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Coral
BleachingKuliah-IPTK
Oktiyas Muzaky Luthfi
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Introduction
3.1.1 Early Bleaching Records (Pre-1982)
3.1.2 Bleaching Records from 1982 Onwards
Global Patterns of Coral Bleaching
3.2.1 Temporal Patterns
3.2.2 Spatial Patterns in Bleaching
Relationships with El NioSouthern Oscillation Events
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4.1 Introduction
4.2 Data for Understanding Thermal stress and Bleaching Patterns Worldwide
4.2.1 Century-Length Global SST Reconstructions from Instrumental andPaleoclimatic Data
4.2.2 Satellite Observations of SST and Thermal Stress
4.3 Tropical SST Trends Since the Nineteenth Century
4.3.1 Tropical SST and Global Temperature Trends
4.3.2 Regional Trends in Thermal Stress
4.3.3 Role of El NioSouthern Oscillation and Other Large-Scale Patterns
4.4 Other Local Environmental Variables
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Coral Bleaching
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Coral bleaching is the term used todescribe the loss by the coral animal ofall or some of their symbiotic algae and
photosynthetic pigments with theresult that the white calcium carbonateskeleton becomes visible through thenow translucent tissue layer.
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Stress
Corals live insymbiosis with
algae
Corals release theiralgae
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Freshwater from floods
Pollution
Disease
Sediment
Cyanide fishing
Many local problems can cause bleaching:
Causes of Coral Bleaching
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Temperature !!!
When the water gets hot and stays hot,
corals will bleach
Causes of Coral Bleaching
But only one thing causes bleaching at aRegional or Global scale
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Thermal Stress Causes Mass Coral Bleaching
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Thermal Stress Causes Mass Coral Bleaching
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Thermal Stress Causes Mass Coral Bleaching
and Mortality
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What are the consequences?
Environmental impacts Loss of coral Changes in reef community Loss of biodiversity
Economic impacts Decreased tourism appeal Fishery decline
Loss of ecosystem services
Subsistence fishing Recreation Cultural significance Shoreline protection
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Apakah kenaikan
temperature air lautmenyebabkan
zooxanthellae keluardari karang?
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Hasil penelitian dari Global Coral Reef ConservationProject
Karang mengeluarkan zooxanthellae padasuhu 27-28 oC lebih banyak dibandingkanpada suhu 32 oC
Keluarnya zooxanthellae tidak lebih dari 1%pengusiran zooxanthellae oleh karang
adalah hal normal dalam aktifitas fisiologikarang dan kaitan dengan pemutihan karang
sangat kurang relevan
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Perhatikanlah gambar berikut
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Yang dikeluarkan tidak banyak lalu apa yangterjadi?
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Teori bleaching Naiknya temperature
bukanlah penyebab utamableaching akan tetapiKARANG itu sendiri.
Karang seperti manusiamemiliki pengalaman panas
Selama merespon kenaikansuhu air laut karang akanmengeluarkan mucus yangberisi gula, protein danammonia.
Dan itu merupakan makananpokok bagi bakteri sehinggaada proses invasi bakterikekarang danmembahayakanzooxanthellae
Another theory underinvestigation is thatbleaching is triggered by adecline in the photosyntheticability of the zooxanthellae
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Impact bacteria in coral
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Apa yang terjadi pada karang setelah prosesbleaching?
Previously, it was believed thatcoral would not recover untilzooxanthellae returned from theseawater outside the coral, becausethere were almost no zooxanthellaeleft inside the bleached coral.
However, while coral looks white inhigh-temperature waters, severaltens of percent of zooxanthellaeactually live healthily.
Healthy corals typically consumenearly 80% of the organic matterproduced by the zooxanthellae. The
remaining 20% of this food is madeup of cyanobacteria, icroorganismsand plankton (both plant andanimal).
Research shows that corals underthese conditions consume bacteria(such as protein-rich varieties) andeither pico-sized (under 2 micron)or nano-sized (220 micron)plankton, which propagate even inhigh water temperatures. The
composition of this food supply isroughly 5060% cyanobacteria,30% other microbes and 10%diatoms
The corals use the mucus that theyexcrete to bind this food before
consuming it.
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l
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Kesimpulan
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Pengayaan
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TUGAS
JUMLAH HAL 1197
I01=
I02
I06
I07
I03
I04
I01 1-200
I02 201-400
I03 401-600I04 601-800
I05 801-1000
I06 1001-1197
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using satellitesea surfacetemperatureto predictcoral bleaching
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What satellites do we use?
NOAAs polar-orbiting POES satellites view most of the earths surface every day.
Animation from the COMET Program (http://www.comet.ucar.edu/)
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How do we measure the temperature ofthe ocean from 850km above the surface?
If you stand next to a fire, you can feel the heat on your skin.
Satellite uses this infrared radiation to feel how warm the ocean is.
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Sea Surface Temperature
updates available FOR FREE at:
coralreefwatch.noaa.gov/satellite
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Is todays temperature above or below averagefor this location at this time of year?
Sea Surface Temperature Anomaly
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Bleaching Threshold Temp
Maximum monthly mean:
Average temperature for the warmest month
Bleaching Threshold:
One degree above Maximum Monthly Mean(MMM + 1C)
Varies with latitude and local conditions:
Gulf of Oman: 33.5Florida Keys: 30.3
Oahu, Hawaii: 28.0
Galapagos: 27.5
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Coral Bleaching HotSpots
Is todays temperature above the averagefor the warmest month?
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Degree Heating Weeks (DHW)
How much thermal stress has built upover the past three months?
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Degree Heating Weeks (DHW)
How much thermal stress has built upover the past three months?
Temperature and duration combined: C weeks
10 DHWs could be:
1 degree above MMM for 10 weeks
2 degrees above for 5 weeks
0.5 degrees above for 20 weeks
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Use of DHW to predictcoral bleaching
DHW = 0 No Thermal Stress
DHW >= 4 Thermal Stress leadingto significant bleaching
DHW >= 8 Thermal Stress leading
to wide spread bleachingand significant mortality
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Education Resources Online tutorial
Web pages: how we predict coral bleaching from satellite temperature data
Hands-on exercises Made for coral reef managers
Also appropriate for high-school students
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Education Resources Online tutorial
Coral Bleaching
Remote Sensing Sea Surface Temperature
Bleaching HotSpots
What can be done?
References
Online Resources
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Education Resources Lesson plans
Focused on satellite technology, coral biology, and coral reef conservation
Fun, hands-on science activities engage students in learning 4th - 6th grade students
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Education Resources Lesson plans
Remote Sensing & Electromagnetic Spectrum
Satellite Altimetry Phytoplankton and Ocean Color
Coral Reefs: Symbiosis and Anatomy
Temperature and Coral Bleaching
Coral Reef Conservation
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Education Resources
http://coralreefwatch.noaa.gov/satellite/education/
For all of NOAAs coral reef education resources:
http://coralreef.noaa.gov/outreach/welcome.html
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