Asher noted that one candidate was more attractive than another which illustrates his use of superficial information via the __________ route of persuasion.

24. Mark asked his roommate Will to clean his side of the room as a favor. When Will refused to do so, Mark made a more moderate request by asking Will to feed his pet dog over the weekend. What persuasion technique was used in this example?

25. Describe an example of the foot-in-the-door persuasion technique.

26. A relatively stable and enduring evaluation of things and people isA) an attitude.B) a social cognition.C) a schema.D) an opinion

27. Which of the following is NOT one of the components of an attitude?

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A) behavioralB) dispositionalC) affectiveD) cognitive

28. According to cognitive dissonance theory, which of the following people is most likely to change his attitude?

A) Joe, who is a political conservative but who argues in favor of liberal policies as part of a class assignment.

B) Sam, who is paid $100 to tell people how interesting a particular experiment is.C) Ben, who makes his living telling people why satellite is better than cable.D) Frank, who actually opposes unions, but makes up a pro-union argument just to

annoy his parents.

29. Which of the following people is most likely to change her attitude?A) Barb, who gets paid $1 to help an experimenter recruit people for an interesting

task.B) Sarah, who gets paid $20 to help an experimenter recruit people for an interesting

task.C) Mary who gets paid $1 to help an experimenter recruit people for a boring task.D) Jennie, who gets paid $20 to help an experimenter recruit people for a boring task.

30. Cognitive dissonance theory was proposed byA) BemB) MilgramC) Eagly and ChaikenD) Festinger and Carlsmith

31. Festinger and Carlsmith attempted to determineA) how far people would go in obeying an authority figure.B) whether an inconsistency between attitude and behavior would cause people to

change their attitudes.C) whether we infer our attitudes by observing our own behavior.D) whether we will change our attitudes and behaviors in response to real or

perceived group pressure.

32. Cognitive dissonance theory states thatA) when we are unaware of what our true attitudes are, we infer them by observing

our own behavior.B) when an inconsistency between attitude and behavior exists, it is unpleasant and

we are motivated to reduce or eliminate it.

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C) we are more likely to repeat a behavior if it has been previously associated with a positive outcome.

D) we are more likely to respond to another person's request when that person is an authority figure than when they are not.

33. In cognitive dissonance theory, the term �insufficient justification� refers to the idea that

A) the less appealing the reward for something, the less likely we are to do it.B) we are more likely to blame ourselves for our bad behavior if we believe it was

unjustified.C) we are more likely to experience a state of unpleasantness when we do not have

an external reason for an inconsistency between our attitudes and our behavior.D) we are more likely to judge other people negatively if we believe that their

behavior was unjustified.

34. Mark and Sarah want to encourage their children to do well in school and develop an internal sense of academic pride. Which of the following is MOST likely to produce that result?

A) Tell their children that they will get $10 for every �A� that they produce and $5 for every �B.�

B) Allow them to watch TV after they have finished their homework.C) Punish them for getting bad grades.D) Give them a reasonable amount of praise when they bring home a good report

card.

35. In Festinger and Carlsmith's original experiment, which group of participants gave the task the most favorable ratings?

A) The $1 group.B) The $20 group.C) The $1 group and The $20 group equally.D) The control group.

36. Melissa works as a nurse in a lung cancer treatment facility. Although she knows how dangerous smoking can be to you health, she smokes almost a pack of cigarettes per day. How will Melissa most likely resolve the cognitive dissonance created by the inconsistency between her attitudes and behavior?

A) She will continue smoking and thinking about the negative effects this behavior is having on her health.

B) She will continue smoking and will want to read more studies about the negative effects of smoking on health.

C) She will continue to smoke but resolve cognitive dissonance by telling herself that she exercises and eats well and that these positive health habits will cancel out the

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negative effects of smoking.D) She will brag about her smoking habits when speaking to the patients she works

with.

37. Which of the following people's actions are most consistent with self-perception theory?

A) Marcie suddenly realizes that she is humming a tune and concludes that she is happy.

B) George sees his classmates get rewarded for good grades and decides to study harder

C) Rachael feels uncomfortable when she catches herself behaving hypocritically and changes her behavior.

D) Michael realized that his behavior as a telephone solicitor is inconsistent with his dislike of calling strangers, but justifies it because he has to pay his rent.

38. Nick has been working hard all week. On Sunday morning, he wakes up and realizes that he has just slept 10 hours. He says to himself �wow, I guess I was more tired than I thought.� Nick's sudden insight would be of greatest interest to

A) AschB) LaPiereC) FestingerD) Bem

39. Which of the following cases is the best example of self-perception theory?A) Minnie realizes that she really likes her job after she stays late to finish a project.B) Henry works overtime to make extra money to take a vacation.C) Carol is retired with a good pension, but takes a part-time job to keep busy.D) Earl starts working harder because he realizes that he has been slacking off.

40. Ralph is a member of Greenpeace but accepts advertising money for his new store from a lumber company. Wanda is a busy graduate student who goes to bed because she starts yawning. Ralph is likely to experience _________ and Wanda is likely to experience _________.

A) cognitive dissonance; cognitive dissonanceB) cognitive dissonance; self perceptionC) self perception; cognitive dissonanceD) self perception; self perception

41. Which of the following statements about the relationship between attitudes and behaviors is FALSE?

A) One of the leading factors in determining whether the attitude will predict the

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behavior is attitude specificity.B) Stronger attitudes are better predictors of behavior than are weak attitudes.C) General attitudes do a good job of predicting behavior.D) If we know someone's attitude, we cannot necessarily predict how they will

behave.

42. In Richard LaPiere's field study where he traveled across the United States with a Chinese couple in the 1930s, he found that

A) most of the people who indicated that they did not want Chinese guests refused to serve them.

B) most establishments served them, but did so unwillingly and with poor service.C) most establishments held positive attitudes towards Chinese guests and offered

them good service.D) even though most places of business did not want Chinese guests, only one

refused service.

43. Which of the following people is MOST likely to display a behavior that corresponds to their attitude?

A) Ying, who loves animals and is asked to contribute money to the local animal shelter's expansion fund.

B) Brittany, who is an extrovert and is asked to donate to overseas relief efforts.C) Boris, who rarely follows the news and is asked to donate money to hurricane

relief in a country he's never heard of before.D) Levi, who has lots of money and is asked to make a donation to the United Way

44. Evolutionary psychologists have suggested that stereotypes and prejudice may have had some adaptive value.

A) TrueB) False

45. Many white Americans who characterize themselves as not prejudiced show a degree of implicit negative attitudes toward African Americans in their responses on the IAT.

A) TrueB) False

46. Stereotypes are based on group characteristics such as _____.

47. The �bogus pipeline� technique is designed toA) help people identify what their true attitudes are.B) encourage people to give truthful answers instead of giving socially desirable

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answers.C) collect physiological data that can be used in addition to self-reported attitude

data.D) create situations in which people will be exposed to cognitive dissonance.

48. Fran consciously believes that all races are equal and that discrimination is bad. However, when Fran is talking to racial minorities, she is less likely to make eye contact, and she makes more grammatical errors. Which of the following statements best describes Fran's experience?

A) Fran has negative explicit racial attitudes.B) Fran is dishonest and needs to have her attitudes tested through the bogus pipeline

technique.C) Fran is not entirely aware of her implicit racial attitudes.D) Fran has strong explicit racial stereotypes.

49. The Implicit Association Test (IAT) is designed to measure_____.A) socially desirable attitudesB) physiological reactions to stereotypesC) attitudes that an individual is unaware ofD) conscious stereotypes and beliefs

50. The Implicit Association TestA) is used to make people believe that they are hooked up to a lie detector.B) uses people's implicit attitudes to predict future behavior.C) is used to reduce the social desirability effect.D) uses a person's reaction times to help gauge his or her implicit attitudes.

51. A stereotype isA) a persistent negative attitude about a group of people.B) positive, while prejudice is negative.C) a generalized impression about a group of people.D) an attitude that is used to justify discrimination.

52. An ingroup isA) a popular or dominant group.B) a group about whom we have positive attitudes.C) a group of other people whom we identify as belonging together, and who are

different from us.D) a group that we believe shares our own characteristics.

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53. Which of the following statements is true about racial attitudes in the United States today?

A) Only the most extreme members of society still hold negative racial attitudes.B) Prejudice is still strong, as revealed through the bogus pipeline technique.C) Discrimination is lower, but prejudice remains largely unchanged.D) Discrimination is lower, but subtle degrees of prejudice remain.

54. Approximately what percent of U.S. respondents are still opposed to interracial marriages?

A) 20B) 40C) 60D) 80

55. George is a white male who believes that he is having difficulty finding a job because of affirmative action in hiring. As a result he has negative stereotypes and prejudices against racial minorities. Which of the following theories is most relevant to George's belief?

A) Social identity theoryB) Realistic conflict theoryC) Ingroup biasD) Social comparison theory

56. Which of the following is a component of social identity theory?A) social categorizationB) social identityC) social comparisonD) all of the above

57. The UCLA and USC football teams dislike one another because they are rivals competing for the college football championship. Which of the following theories best explains the negativity between UCLA and USC?

A) social identity theoryB) self-perception theoryC) implicit prejudice theoryD) realistic group conflict theory

58. _____ emphasizes the content of the message, using factual information and logical arguments to persuade.

A) Central route persuasionB) Peripheral route persuasion

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C) The foot-in-the-door techniqueD) The door-in-the-face technique

59. In comparison to central route persuasion, peripheral route persuasion techniques require less cognitive effort from the perceiver.

A) TrueB) False

60. _______ route persuasion emphasizes superficial information and feelings.

61. Compare and contrast central route and peripheral route persuasion and give an example of each.

62. Which of the following products is MOST likely to be marketed using the central route of persuasion?

A) ice creamB) carsC) paper towelsD) clothing

63. Which of the following products is MOST likely to use the peripheral route of persuasion?

A) computersB) housesC) sodaD) cars

64. Shawn has been hired by a political party to convince homeowners to allow his candidate to put a large, ugly sign on their lawn. Which of the following persuasion techniques is most likely to be successful for Shawn?

A) Foot-in-the-door; first asking them to volunteer at the candidate's election office.B) Door-in-the-face; first asking them to volunteer at the candidate's election office.C) Central route persuasion; telling them all about the candidate's personal

background and family.D) Peripheral route persuasion; being attractive, friendly, and well dressed.

65. Forewarning an audience that you will be trying to persuade them of something will immediately _____.

A) raise their defenses

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B) strengthen their agreement with the speakerC) change their attitudesD) make them less skeptical of the speaker's position

66. Beginning with a weak argument instead of a strong one can make subsequent arguments seem weaker.

A) TrueB) False

67. Carlos noticed that John received a low score on his last Biology exam, and made the assumption that his poor test performance was due to laziness. What type of attribution did Carlos make in this situation?

A) SocialB) BehavioralC) SituationalD) Dispositional

68. The like or dislike of a defendant has little impact on how a juror analyzes evidence during a trial.

A) TrueB) False

69. Situational attributions focus on people's traits as a cause of their behavior.A) TrueB) False

70. If a juror doesn't like a defendant, he or she is likely to consider the defendant more _____.

71. Most social psychology experiments suggest that we tend to blame others based on quick, unconscious, intuitive, and broad assessments of ______.

72. Dispositional or __________ attributions focus on people's traits to explain their behavior.

73. Why do we tend to blame others based on quick, unconscious, intuitive, and broad assessments of their character and their general motives in life?

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74. What type of attributions do people tend to rely on when describing the behavior of others?

75. Provide an example of a fundamental attribution error.

76. Attributions represent a person's attempt to answer which of the following questions?A) Why do people, including ourselves, do the things we do?B) How do people, including ourselves, do the things we do?C) When do people act on their beliefs?D) Who is most likely to offer help in emergency situations?

77. Most social psychology experiments suggest that we tend to blame others based on ______ assessments of their character and their general motives in life.

A) quickB) unconsciousC) intuitiveD) broadE) all of the above

78. Holly lost her homework which was a rare occurrence. While speaking to her professor about the situation, another student in the class mentioned that he had lost his homework as well. Holly concluded that the other student had not really lost his homework�he was using the excuse because he had not done his homework at all. What attribution process is illustrated by this example?

A) Actor-observer effectB) Self-serving biasC) DispositionalD) Extinction

79. When we assume the �actor� role, we tend to make situational attributions about our own behaviors.

A) TrueB) False

80. Individuals tend to make dispositional attributions when they assume the role of a(n) __________.

81. Why do we judge many of our behaviors situationally?

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82. Describe an instance of the actor-observer effect.

83. Glenda scored very well on her first test. She told others that her success was due to her hard study efforts. When she failed the next test, she attributed it to the test being too difficult. What form of attribution bias does this described?

A) Actor-observer biasB) Self-serving biasC) Dispositional biasD) Situational bias

84. When faced with the behavior of others, we see them as having rich, adaptive personalities.

A) TrueB) False

85. Individuals from collectivistic cultures are less likely than those from individualistic cultures to explain the behavior of other persons in personality terms.

A) TrueB) False

86. The direction of our attributions can be influenced by factors such as our _____.

87. If we are given detailed information about external pressures, we may attribute the behavior of others to __________ factors.

88. What attitudinal change occurred in residents of New Orleans following Hurricane Katrina?

89. Describe an example of the self-serving bias from your own experience.

90. An attribution isA) a predisposition to respond to people and objects in particular ways.B) a sense of tension we feel when our beliefs contradict our behavior.C) a set of rules about how people are supposed to behave.D) an attempt to explain the reason behind people's actions.

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91. Which of the following is the best example of the fundamental attribution error?A) Sally does well on her Spanish exam, and congratulates herself on how smart she

is.B) Jordan's roommate fails his psychology exam and Jordan concludes that his

roommate is not very intelligent.C) Ben fails his physics exam and says it is because the teacher is unfair and the test

was too hard.D) Angie's roommate gets an A on her sociology exam, and Angie assumes that the

test was easy.

92. Dr McIntyre's introductory psychology class just did poorly on their first test of the semester. Dr. McIntyre tells them that they need to study harder, and the students start complaining that the test was too hard. Dr. McIntyre is making an ________attribution for the failure, and her students are making an ________ attribution for the failure.

A) internal; internalB) external; externalC) internal; externalD) external; internal

93. Enrico is driving in the left lane and is frustrated because the driver in front of him will not move over and let him pass. Enrico decides that the driver is an idiot who is probably talking on a cell phone. Enrico is making

A) an internal attribution.B) an external attribution.C) a situational attribution.D) a self-serving attribution.

94. In an experiment by Jones and Harris, people were presented with either a pro-Castro speech or an anti-Castro speech. When people were told that the pro-Castro writer's position had been assigned, not chosen, people made

A) a situational attribution about the writer's beliefs.B) a dispositional attribution about the writer's beliefs.C) the same attribution for the pro-Castro speech as for the anti-Castro speech.D) just as strong an internal disposition as when they believed the writer's position to

be freely chosen.

95. The actor-observer effect states thatA) as actors, we tend to make dispositional attributions about ourselves.B) as observers, we tend to observe the whole situation when we are explaining other

people's behaviors.C) as actors, we tend to make whichever attribution is most favorable when

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explaining our own behavior.D) when people switch from actor to observer, or vice versa, their attributions also

tend to switch.

96. Which of the following is true about the attributions we make about other people's actions?

A) When we are evaluating other people's actions, we tend to take their situation into account.

B) The more we know about people's situations, the less likely we are to make dispositional attributions.

C) When we are making attributions about others' behavior, we typically try to give people the benefit of the doubt.

D) We are likely to blame people for their failures, but we are likely to attribute their successes to external factors, such as luck.

97. According to the self-serving bias, we are likely to make _______ attributions for our own successes and _________attributions for our failures.

A) internal; internalB) external; externalC) internal; externalD) external; internal

98. Descriptive norms are agreed-on expectations about what members of a group ought to do.

A) TrueB) False

99. Some social norms may not be openly stated, but we are aware of them.A) TrueB) False

100. Rates of conformity are lower in collectivistic cultures than in individualistic cultures.A) TrueB) False

101. Agreed-on expectations about what members of a group are expected to do are known as __________ norms.

102. What are social norms?

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103. How do social psychologists explain the fact that yawing is contagious?

104. What type of agreed-on expectations provide information about what members of a group actually do?

105. Describe the concept of a social role.

106. What kind of ethical problems occurred in the Stanford Prison Experiment?

107. Describe how conformity is viewed in individualistic and collectivistic cultures.

108. Results of the Stanford Prison Experiment demonstrated the power of _______.A) groupthinkB) social rolesC) altruismD) cognitive dissonance

109. Who is most likely to value fitting in with others?A) Sun, who is from KoreaB) Maria, who is from the U.S.C) Elizabeth, who is from Great BritainD) Cheryl, who is from Canada

110. In collectivistic cultures conforming to social norms is an indication of ________.A) virtueB) self-controlC) maturityD) respect for othersE) all of the above

111. What type of social role is most often attributed to men in Western societies?A) CommunalB) AgenticC) PositiveD) Negative

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112. Communal gender roles are associated with aggression and control.A) TrueB) False

113. Western gender roles ascribe more ______ characteristics to women.

114. Concern for the welfare of other people is often attributed to __________ gender roles.

115. Define conformity and provide an example from your own experience.

116. What role does gossip play in shaping social norms?

117. Which of the following statements about research on gossip is false?A) Our interest in gossip may have evolutionary roots.B) Gossip may serve to teach and enforce social normsC) As a society we like gossipD) Most people readily and openly admit that they want, or even need, to talk about

other people.

118. What percentage of Asch's participants conformed to group pressure during his classic experiment?

A) 75%B) 65%C) 57%D) 41%

119. The presence of one dissenting group member may reduce the likelihood of conformity.

A) TrueB) False

120. Groups smaller than __________ persons do not produce a conformity effect.

121. Define obedience.

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122. How is a study of obedience different from a study of conformity?

123. Who conducted the famous study of obedience?A) AschB) MilgramC) SkinnerD) Watson

124. Before Milgram's obedience study became famous, its procedures were described to psychologists, and they predicted that only _____ of participants would continue with the experiment all the way through 450 volts. Astonishingly, Milgram found that ______ of the participants continued with the experiment all the way through the 450 volts.

A) 50% / 30%B) 30% / 50%C) 1% / 65%D) 20% / 80%

125. Milgram illustrated that __________ percent of the population would hurt others if they were ordered to do so by an authority figure.

126. What did Milgram find when he studied gender effects on obedience?

127. Describe what happened in Milgram's studies when a co-teacher who refused to continue was present.

128. Ricardo sees red lights behind him, and pulls to the right to allow an emergency vehicle to pass. Ricardo is paying attention to

A) a descriptive norm.B) an injunctive norm.C) an implicit norm.D) an explicit norm.

129. Which of the following is the best example of an injunctive norm?A) Drivers are prohibited from parking within 10 feet of fire hydrants.B) Drivers are encouraged to be courteous and help other drivers merge into traffic.C) The city has posted a sign in front of the hospital entrance telling drivers of

waiting cars to turn off their engines.D) Drivers who are coming up in traffic behind a police car will not pass the police

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car very often.

130. Which of the following is true about the Stanford Prison Experiment?A) The effect of social roles on behavior was not as strong as experimenters

anticipated.B) Role playing is less likely to produce maladaptive behavior than actual, legitimate

roles.C) Social roles can have extreme effects on behavior.D) The experiment was stopped because it lacked realistic conditions.

131. Regarding gender differences in emotional sensitivity, researchers believe thatA) women are better at reading nonverbal social cues than men are.B) differences between men and women are grounded in biology and evolution.C) despite popular stereotypes, there are no statistically significant differences

between the groups, only between individuals.D) men and women are equally skilled in these areas, but women are more likely to

admit it.

132. The tendency to yield to real or imagined group pressure is calledA) compliance.B) conformity.C) obedience.D) acceptance.

133. In Asch's conformity experimentA) groups of all sizes produced conformity behavior.B) the task was so obvious that only 1/4 of people were fooled into going along with

the group.C) all of the people in the group were actual volunteer participants.D) having just one other person defy the group dramatically reduced conformity.

134. In social psychology, a confederate is someone whoA) conforms to the group norm.B) defies conformity pressures.C) takes on a leadership role in a group.D) is secretly part of the experiment.

135. In Asch's line-judging experiment,A) participants were assigned to be either prisoners or guards in a mock prison

experiment.

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B) participants were bullied into going along with the group.C) participants were presented with a series of lines and asked to pick the one that

matched the target line.D) participants were put in a dark room and asked to estimate how far a pinpoint of

light moved.

136. In Milgram's original obedience experiment,A) participants were randomly assigned to be either the teacher or the learner.B) the teacher was able to both hear and see the learner.C) the teacher was punished by the experimenter if he refused to continue

administering shocks.D) the learner mentioned that he had a heart condition before the experiment began.

137. In Milgram's original obedience experiment, _____ stopped before the 300-volt markA) no participantB) 10% of participantsC) 35% of participantsD) 65% of participants

138. The participants who were recruited for Milgram's experiment thought they were participating in a study about

A) obedienceB) learningC) group influenceD) attributions

139. When Milgram showed his experimental design to psychologists before beginning his experiment, they predicted that ______ people would cooperate all the way to 450 volts.

A) zero percent ofB) one percent ofC) ten percent ofD) most

140. Which of the following statements is true about Milgram's follow-up studies?A) Women were less likely than men to inflict shock to the 450 volt maximum.B) When the experiment was moved a commercial location not connected to a

university, fewer than 20% of participant cooperated to the 450 volt maximum.C) When the teacher was required to place the learner's hand on a shock plate, 30%

of participants still participated to the 450 volt maximum.D) Even when a confederate posed as another participant and defied the

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experimenter, 20% of participants still participated to the 450 volt maximum.

141. When a group confronts an additive task, its members must perform __________ actions.

142. What type of group task requires a single solution?

143. How is the presence of others related to social facilitation?

144. What characteristic(s) describe a group?A) InterdependentB) StableC) Members are aware of one anotherD) All of the above

145. Which of the following social psychological concepts played an important role in contributing to the Challenger and Columbia space shuttle tragedies?

A) The self-serving biasB) The bystander effectC) GroupthinkD) The self-fulfilling prophecy

146. Marcus dislikes doing group projects because there is always a member of the group that does not �pull his or her weight�. What social behavior is described in this example?

A) Social facilitationB) ModelingC) Observational learningD) Social loafing

147. To explain group facilitation, researchers now focus more on reactions to and interpretations of other's presence rather than presence itself.

A) TrueB) False

148. People from Western cultures are __________ likely to display social loafing.

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149. Explain 2 ways social loafing can be minimized.

150. Provide 2 explanations for the occurrence of social loafing.

151. What form of faulty group decision making occurs when group members strive too hard for unanimity?

A) GroupthinkB) Group polarizationC) Social loafingD) Social facilitation

152. During groupthink, members experience an illusion of invulnerability and inherent morality.

A) TrueB) False

153. Reynaldo is working on a group project with six other students but he's lazy and not contributing much to the group. He is hoping that he can get by and be a free rider, allowing other students to do the majority of the work. Reynaldo is engaging in ________.

154. When an initial tendency of individual group members is intensified following group discussion, _____ occurs.

155. Self-sacrificing behavior for the benefit of others is called __________.

156. Describe the conditions that set the stage for groupthink.

157. How can groupthink be prevented?

158. What is the label applied to acts that are designed to reduce one's own personal distress or to receive rewards?

159. When are people most likely to engage in altruistic behavior?

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160. The case of Kitty Genovese in New York City is an illustration of what effect?A) Reinforced behaviorB) Spaced learningC) Bystander apathyD) Punished behavior

161. In emergency situations, help is most likely to occur when a large number of people are present.

A) TrueB) False

162. When others are present, we may feel that we do not bear the burden of responsibility to act. This is known as diffusion of __________.

163. What theory of aggression suggests that we use aggression as a cue to �push harder� to achieve some goal?

164. What must occur in order for bystanders to intervene on someone else's behalf?

165. Describe the differences in the types of aggression exhibited by males and females.

166. What key factor(s) is/are involved in liking someone?A) SimilarityB) ProximityC) Self-disclosureD) All of the above

167. A shared humorous experience is a powerful means to forge closeness with a stranger.A) TrueB) False

168. According to Freud, love is a(n) __________ sexual energy in which sexual desire is transformed into a socially acceptable form.

169. Name the 3 elements of love popularized by Rubin.

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170. Describe Sternberg's triangular theory of love.

171. Which of the following is FALSE about groups?A) Group members share a common identity.B) Group members are interdependent.C) Group members are aware of each others.D) Group members share a common philosophy.

172. Jeremy is part of a group that is putting together a presentation. He is frustrated because one of the group members is not contributing as much as everyone else. Jeremy has run into a problem that is typical of ______ tasks.

A) additiveB) conjunctiveC) disjunctiveD) divisible

173. Which of the following would be an example of an additive task?A) A debate team.B) A group of hikers.C) People canvassing door-to-door for a charity.D) Employees at an advertising agency.

174. Which type of task results in a group being only as productive as its weakest member?A) divisibleB) additiveC) disjunctiveD) conjunctive

175. When the presence of others improves our performance, it is calledA) social facilitation.B) group productivity.C) group polarization.D) groupthink.

176. Which of the following is the best example of a situation that would result in social facilitation?

A) A group of gun enthusiasts meet to discuss gun laws.B) A group of volunteers pick up garbage in a public park.C) A group of politicians decide how to vote on an upcoming issue.D) A group of students work together on a class project.

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177. In situations where group members must pool their efforts to achieve a goal, it is not uncommon for one or more group members to be free riders. This"free rider" effect is known as

A) social loafing.B) groupthink.C) social facilitation.D) group polarization.

178. A group of anti-logging activists meet to discuss the problem of deforestation. As a result of discussion of their next strategy, they are likely to devise a plan that is _________ than the original beliefs of the individual members.

A) more riskyB) more conservativeC) either more risky or more conservativeD) about the same

179. The failure of American naval leaders to recognize the threat from the Japanese military in the days leading up to Pearl Harbor would most likely have been the result of

A) social facilitation.B) group polarization.C) social loafing.D) groupthink.

180. All of the following are characteristics of a group suffering from the symptoms of groupthink EXCEPT

A) appraisal of alternate courses of actionB) high group cohesivenessC) illusion of invulnerabilityD) directive leader

181. Which of the following is a potential remedy for groupthink?A) Having a directive leader.B) Having a �devil's advocate.�C) Having a �mindguard.�D) Limiting the availability of outside influences.

182. Altruism is defined asA) helping behavior that is intended to lower one's own distress or gain rewards.

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B) any behavior that results in a benefit to another person.C) helping another without regard for one's own self interest.D) the tendency to help other people when no other bystanders are present.

183. Which of the following is the best example of altruistic behavior?A) Joe helps an elderly person with chores, believing that �what goes around comes

around.�B) Nancy jumps into the pool to save her five year old from drowning.C) Sam helps an attractive woman pick up the books she dropped.D) Rebecca anonymously donates $100 to charity.

184. Which of the following is most associated with true altruism?A) Sustained givingB) Reducing one's own distressC) Helping someone outside of one's own group.D) Giving in order to gain rewards

185. Which of the following is likely to increase altruistic behavior, according to your text?A) Pointing out the potential benefits of helping others.B) Taking the perspective of the victim.C) Practicing objectivity and emotional detachment when dealing with other people.D) Offering people alternative ways to reduce their own distress or guilt.

186. The Kitty Genovese murder and subsequent research helped psychologists understand that when people fail it help others, it is usually because

A) they are apathetic and unconcerned with other people's well being.B) they have valid reasons for failing to help.C) they get caught up in a powerful social situation.D) they fail to see the benefits of helping others.

187. According to research by Darley and Latané, a person needing assistance is most likely to get help when in which situation?

A) when a lot of other people are around.B) when only one or two other people are around.C) when other people are in a good mood.D) when the victim asks for help.

188. In one experiment, Darley and Latané placed participants in a room to work on a task and then caused smoke to enter the room. People working alone went to report the problem _____percent of the time; people working in groups reported the problem

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_____ percent of the time.A) 75; 75B) 40; 75C) 75; 40D) 80; 50

189. In Latané and Darley's model of helping, all of the following are steps in the decision EXCEPT

A) interpreting the event as an emergency.B) noticing the event.C) considering what form of assistance is needed.D) deciding whether or not the person deserves help.

190. Which of the following is most closely related to the issue of bystander apathy, according to Darley and Latané?

A) diffusion of responsibilityB) decreasing social commitmentC) increasing emotional detachment in urban centersD) increases in individualism in Western culture

191. Diffusion of responsibility means thatA) The more people who are present, the more responsible everyone feels.B) We feel less personally responsible when others are present.C) When a lot of people are present, each person only has to help a small amount; the

collective effort will result in success.D) We assume responsibility when we see other people acting as altruistic role

models.

192. All of the following are associated with increased levels of aggression EXCEPTA) higher testosterone levels.B) lower serotonin levels.C) lower intelligence.D) higher dopamine levels.

193. According to the revised frustration-aggression hypothesis, aggression occurs whenA) a stressor impedes our progress towards a goal.B) the number of punishers for any event exceeds the number of reinforcers for the

same event.C) an unpleasant event activates the sympathetic nervous system.D) we observe environmental cues that are suggestive of aggression.

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194. Which of the following is true about the frequency of aggressive incidents?A) They tend to peak in the spring and fall.B) They tend to peak in cold weather.C) They tend to peak around holiday weekends.D) They tend to be lowest in the winter months.

195. In comparing men and women with regard to aggression, women tend to engage in _______ aggression while men tend to engage in __________.

A) higher levels of aggression; lower levels of aggressionB) hostile aggression; instrumental aggressionC) direct aggression; relational aggressionD) relational aggression; direct aggression

196. All of the following are factors related to liking other people EXCEPTA) mutual respect.B) proximity.C) self-disclosure.D) physical attractiveness.

197. Sandy is a first year student majoring in psychology. Sandy has moved into the college dorm. Based on the proximity principle of attraction, Sandy is MOST likely to become friends with

A) Joe, who is also a psychology major.B) Nancy, who lives in the room next door.C) Marcie, who is very popular.D) Sam, who is also a first year student.

198. Elaine Walsler and colleagues randomly paired participants to dates at a dance. When surveyed, the factor most related to whether people liked their partners was

A) proximity.B) similarityC) attractiveness.D) intelligence.

199. Describe the concept of limerence.

200. Neuroscientists have found that people who are newly �in love� have activity levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin similar to the levels found in individuals with obsessive compulsive disorder.

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201. How long does limerence last on average?A) 3 monthsB) 1 yearC) 2 yearsD) a lifetime

202. Which of the following is NOT one of Rubin's elements of love?A) caringB) attachmentC) intimacyD) passion

203. George is becoming increasingly confused and appears to be entering the early stages of Alzheimer's disease. Gracie, his wife of 50 years, continues to look after him, and is protective whenever she thinks someone is criticizing him. Gracie's behavior is typical of the type of love the Rubin calls ________

A) attachment.B) intimacy.C) caringD) passion

204. The theorist(s) who proposed that love is composed of intimacy, passion, and commitment was

A) Rubin.B) SternbergC) WalslerD) Masters and Johnson.

205. According to Sternberg, a high degree of intimacy, passion, and commitment, is characteristic of

A) consummate love.B) fatuous love.C) romantic love.D) infatuated love.

206. According to Sternberg, a high degree of intimacy and passion, but little commitment, is characteristic of

A) consummate love.B) fatuous love.

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C) romantic love.D) infatuated love.

207. In Backman's view, the development of love proceeds through four stages. They areA) infatuation, bargaining, commitment, institutionalization.B) infatuation, exploration, bargaining, commitment.C) infatuation, exploration, commitment, institutionalization.D) exploration, bargaining, commitment, institutionalization.

208. People who worry that their lovers are less interested in closeness that they are have a/an _____attachment style.

A) secureB) insecureC) anxious-ambivalentD) anxious-avoidant

209. Brain scans studies show that revenge directed at a disliked person is associated with increased neural activity in the ______.

A) pain center of the brainB) reward center of the brainC) hypothalamusD) hippocampus

210. Matt is watching a crime investigation show where two suspects, Jack and Robert are being interviewed by the authorities using a Prisoner's Dilemma approach. Once the suspects are separated, Jack confesses to the crime but Robert does not. Neurological research suggests that Matt will _____.

A) exhibit strong liking for JackB) have great empathy for JackC) find Jack's punishment rewarding.D) all of the above

211. What brain structure(s) that is/are active during social cognition is larger in humans than in other animals?

A) Prefrontal cortexB) HippocampusC) Reticular systemD) All of the above

212. The insula located beneath the frontal cortex is involved in empathy.

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A) TrueB) False

213. The structure involved in the control of emotions and identifying emotional facial expressions is the __________.

214. Name the structure that is involved in eliciting emotional states from other people.

215. Describe the roles of the ventromedial prefrontal in social behaviors.

216. The part of the brain that is believed to be involved in helping us identify the emotional facial expressions of other people is the

A) orbitofrontal cortexB) ventromedial cortexC) InsulaD) amygdala.

217. The ventromedial prefrontal cortex is involved inA) reasoning, reward evaluation, and reading other people.B) deciphering non-verbal social information, and making social and moral

assessments.C) empathy and in reading others.D) in helping us identify the emotional facial expressions of other people.

218. Shawn is afraid of public speaking because he chronically worries that he is going to embarrass himself. Shawn may have

A) an avoidant personality disorder.B) an antisocial personality disorder.C) a social phobia.D) a dependent personality disorder

219. People with _____ have severe, persistent, and irrational fears of social situations in which embarrassment may occur.

A) autismB) narcissistic personality disorderC) dependent personality disorderD) social anxiety disorder

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220. About ______ of people throughout the Western world currently experience social anxiety disorder.

A) 2%B) 7%C) 10%D) 12%

221. Wendy has an irrational fear of speaking in public. Which type of disorder in social functioning does she exhibit?

A) Dependent personality disorderB) Antisocial personality disorderC) Posttraumatic stress disorderD) Social phobia

222. Social phobias are learned and there is no known genetic component in their development.

A) TrueB) False

223. Social anxiety disorder affects more men than women.A) TrueB) False

224. The most influential explanation for social anxiety disorder focuses on dysfunctional social cognitions.

A) TrueB) False

225. Autistic children often display both motor and social development deficits.A) TrueB) False

226. Although individuals with autism typically have great difficulty relating to other people, they often feel and act warmly toward animals.

A) TrueB) False

227. Asperger's disorder is a variation of autism.A) True

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B) False

228. What personality disorder is associated with overwhelming feelings of inadequacy and extreme sensitivity to negative evaluation?

229. Describe the symptoms of Asperger's disorder.

230. What causes the dysfunctional beliefs held by social anxiety disorder patients?

231. What causes autism?

232. Describe 3 characteristics of an individual diagnosed with dependent personality disorder?

233. Abnormalities in the _______ appear to play an important role in the development of autism.

A) cerebellumB) limbic systemC) amygdalaD) all of the above

234. Rose believes that she's socially unattractive and that she must perform perfectly in all situations. As a result of these beliefs, she constantly anticipates that social situations will end lead to social disasters. Because Rose feels tense, nervous, upset, and afraid whenever she's around others she tends to avoid face-to-face interactions with people. Rose is likely suffering from _______.

A) social anxiety disorderB) autismC) dependent personality disorderD) cognitive dissonance

235. Which of the following disorders is marked by high fear of rejection and lack of friendships?

A) AustismB) Avoidant personality disorder.C) Asperger's disorderD) Dependent personality disorder.

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236. Lee just got out of a relationship with a person who wasn't very nice. Instead of being glad to be free, Lee feels devastated, and attempts to form a new relationship with someone else immediately. It is possible that Lee is suffering from

A) a social phobia.B) an antisocial personality disorder.C) a dependent personality disorder.D) an avoidant personality disorder.

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Answer Key

1. C2. A3. affective4. Children may hear a lecture from parents or other authority figures that shapes how

they conceptualize ideas and situations.5. As children grow older, they observe their peers and determine what rewards and

punishments are associated with particular behaviors. Likewise, television and other media offer opportunities for modeling behavior and experiencing consequences.

6. B7. A8. B9. Festinger

10. When people are unsure of their attitudes, they often infer their attitudes from their own behavior, much as an outsider may observe them.

11. A12. A13. more14. Stronger attitudes predict behavior more accurately than weaker attitudes.15. To eliminate social desirability, participants are told that they are hooked up to a lie

detector. As a result, people are more likely to report their attitudes truthfully.16. D17. B18. stereotypes19. Negative attitudes towards individuals from another group20. Social categorization refers to how people interact with a particular group to learn how

to react to the world. Social identity refers to a person forming an identity within a group. Social comparison occurs when the in-group is considered superior to other groups.

21. C22. A23. peripheral24. Door-in-the-face25. Example of making a larger request followed by a smaller request26. A27. B28. D29. C30. D31. B32. B33. C34. D35. A36. C

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37. A38. D39. A40. B41. C42. D43. A44. A45. A46. age, race, region or origin, political or religious beliefs (or any other group

characteristic).47. B48. C49. C50. D51. C52. D53. D54. A55. B56. D57. D58. A59. B60. Peripheral61. Central route persuasion emphasizes logic and factual information whereas peripheral

route persuasion emphasizes superficial information and feelings. One example of central route persuasion would be fast food restaurant chain who advertises their food as the best tasting and best value option available to consumers (this approach involves appeals to logic and facts). One example of peripheral route persuasion would be a fast food restaurant chain who shows attractive celebrities eating their food, with no mention of the quality of the food itself (this approach involves superficial feelings and information).

62. B63. C64. B65. A66. A67. D68. B69. B70. blameworthy71. their character and their general motives in life.72. internal73. We fail to make careful assessments of all relevant details surrounding an event or

crime, and we overlook even obvious innocence if we don't like an accused person.

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74. Dispositional75. Example should illustrate our over-reliance on dispositional attributions to explain the

behavior of others.76. A77. E78. A79. A80. observer81. We have information about ourselves that others do not have.82. Example must illustrate different interpretations of the same behavior produced by the

participant and someone else.83. B84. B85. A86. moods and emotions, motives, prejudices and stereotypes, and cultural background87. external88. People initially thought residents who failed to evacuate form the hurricane were

foolish or stubborn. When it became clear that people did not evacuate because they were poor, attributions began to focus on situational factors.

89. Example identifies how we tend to attribute success to internal causes while failures are attributed to external causes

90. D91. B92. C93. A94. B95. D96. B97. C98. B99. A

100. B101. injunctive102. Social norma are rules about how everyone is supposed to act103. Many social psychologists believe that contagious yawning may be a way of binding

ourselves to other members of our group�that is, the sharing of an experience.104. Descriptive norms105. Set of norms that are related to a person's social position; provide expectations and

duties that people should follow in their families, work, and communities.106. The Stanford Prison Experiment raised many ethical concerns in the field of

psychology, primarily because the participants experienced clear psychological pain�both the prisoners, who were abused psychologically, and the guards, who were confronted with the fact that they were capable of cruelty and even sadism. Many researchers have challenged the legitimacy of the study and believe that its costs outweighed its benefits.

107. People in individualistic cultures often consider conformity to be a bad thing whereas

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people in collectivistic cultures usually value fitting in with other people.108. B109. A110. A111. B112. B113. communal114. communal115. Conformity is the tendency to yield to real or imagined group pressure to behavior in a

certain manner. Provide applicable example.116. Gossip may serve to teach and enforce social norms117. D118. A119. A120. four121. Likelihood that a person will follow a direct order from an authority figure122. In studies of conformity there is no group leader or authority figure, whereas in studies

of authority people are subjected to the demands of an authority figure.123. B124. C125. 67 (two-thirds)126. Females were no more likely to refuse a command than men.127. With this social support, over 90% of participants disobeyed the order to continue.128. D129. B130. C131. A132. B133. D134. D135. C136. D137. A138. B139. B140. C141. parallel142. Disjunctive143. The presence of others elevates arousal such that performance on simple tasks is

facilitated, yet interferes with complicated tasks.144. D145. C146. D147. A148. more149. Group members are reminded of their uniqueness, importance, and group cohesiveness.

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150. Social loafing occurs when large groups include members who lack motivation to contribute, feel isolated, or view their contributions as unnecessary.

151. A152. B153. social loafing154. group polarization155. altruism156. Janis identified a number of conditions that set the stage for groupthink: (1) strong

similarity in group members' backgrounds and ideologies, (2) high group cohesiveness, (3) high perceived threat, (4) elevated stress, (5) insulation from outside influence, and (6) a directive leader.

157. First, the leader of the group should encourage members to air objections and doubts and should accept criticisms of the group's judgments. In addition, various group members should be assigned the role of �devil's advocate,� arguing against the group's favored position. Finally, outside experts should be invited to group meetings and encouraged to challenge the group's core views and decisions.

158. Egoistic helping behavior159. When they empathize and identify with people in need.160. C161. B162. responsibility163. Frustration-aggression hypothesis164. Bystanders must: (1) notice the event, (2) interpret the event as an emergency, (3) feel

personal responsibility for acting, (4) consider what form of assistance is needed, and (5) implement action.

165. Women engage in relational aggression where others are excluded or snubbed as a means of venting anger or frustration, whereas men demonstrate direct aggression that includes verbal and physical abuse.

166. D167. A168. sublimated169. Attachment, caring, intimacy170. Love is composed of intimacy (feelings that promote closeness), passion (intense

desires for union), and commitment (decision to maintain a relationship across time).171. D172. B173. C174. D175. A176. B177. A178. C179. D180. A181. B182. C

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183. D184. A185. B186. C187. B188. C189. D190. A191. B192. D193. C194. D195. D196. A197. B198. C199. Limerence is the ultimate, obsessive form of romantic love.200. True201. C202. D203. C204. B205. A206. C207. D208. C209. B210. C211. A212. A213. amygdala214. Orbitofrontal cortex215. Structure plays a role in the processing of rewards and punishments, interpreting

nonverbal social information, making moral assessments and decisions, and feeling empathy.

216. D217. B218. C219. D220. B221. D222. B223. B224. A225. A226. A

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227. A228. Avoidant229. A variation of autism is Asperger's disorder. Here individuals experience many of the

same kinds of social deficits, impairments in expressiveness, and restricted and repetitive behaviors that characterize autism. At the same time they often have relatively normal intellectual, adaptive, and language skills.

230. Psychologists believe that many variables such as genetic factors, trait tendencies, traumatic childhood experiences, and past parent�child interactions contribute to the development of the dysfunctional beliefs held by social anxiety disorder patients.

231. Studies have linked the disorder to genetic factors, prenatal difficulties or birth complications, and certain brain abnormalities.

232. Excessively obedient under all circumstances, pervasive need to be taken care of, clingy, and fear of separation from others with whom they have a close relationship

233. D234. A235. B236. C

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