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Copyright and Internet: an introduction
Bart Beuving
May 26, 2009
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PLEASE INTERRUPT ME !
(with more or less relevant questions)
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General outline
I Copyright
II Copyright and internet
III Copyright, internet and Digital Rights Management
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I -- Copyright
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Intellectual property domains
technology
commerce
culture
patent law
trademark law
copyright law
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(Elwood)
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But we are discussing copyright today, so..
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International treaties
The Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and
Artistic Works (1886/1967)
The Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual
Property Rights (1994) TRIPS
The WIPO Copyright Treaty (1996)
National law
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EC Directives
91/250/EEC on the protection of computer programs
92/100/EEC on rental and lending rights
93/83/EEC on satellite broadcasting and cable retransmission
93/98/EEC harmonizing the term of protection
2001/29/EC on copyright in the information society
2001/84/EC on the resale right as to art works
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Subject matter of protection
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GfoviQ5iz1o
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Literay and artistic works
books, writings, plays
musical compositions
choreography
drawings, paintings
sculptures, architecture
cinematographic works
photography
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Art. 2(1) of the Berne Convention
‘The expression ‘literary and artistic works’ shall include every production in the literary, scientific and artistic domain, whatever may be the mode or form of its expression, such as
books, pamphlets and other writings;
lectures, addresses, sermons and other works of the same nature;
dramatic and dramatico-musical works;…
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choreographic works and entertainments in dumb show;
musical compositions with or without words;
cinematographic works to which are assimilated works expressed by a process analogous to cinematography;
works of drawing, painting, architecture, sculpture, engraving and lithography;…
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photographic works to which are assimilated works
expressed by a process analogous to photography;
works of applied art;…
illustrations, maps, plans, sketches and three-
dimensional works relative to geography, topography,
architecture or science.
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(in the Netherlands)
A product is copyrighted in the Netherlands if there is an expression that ´has its own original character and bears the personal stamp of the author´.
In other words: a work must be somewhat original.
Beautiful or ugly, good or bad, little effort or years of work: irrelevant!
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? - 1
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? – 2 Software
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The design (functionalities)
The Source code
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Art. 4 of the WIPO Copyright Treaty
‘Computer programs are protected as literary works within the meaning of Article 2 of the Berne Convention. Such protection applies to computer programs, whatever may be the mode or form of their expression.’
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? – 3 Alterations
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? – 4 Derivative works
Marcel Duchamp
The Mona Lisa With a Moustache
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Specific rules (2(3) BC
‘Translations, adaptations, arrangements of music and
other alterations of a literary or artistic work shall be
protected as original works without prejudice to the
copyright in the original work.’
copyright 1: original work
copyright 2: altered version
(remember the music)
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? – 5 Conversations
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Exclusion from protection
no protection unless fixed in some material form (art.
2(2) BC: optional)
official texts of a legislative, administrative and legal
nature, and official translations of such texts (art. 2(4)
BC: optional)
news of the day and miscellaneous facts having the
character of mere items of press information (art. 2(8)
BC: mandatory)
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Copyright: why??!
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Incentive for the creation of works
Stimulation of creativity and investment
Enhanced possibility of amortization
‘Natural’ period of market exclusivity
_________(only) the advantage of being first in the market)
‘Extended’ period of market exclusivity
__________________________________________
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Reward for creative work
Feelings of rightness and justice
Rights of the author inherent in the ‘very nature of things’
Exclusive possibility of exploiration
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Engine of freedom of expression
Contribution to the independence of authors
Limiting the influence of patronage
Exclusion of censorship
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In other words …
It just ain’ t right…
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Author, what do you get? (minimum rights)
Two branches of rights:
Exploration rights - General right of reproduction (art. 9 (2) BC)- General right of communication to the public (art 8 WCT)
Moral rights - Claim authorship- Object to any distortion, mutilation, modification or other
derogatory action (art. 6bis BC)
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In more ‘digital words’…
(European Copyright Directive)
Exclusive right to reproduce (art. 2)
Exclusive right to make available to the public (art. 3)
Exclusive right to distribute (art. 4)
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The copyright balance
Some limitations
What about ideas?
Idea/expression dichotomy: copyright only protects the individual way of expressing ideas, not ideas as such (art. 2 WTC)
What about the term of protection?
Must be limited! (a.o. art. 7, 7 bis BC)
However…. What limitation in time do we know?
life of the author + 50 years (art. 7 BC) ….
Life of the author + 70 years (EU)
Life of the author + 70 years or 95 or even 120 years ! (USA)
The mickey mouse copyright act
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Copyright, how do you get it?!
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II Copyright and the internet: what about …
Main rule: online, the same rules apply
Meaning…??
Hyperlinks?- A surface (=‘regular’) link- Deeplink?- Framed link?
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Kranten.com (newspapers.com)
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Downloading?
Uploading?
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Torrents
Torrent is a small file (around few kilobytes) with the suffix .torrent, which contains all the information needed to download a file the torrent was made for. That means it contains file names, their sizes, where to download from and so on. You can get torrents for almost anything on lots of web sites and torrent search engines.
Copyright infringement?
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Copyright on a website
The main question: who is responsible?
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An example
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An Example, classified advertising website
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Duty of care? - Is the site aware of the problem?- What part is played by website owner? - Notice and takedown-procedure?
Which party has to incur costs? Preventive scanning / Supervision? (considerable costs)Providing names unlawfully acting persons?Obliged to collect names?
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A different perspective (?)
Free Culture – Lawrence Lessig
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Creative Commons, use of internet
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Credits:Cartoon concept en design: Neeru Paharia | Originele illustraties: Ryan JunellPhotos: Matt Haughey | Vertaling: Michiel de Lange | Opmaak: Geert Wissink
Op dit stripverhaal is een Creative Commons Licentie van toepassing
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Does it work? Yes, it does.
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III Copyright, internet and DRM
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Digitalisering en auteursrecht: grote voordelen
Digital (potential) great possibilities for producers distribution / long tail – Chris Anderson)
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Digitize and copyright: in practice
The Cut and Paste-problem (copyright is flushed out)
Solutions (?):- Hearts and minds- Technics DRM: what may a user do with a work?- Legal weaponry
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A. Hearts and minds
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zOBroA2NPNY
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lS-PemhvXHc http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lf9T_Hppqjk
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B. Technics: DRM
TTPCertificatsMetadata als a waterbrand Encryption…
What, who, where, how many times
“The answer to the machine is in the machine”
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Who are not happy with DRM
Consumers …
… but also hardware-producers
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pro DRM
Protection rightholder
Stimulating (digital) economy (that’s where IP rights are for, remember?)
Enables various (free) price fixing (‘lite’)
Ties the consumer to the provider
….
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C. Legal measures in order to enable effective DRM
Digital Rights Management (Digital Restriction Management)
Copyright Directive (art. 6)
“adequate legal protection against the circumvention of any effective technological measures, which the person concerned carries out in the knowledge, or with reasonable grounds to know, that he or she is pursuing that objective”
"technological measures" means any technology, device or component that, in the normal course of its operation, is designed to prevent or restrict acts, in respect of works or other subject-matter, which are not authorised by the rightholder of any copyright or any right related to copyright as provided for by law or the sui generis right provided for in Chapter III of Directive 96/9/EC.
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Copyright vs DRM - limitations
(European Copyright Directive)
Exclusive right to reproduce (art. 2)
Exclusive right to make available to the public (art. 3)
Exclusive right to distribute (art. 4)
Limitations- In time- Not protected by a copyright- Education exception- Caching exception- ‘Right’ to quote- Press exception
Circumvention technology vs limitations
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The end of DRM?
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Questions?
Bird & Bird is an international legal practice comprising Bird & Bird LLP and its affiliated businesses. www.twobirds.com
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