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Covalent bonds Nonmetals hold onto their valence
electrons. They can’t give away electrons to bond. Still want noble gas configuration. Get it by sharing valence electrons with
each other. By sharing both atoms get to count the
electrons toward noble gas configuration.
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Covalent bonding Fluorine has seven valence electrons
F
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Covalent bonding Fluorine has seven valence electrons A second atom also has seven
F F
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Covalent bonding Fluorine has seven valence electrons A second atom also has seven By sharing electrons
F F
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Covalent bonding Fluorine has seven valence electrons A second atom also has seven By sharing electrons
F F
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Covalent bonding Fluorine has seven valence electrons A second atom also has seven By sharing electrons
F F
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Covalent bonding Fluorine has seven valence electrons A second atom also has seven By sharing electrons
F F
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Covalent bonding Fluorine has seven valence electrons A second atom also has seven By sharing electrons
F F
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Covalent bonding Fluorine has seven valence electrons A second atom also has seven By sharing electrons Both end with a full 2nd shell
F F
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Covalent bonding Fluorine has seven valence electrons A second atom also has seven By sharing electrons Both end with full orbitals
F F8 Valence electrons
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Covalent bonding Fluorine has seven valence electrons A second atom also has seven By sharing electrons Both end with full orbitals
F F8 Valence electrons
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Single Covalent Bond Hydrogen needs one more electron to
fill its outer shell…so two atoms share..
H . H.Fluorine has 7 in the 2nd shell so it also needs just one more….so two atoms share.
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Water
H
O
Each hydrogen has 1 valence electron
Each hydrogen wants 1 more
The oxygen has 6 valence electrons
The oxygen wants 2 more
They share to make each other happy
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Water Put the pieces together The first hydrogen is happy The oxygen still wants one more
H O
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Water The second hydrogen attaches Every atom has full energy levels
H OH
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Multiple Bonds Sometimes atoms share more than one
pair of valence electrons. A double bond is when atoms share two
pair (4) of electrons. A triple bond is when atoms share three
pair (6) of electrons.
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Carbon dioxide CO2 - Carbon is central
atom ( I have to tell you)
Carbon has 4 valence electrons
Wants 4 more Oxygen has 6 valence
electrons Wants 2 more
O
C
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Carbon dioxide Attaching 1 oxygen leaves the oxygen 1
short and the carbon 3 short
OC
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Carbon dioxide Attaching the second oxygen leaves
both oxygen 1 short and the carbon 2 short
OCO
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Carbon dioxide The only solution is to share more
OCO
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Carbon dioxide The only solution is to share more
OCO
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Carbon dioxide The only solution is to share more
OCO
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Carbon dioxide The only solution is to share more
OCO
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Carbon dioxide The only solution is to share more
OCO
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Carbon dioxide The only solution is to share more
OCO
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Carbon dioxide The only solution is to share more Requires two double bonds Each atom gets to count all the atoms in
the bond
OCO
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Carbon dioxide The only solution is to share more Requires two double bonds Each atom gets to count all the atoms in
the bond
OCO8 valence electrons
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Carbon dioxide The only solution is to share more Requires two double bonds Each atom gets to count all the atoms in
the bond
OCO8 valence electrons
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Carbon dioxide The only solution is to share more Requires two double bonds Each atom gets to count all the atoms in
the bond
OCO
8 valence electrons
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N HHH
Examples Draw in the bonds All 8 electrons are accounted for Everything is full
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Polar Molecules
Molecules with ends
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Intermolecular Forces
What holds molecules to each other
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Dipole Interactions
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Hydrogen bonding
HH
O H HO
HH
O
H
H
OH
HO
H
HO HH
O