1 © Copyright 2010 Dieter Fensel, Mick Kerrigan and Ioan Toma Intelligent Systems Semantic Web and Services

1© Copyright 2010 Dieter Fensel, Mick Kerrigan and Ioan Toma

Intelligent Systems

Semantic Web and

Services

2

Where are we?

# Title

1 Introduction

2 Propositional Logic

3 Predicate Logic

4 Reasoning

5 Search Methods

6 CommonKADS

7 Problem-Solving Methods

8 Planning

9 Software Agents

10 Rule Learning

11 Inductive Logic Programming

12 Formal Concept Analysis

13 Neural Networks

14 Semantic Web and Services

3

Agenda

• Semantic Web - Data

• Motivation

• Development of the Web

• Internet

• Web 1.0

• Web 2.0

• Limitations of the current Web

• Technical Solution: URI, RDF, RDFS, OWL, SPARQL

• Illustration by Larger Examples: KIM Browser Plugin, Disco Hyperdata Browser

• Extensions: Linked Open Data

• Semantic Web – Processes

• Motivation

• Technical Solution: Semantic Web Services, WSMO, WSML, SEE, WSMX

• Illustration by Larger Examples: SWS Challenge, Virtual Travel Agency, WSMX at work

• Extensions: Mobile Services, Intelligent Cars, Intelligent Electricity Meters

• Summary

• References

3

4

SEMANTIC WEB - DATA

4

5

MOTIVATION

5

6

DEVELOPMENT OF THE WEB

7

Development of the Web

1. Internet

2. Web 1.0

3. Web 2.0

8

INTERNET

9

Internet

• “The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) to serve billions of users worldwide. It is a network of networks that consists of millions of private and public, academic, business, and government networks of local to global scope that are linked by a broad array of electronic and optical networking technologies.”

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet

10

1945 1995

Memex Conceived

1945

WWWCreated

1989

MosaicCreated

1993

A Mathematical

Theory of Communication

1948

Packet Switching Invented

1964

SiliconChip1958

First Vast ComputerNetwork

Envisioned1962

ARPANET1969

TCP/IPCreated

1972

InternetNamed

and Goes

TCP/IP1984

HypertextInvented

1965

Age ofeCommerce

Begins1995

A brief summary of Internet evolution

Source: http://www.isoc.org/internet/history2002_0918_Internet_History_and_Growth.ppt

11

WEB 1.0

12

• “The World Wide Web ("WWW" or simply the "Web") is a system of interlinked, hypertext documents that runs over the Internet. With a Web browser, a user views Web pages that may contain text, images, and other multimedia and navigates between them using hyperlinks”.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web

Web 1.0

13

Web 1.0

• Netscape– Netscape is associated with the breakthrough of the Web.

– Netscape had rapidly a large user community making attractive for others to present their information on the Web.

• Google– Google is the incarnation of Web 1.0 mega grows

– Google indexed already in 2008 more than 1 trillion pages [*]

– Google and other similar search engines turned out that a piece of information can be faster found again on the Web than in the own bookmark list

[*] http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2008/07/we-knew-web-was-big.html

14

Web 1.0 principles

• The success of Web1.0 is based on three simple principles:1. A simple and uniform addressing schema to indentify

information chunks i.e. Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs)

2. A simple and uniform representation formalism to structure information chunks allowing browsers to render them i.e. Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML)

3. A simple and uniform protocol to access information chunks i.e. Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

15

1. Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs)

• Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs) are used to name/identify resources on the Web

• URIs are pointers to resources to which request methods can be applied to generate potentially different responses

• Resource can reside anywhere on the Internet• Most popular form of a URI is the Uniform Resource

Locator (URL)

16

2. Hyper-Text Markup Language (HTML)

• Hyper-Text Markup Language:– A subset of Standardized General Markup Language (SGML)– Facilitates a hyper-media environment

• Documents use elements to “mark up” or identify sections of text for different purposes or display characteristics

• HTML markup consists of several types of entities, including: elements, attributes, data types and character references

• Markup elements are not seen by the user when page is displayed

• Documents are rendered by browsers

17

3. Hyper-Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

• Protocol for client/server communication– The heart of the Web– Very simple request/response protocol

• Client sends request message, server replies with response message

– Provide a way to publish and retrieve HTML pages– Stateless– Relies on URI naming mechanism

18

WEB 2.0

19

Web 2.0

• “The term "Web 2.0" (2004–present) is commonly associated with web applications that facilitate interactive information sharing, interoperability, user-centered design, and collaboration on the World Wide Web”

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_2.0

20

Web 2.0

• Web 2.0 is a vaguely defined phrase referring to various topics such as social networking sites, wikis, communication tools, and folksonomies.

• Tim Berners-Lee is right that all these ideas are already underlying his original web ideas, however, there are differences in emphasis that may cause a qualitative change.

• With Web 1.0 technology a significant amount of software skills and investment in software was necessary to publish information.

• Web 2.0 technology changed this dramatically.

21

Web 2.0 major breakthroughs

• The four major breakthroughs of Web 2.0 are:1. Blurring the distinction between content consumers and content

providers.

2. Moving from media for individuals towards media for communities.

3. Blurring the distinction between service consumers and service providers

4. Integrating human and machine computing in a new and innovative way

22

1. Blurring the distinction between content consumers and content providers

Wiki, Blogs, and Twiter turned the publication of text in mass phenomena, as flickr and youtube did for multimedia

23

Social web sites such as del.icio.us, facebook, FOAF, linkedin, myspace and Xing allow communities of users to smoothly interweave their information and activities

2. Moving from a media for individuals towards a media for communities

24

3. Blurring the distinction between service consumers and service providers

Mashups allow web users to easy integrate services in their web site that were implemented by third parties

25

4. Integrating human and machine computing in a new way

Amazon Mechanical Turk - allows to access human services through a web service interface blurring the distinction between manually and automatically provided services

26

LIMITATIONS OF THE CURRENT WEB

27

• The current Web has its limitations when it comes to:1. finding relevant information

2. extracting relevant information

3. combining and reusing information

Limitations of the current Web

28

• Finding information on the current Web is based on keyword search

• Keyword search has a limited recall and precision due to:– Synonyms:

• e.g. Searching information about “Cars” will ignore Web pages that contain the word “Automobiles” even though the information on these pages could be relevant

– Homonyms:• e.g. Searching information about “Jaguar” will bring up pages containing

information about both “Jaguar” (the car brand) and “Jaguar” (the animal) even though the user is interested only in one of them

Limitations of the current WebFinding relevant information

29

• Keyword search has a limited recall and precision due also to:– Spelling variants:

• e.g. “organize” in American English vs. “organise” in British English

– Spelling mistakes

– Multiple languages• i.e. information about same topics in published on the Web on different

languages (English, German, Italian,…)

• Current search engines provide no means to specify the relation between a resource and a term– e.g. sell / buy

Limitations of the current WebFinding relevant information

30

• One-fit-all automatic solution for extracting information from Web pages is not possible due to different formats, different syntaxes

• Even from a single Web page is difficult to extract the relevant information

Limitations of the current WebExtracting relevant information

Which book is about the Web?

What is the priceof the book?

31

• Extracting information from current web sites can be done using wrappers


WEBHTML pages

Layout

Structured Data,Databases,

XMLStructure

Wrapper

extractannotatestructure

32

• The actual extraction of information from web sites is specified using standards such as XSL Transformation (XSLT) [1]

• Extracted information can be stored as structured data in XML format or databases.

• However, using wrappers do not really scale because the actual extraction of information depends again on the web site format and layout


[1] http://www.w3.org/TR/xslt

33

• Tasks often require to combine data on the Web1. Searching for the same information in

different digital libraries

2. Information may come from different web sites and needs to be combined

Limitations of the current WebCombining and reusing information

34


Example: I want travel from Innsbruck to Rome.

1. Searches for the same information in different digital libraries

35


Example: I want to travel from Innsbruck to Rome where I want to stay in a hotel and visit the city

2. Information may come from different web sites and needs to be combined

36

How to improve the current Web?

• Increasing automatic linking among data• Increasing recall and precision in search• Increasing automation in data integration• Increasing automation in the service life cycle

• Adding semantics to data and services is the solution!

37

TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS

37

38

Uniform Resource Identifier

• Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs) are used to identify resources, not just things that exists on the Web, e.g. Dieter Fensel, University of Innsbruck

Taken from http://www.w3.org/TR/webarch/

3939

Resource Description Framework (RDF)

• The Resource Description Framework (RDF) provides a domain independent data model

• Resource (identified by URIs)– Correspond to nodes in a graph– E.g.:

http://www.w3.org/http://example.org/#johnhttp://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#Property

• Properties (identified by URIs)– Correspond to labels of edges in a graph– Binary relation between two resources– E.g.:

http://www.example.org/#hasName http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type

• Literals– Concrete data values– E.g.:

"John Smith", "1", "2006-03-07"

4040

Resource Description Framework (RDF) – Triple Data Model

• Triple data model: <subject, predicate, object>

– Subject: Resource or blank node– Predicate: Property– Object: Resource, literal or blank node

• Example:<ex:john, ex:father-of, ex:bill>

• Statement (or triple) as a logical formula P(x, y), where the binary predicate P relates the object x to the object y.

• RDF offers only binary predicates (properties)

4141

Resource Description Framework (RDF) – Graph Model

• The triple data model can be represented as a graph

• Such graph is called in the Artificial Intelligence community a semantic net

• Labeled, directed graphs– Nodes: resources, literals– Labels: properties– Edges: statements

ex:johnex:john ex:billex:billex:father-of

ex:tomex:tom

ex:father-of

42

RDF Schema (RDFS)

• RDF Schema (RDFS) is a language for capturing the semantics of a domain, for example:– In RDF:

<#john, rdf:type, #Student>– What is a “#Student”?

• RDFS is a language for defining RDF types:– Define classes:

• “#Student is a class”– Relationships between classes:

• “#Student is a sub-class of #Person”– Properties of classes:

• “#Person has a property hasName”

43

RDF Schema (RDFS)

• Classes:<#Student, rdf:type, #rdfs:Class>

• Class hierarchies:<#Student, rdfs:subClassOf, #Person>

• Properties:<#hasName, rdf:type, rdf:Property>

• Property hierarchies:<#hasMother, rdfs:subPropertyOf, #hasParent>

• Associating properties with classes (a):– “The property #hasName only applies to #Person”

<#hasName, rdfs:domain, #Person>

• Associating properties with classes (b):– “The type of the property #hasName is #xsd:string”

<#hasName, rdfs:range, xsd:string>

43

44

RDF Schema (RDFS) - Example

44

45

Web Ontology Language (OWL)

• RDFS has a number of Limitations:– Only binary relations– Characteristics of Properties, e.g. inverse, transitive, symmetric– Local range restrictions, e.g. for class Person, the property hasName has range

xsd:string– Complex concept descriptions, e.g. Person is defined by Man and Woman– Cardinality restrictions, e.g. a Person may have at most 1 name– Disjointness axioms, e.g. nobody can be both a Man and a Woman

• The Web Ontology Language (OWL) provides an ontology language, that is a more expressive Vocabulary Definition Language for use with RDF

– Class membership

– Equivalance of classes

– Consistency

– Classification

46

OWL

• OWL is layered into languages of different expressiveness– OWL Lite: Classification Hierarchies, Simple Constraints

– OWL DL: Maximal expressiveness while maintaining tractability

– OWL Full: Very high expressiveness, loses tractability, all syntactic freedom of RDF

• More expressive means harder to reason with

• Different Syntaxes:– RDF/XML (Recommended for Serialization)

– N3 (Recommended for Human readable Fragments)

– Abstract Syntax (Clear Human Readable Syntax)

46

lite

DL

Full

47

OWL – Example: The Wine Ontology

• An Ontology describing wine domain• One of the most widely used examples for OWL and referenced by

W3C.• There is also a wine agent associated to this ontology that performs

OWL queries using a web-based ontological mark-up language. That is, by combining a logical reasoner with an OWL ontology.

• The agent's operation can be described in three parts: consulting the ontology, performing queries and outputting results.

• Available here: http://www.w3.org/TR/owl-guide/

48

OWL – Example: The Wine Ontology Schema

[http://mysite.verizon.net/jflynn12/VisioOWL/VisioOWL.htm]

49

SPARQL – Querying RDF

• SPARQL– RDF Query language– Based on RDQL– Uses SQL-like syntax

• Example:PREFIX uni: <http://example.org/uni/>

SELECT ?name

FROM <http://example.org/personal>

WHERE { ?s uni:name ?name.

?s rdf:type uni:lecturer }

50

SPARQL Queries

PREFIX uni: <http://example.org/uni/>

SELECT ?name

FROM <http://example.org/personal>

WHERE { ?s uni:name ?name. ?s rdf:type uni:lecturer }

• PREFIX– Prefix mechanism for abbreviating URIs

• SELECT– Identifies the variables to be returned in the query answer– SELECT DISTINCT– SELECT REDUCED

• FROM– Name of the graph to be queried– FROM NAMED

• WHERE– Query pattern as a list of triple patterns

• LIMIT• OFFSET• ORDER BY

51

SPARQL Example Query 1

“Return the full names of all people in the graph”

PREFIX vCard: <http://www.w3.org/2001/vcard-rdf/3.0#>SELECT ?fullNameWHERE {?x vCard:FN ?fullName}

result:

fullName================="John Smith""Mary Smith"

@prefix ex: <http://example.org/#> .@prefix vcard: <http://www.w3.org/2001/vcard-rdf/3.0#> .ex:john vcard:FN "John Smith" ; vcard:N [ vcard:Given "John" ; vcard:Family "Smith" ] ; ex:hasAge 32 ; ex:marriedTo :mary .ex:mary vcard:FN "Mary Smith" ; vcard:N [ vcard:Given "Mary" ; vcard:Family "Smith" ] ; ex:hasAge 29 .

52


“Return the relation between John and Mary”

PREFIX ex: <http://example.org/#>

SELECT ?p

WHERE {ex:john ?p ex:mary}

result:

p

=================<http://example.org/#marriedTo>


53


“Return the spouse of a person by the name of John Smith”

PREFIX vCard: <http://www.w3.org/2001/vcard-rdf/3.0#>

PREFIX ex: <http://example.org/#>

SELECT ?y

WHERE {?x vCard:FN "John Smith".

?x ex:marriedTo ?y}

result:

y

=================<http://example.org/#mary>


54

ILLUSTRATION BY LARGER EXAMPLES

54

55

Annotated Content

• KIM Browser PluginWeb content is annotated using ontologiesContent can be searched and browsed intelligently

Select one or more concepts from the ontology…… send the currently loaded web page to the Annotation Server

Illustration 1 – KIM Browser Plugin

55

56

Dereferencable URI

Disco Hyperdata Browser navigating the Semantic Web as an unbound set of data sources

Illustration 2 – Disco Hyperdata Browser

56

57

EXTENSIONS

57

58

Extensions: Linked Open Data

• Linked Data is a method for exposing and sharing connected data via dereferenceable URI’s on the Web

– Use URIs to identify things that you expose to the Web as resources– Use HTTP URIs so that people can locate and look up (dereference) these things– Provide useful information about the resource when its URI is dereferenced– Include links to other, related URIs in the exposed data as a means of improving

information discovery on the Web

• Linked Open Data is an initiative to interlink open data sources– Open: Publicly available data sets that are accessible to everyone– Interlinked: Datasets have references to one another allowing them to be used

together

58

59

Extensions: Linked Open Data

59

60

Extensions: Linked Open Data - FOAF

• Friend Of A Friend (FOAF) provides a way to create machine-readable pages about:

– People– The links between them– The things they do and create

• Anyone can publish a FOAF file on the web about themselves and this data becomes part of the Web of Data

• FOAF is connected to many other data sets, including– Data sets describing music and musicians (Audio Scrobbler, MusicBrainz)– Data sets describing photographs and who took them (Flickr)– Data sets describing places and their relationship (GeoNames)

<foaf:Person><foaf:name>Dieter Fensel</foaf:name><foaf:homepage rdf:resource="http://www.fensel.com"/>

</foaf:Person>

<foaf:Person><foaf:name>Dieter Fensel</foaf:name><foaf:homepage rdf:resource="http://www.fensel.com"/>

</foaf:Person>

60

61

Extensions: Linked Open Data - GeoNames

• The GeoNames Ontology makes it possible to add geospatial semantic information to the Web of Data

• We can utilize GeoNames location within the FOAF profile

• GeoNames is also linked to more datasets– US Census Data– Movie Database (Linked MDB)– Extracted data from Wikipedia (DBpedia)

<foaf:Person><foaf:name>Dieter Fensel</foaf:name><foaf:homepage rdf:resource="http://www.fensel.com"/><foaf:based_near ” http://ws.geonames.org/rdf?

geonameId=2775220"/></foaf:Person>

<foaf:Person><foaf:name>Dieter Fensel</foaf:name><foaf:homepage rdf:resource="http://www.fensel.com"/><foaf:based_near ” http://ws.geonames.org/rdf?

geonameId=2775220"/></foaf:Person>

61

62

Extensions: Linked Open Data - DBpedia

• DBpedia is a community effort to extract structured information from Wikipedia and to make this information available on the Web

• As our FOAF profile has been linked to GeoNames, and GeoNames is linked to DBpedia, we can ask some interesting queries over the Web of Data

– What is the population of the city in which Dieter Fensel lives?

=> 117916 people– At which elevation does Dieter Fensel live?

=> 574m– Who is the mayor of the city in which Dieter Fensel lives

=> Hilde Zach

62

63

SEMANTIC WEB - PROCESSES

63

64

MOTIVATION

64

65

Motivation

http://www.sti-innsbruck.at/dip-movie

66

Motivation

• The Web is moving from static data to dynamic functionality– Web services: a piece of software available over the

Internet, using standardized XML messaging systems – Mashups: The compounding of two or more pieces of

web functionality to create powerful web applications

67

Motivation

68

Limitations of the current Web Processes

• Web services and mashups are limited by their syntactic nature

• As the amount of services on the Web increases it will be harder to find Web services in order to use them in mashups

• The current amount of human effort required to build applications is not sustainable at a Web scale

69

What is needed?

• Formal, machine processable descriptions of processes on the Web that allows easy integration, configuration and reuse

• Semantic support for finding, composing and executing these processes and all the other related tasks

Solution: Combine Semantics and Web processes/services that enables the automation of many of the currently human intensive tasks around Web processes/services

70

TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS

70

71

Semantic Web Services

• Brings the benefits of Semantics to the executable part of the Web– Ontologies as data model– Unambiguous definition of service functionality and external interface

• Reduce human effort in integrating services in SOA– Many tasks in the process of using Web services can be automated

• Improve dynamism– New services available for use as they appear– Service Producers and Consumers don’t need to know of each others existence

• Improve stability– Service interfaces are not tightly integrated so even less impact from changes– Services can be easily replaced if they are no longer available– Failover possibilities are limited only by the number of available services

71

72

Semantic Web Services

• Semantic Web Services are a layer on top of existing Web service technologies and do not aim to replace them

• Provide a formal description of services, while still being compliant with existing and emerging technologies

• Distinguish between a Web service (computational entity) and a service (value provided by invocation)

• Make Web services easier to:– Find– Compare– Compose– Invoke

72

73

Conceptual Model for SWS

Formal Language for WSMO

Ontology & Rule Language for the Semantic Web

Technical Overview

73

Execution Environment

For SWS

74

Strict Decouplingof Modeling Elements

Centrality ofMediation

Ontological Role Separation

Description versus Implementation

WSMO

Ontology-Based

Web Service versus Service

WSMO – Design Principles

74

75

WSMO – Conceptual Model

Objectives that a client wants to

achieve by using Web Services

Formally specified terminology used by all other components

Semantic description

of Web Services• Capability (functional)• Interfaces (usage)

Connectors between components with mediation facilities for handling heterogeneities

75

76

WSML – Language Family

WSML - CoreWSML - Core

WSML - DLWSML - DL

WSML - FullWSML - Full

WSML - FlightWSML - Flight

WSML - RuleWSML - Rule

f

with

without

76

Exp

ress

ivity

77

Semantic Execution Environment

77

Semantic Execution EnvironmentSemantic Execution Environment

DiscoveryDiscovery RankingRanking SelectionSelection

CompositionComposition Data MediationData Mediation Process MediationProcess Mediation

Process ExecutionProcess

ExecutionLifting & LoweringLifting & Lowering

basebase

brokerbrokerverticalverticalM

onito

ring

Mon

itorin

g

ReasoningReasoning StorageStorage

78

Semantic Execution Environment - WSMX

WSMX

Syste

m In

terface

WSMX ManagerWSMX Manager Core

Administration Framework Interface

Data and C

omm

unication Protocols A

dapters

Adapter 1

Adapter 2

Adapter n

... Grounding

CM Wrapper

CommunicationManager

Interface

Invoker Receiver

RMWrapper

Resource Manager

Interface

ParserWrapper

Parser

Interface

DiscoveryWrapper

Discovery

Interface

SelectorWrapper

Selector

Interface

DMWrapper

DataMediator

Interface

PMWrapper

ProcessMediator

Interface

ChoreographyWrapper

Choreography

Interface

Reasoner Interface

Reasoner

Resource Manager Interface

WSMO Objects Non WSMO Objects

WSMT – Web Services Modelling Toolkit

Service Providers

Web Service 1

Web Service 2

Web Service p

...

Service Requesters

Back-End Application

Agent acting on behalf of service

requester

WSML EditorWSMX Monitor Choreography EditorWSMX Managment Mediator Editor

ComponentWrapper

New Component

Interface

78

79

ILLUSTRATION BY LARGER EXAMPLES

79

80

• Blue company has discovered Moon company on the Web • Blue company wishes to communicate with Moon company

• Broker required to resolve data and process interoperability issues

Purchase Order

Purchase Order Confirmation

id

cid

openOrder

addItem*

closeOrder

Blue Company can only send POs and

receive PO Confirmations

Allows the opening of a PO, the specification of the items

to be purchased and the closing of the PO

Receives a customer id and returns a full

customer description

Illustration 1: SWS Challenge

80

81

Rail Services

Flight Services

Hotel Services

Car Hire Services

Illustration 2: Virtual Travel Agency

81

82

Illustration 3: WSMX At Work

WSMX

Syste

m In

terface



Data and C

omm


dapters

Adapter 1

Adapter 2

Adapter n

... Grounding

CM Wrapper


Interface

Invoker Receiver

RMWrapper

Resource Manager

Interface

ParserWrapper

Parser

Interface

DiscoveryWrapper

Discovery

Interface

SelectorWrapper

Selector

Interface

DMWrapper

DataMediator

Interface

PMWrapper

ProcessMediator

Interface

ChoreographyWrapper

Choreography

Interface

Reasoner Interface

Reasoner




Service Providers

Web Service 1

Web Service 2

Web Service p

...

Service Requesters



requester


ComponentWrapper

New Component

Interface

82

83


WSMX

Syste

m In

terface



Data and C

omm


dapters

Adapter 1

Adapter 2

Adapter n

... Grounding

CM Wrapper


Interface

Invoker Receiver

RMWrapper

Resource Manager

Interface

ParserWrapper

Parser

Interface

DiscoveryWrapper

Discovery

Interface

SelectorWrapper

Selector

Interface

DMWrapper

DataMediator

Interface

PMWrapper

ProcessMediator

Interface

ChoreographyWrapper

Choreography

Interface

Reasoner Interface

Reasoner




Service Providers

Web Service 1

Web Service 2

Web Service p

...

Service Requesters



requester


ComponentWrapper

New Component

Interface

Request to discoverWeb services.

83

84


WSMX

System

Interface



Data and C

omm


dapters

Adapter 1

Adapter 2

Adapter n

... Grounding

CM Wrapper


Interface

Invoker Receiver

RMWrapper

Resource Manager

Interface

ParserWrapper

Parser

Interface

DiscoveryWrapper

Discovery

Interface

SelectorWrapper

Selector

Interface

DMWrapper

DataMediator

Interface

PMWrapper

ProcessMediator

Interface

ChoreographyWrapper

Choreography

Interface

Reasoner Interface

Reasoner




Service Providers

Web Service 1

Web Service 2

Web Service p

...

Service Requesters



requester


ComponentWrapper

New Component

Interface

Goal expressedin WSML is sent toWSMX SystemInterface

84

85


WSMX

System

Interface



Data and C

omm


dapters

Adapter 1

Adapter 2

Adapter n

... Grounding

CM Wrapper


Interface

Invoker Receiver

RMWrapper

Resource Manager

Interface

ParserWrapper

Parser

Interface

DiscoveryWrapper

Discovery

Interface

SelectorWrapper

Selector

Interface

DMWrapper

DataMediator

Interface

PMWrapper

ProcessMediator

Interface

ChoreographyWrapper

Choreography

Interface

Reasoner Interface

Reasoner




Service Providers

Web Service 1

Web Service 2

Web Service p

...

Service Requesters



requester


ComponentWrapper

New Component

Interface

Com. M. implementsthe interface toreceive WSML goals

85

86


WSMX

System

Interface



Data and C

omm


dapters

Adapter 1

Adapter 2

Adapter n

... Grounding

CM Wrapper


Interface

Invoker Receiver

RMWrapper

Resource Manager

Interface

ParserWrapper

Parser

Interface

DiscoveryWrapper

Discovery

Interface

SelectorWrapper

Selector

Interface

DMWrapper

DataMediator

Interface

PMWrapper

ProcessMediator

Interface

ChoreographyWrapper

Choreography

Interface

Reasoner Interface

Reasoner




Service Providers

Web Service 1

Web Service 2

Web Service p

...

Service Requesters



requester


ComponentWrapper

New Component

Interface

Com. M. informsCore that Goalhas been received

86

87


WSMX

System

Interface



Data and C

omm


dapters

Adapter 1

Adapter 2

Adapter n

... Grounding

CM Wrapper


Interface

Invoker Receiver

RMWrapper

Resource Manager

Interface

ParserWrapper

Parser

Interface

DiscoveryWrapper

Discovery

Interface

SelectorWrapper

Selector

Interface

DMWrapper

DataMediator

Interface

PMWrapper

ProcessMediator

Interface

ChoreographyWrapper

Choreography

Interface

Reasoner Interface

Reasoner




Service Providers

Web Service 1

Web Service 2

Web Service p

...

Service Requesters



requester


ComponentWrapper

New Component

Interface

Chor. wrapperpicks up event for Chor. component

87

88


WSMX

System

Interface



Data and C

omm


dapters

Adapter 1

Adapter 2

Adapter n

... Grounding

CM Wrapper


Interface

Invoker Receiver

RMWrapper

Resource Manager

Interface

ParserWrapper

Parser

Interface

DiscoveryWrapper

Discovery

Interface

SelectorWrapper

Selector

Interface

DMWrapper

DataMediator

Interface

PMWrapper

ProcessMediator

Interface

ChoreographyWrapper

Choreography

Interface

Reasoner Interface

Reasoner




Service Providers

Web Service 1

Web Service 2

Web Service p

...

Service Requesters



requester


ComponentWrapper

New Component

Interface

New choreography Instance is created

88

89


WSMX

System

Interface



Data and C

omm


dapters

Adapter 1

Adapter 2

Adapter n

... Grounding

CM Wrapper


Interface

Invoker Receiver

RMWrapper

Resource Manager

Interface

ParserWrapper

Parser

Interface

DiscoveryWrapper

Discovery

Interface

SelectorWrapper

Selector

Interface

DMWrapper

DataMediator

Interface

PMWrapper

ProcessMediator

Interface

ChoreographyWrapper

Choreography

Interface

Reasoner Interface

Reasoner




Service Providers

Web Service 1

Web Service 2

Web Service p

...

Service Requesters



requester


ComponentWrapper

New Component

Interface

Core is notifiedthat choreographyinstance has beencreated.

89

90


WSMX

System

Interface



Data and C

omm


dapters

Adapter 1

Adapter 2

Adapter n

... Grounding

CM Wrapper


Interface

Invoker Receiver

RMWrapper

Resource Manager

Interface

ParserWrapper

Parser

Interface

DiscoveryWrapper

Discovery

Interface

SelectorWrapper

Selector

Interface

DMWrapper

DataMediator

Interface

PMWrapper

ProcessMediator

Interface

ChoreographyWrapper

Choreography

Interface

Reasoner Interface

Reasoner




Service Providers

Web Service 1

Web Service 2

Web Service p

...

Service Requesters



requester


ComponentWrapper

New Component

Interface

WSML goal isparsed to internal format.

90

91


WSMX

System

Interface



Data and C

omm


dapters

Adapter 1

Adapter 2

Adapter n

... Grounding

CM Wrapper


Interface

Invoker Receiver

RMWrapper

Resource Manager

Interface

ParserWrapper

Parser

Interface

DiscoveryWrapper

Discovery

Interface

SelectorWrapper

Selector

Interface

DMWrapper

DataMediator

Interface

PMWrapper

ProcessMediator

Interface

ChoreographyWrapper

Choreography

Interface

Reasoner Interface

Reasoner




Service Providers

Web Service 1

Web Service 2

Web Service p

...

Service Requesters



requester


ComponentWrapper

New Component

Interface

Discovery isinvoked

for parsed goal.

91

92


WSMX

System

Interface



Data and C

omm


dapters

Adapter 1

Adapter 2

Adapter n

... Grounding

CM Wrapper


Interface

Invoker Receiver

RMWrapper

Resource Manager

Interface

ParserWrapper

Parser

Interface

DiscoveryWrapper

Discovery

Interface

SelectorWrapper

Selector

Interface

DMWrapper

DataMediator

Interface

PMWrapper

ProcessMediator

Interface

ChoreographyWrapper

Choreography

Interface

Reasoner Interface

Reasoner




Service Providers

Web Service 1

Web Service 2

Web Service p

...

Service Requesters



requester


ComponentWrapper

New Component

Interface

Discovery may requires ontology

mediation.

92

93


WSMX

System

Interface



Data and C

omm


dapters

Adapter 1

Adapter 2

Adapter n

... Grounding

CM Wrapper


Interface

Invoker Receiver

RMWrapper

Resource Manager

Interface

ParserWrapper

Parser

Interface

DiscoveryWrapper

Discovery

Interface

SelectorWrapper

Selector

Interface

DMWrapper

DataMediator

Interface

PMWrapper

ProcessMediator

Interface

ChoreographyWrapper

Choreography

Interface

Reasoner Interface

Reasoner




Service Providers

Web Service 1

Web Service 2

Web Service p

...

Service Requesters



requester


ComponentWrapper

New Component

Interface

After data mediation,Discovery iterates,if needed throughlast steps untilresult set is finished.

93

94


WSMX

System

Interface



Data and C

omm


dapters

Adapter 1

Adapter 2

Adapter n

... Grounding

CM Wrapper


Interface

Invoker Receiver

RMWrapper

Resource Manager

Interface

ParserWrapper

Parser

Interface

DiscoveryWrapper

Discovery

Interface

SelectorWrapper

Selector

Interface

DMWrapper

DataMediator

Interface

PMWrapper

ProcessMediator

Interface

ChoreographyWrapper

Choreography

Interface

Reasoner Interface

Reasoner




Service Providers

Web Service 1

Web Service 2

Web Service p

...

Service Requesters



requester


ComponentWrapper

New Component

Interface

Selection is invokedto relax result set tofinally one service.

94

95


WSMX

System

Interface



Data and C

omm


dapters

Adapter 1

Adapter 2

Adapter n

... Grounding

CM Wrapper


Interface

Invoker Receiver

RMWrapper

Resource Manager

Interface

ParserWrapper

Parser

Interface

DiscoveryWrapper

Discovery

Interface

SelectorWrapper

Selector

Interface

DMWrapper

DataMediator

Interface

PMWrapper

ProcessMediator

Interface

ChoreographyWrapper

Choreography

Interface

Reasoner Interface

Reasoner




Service Providers

Web Service 1

Web Service 2

Web Service p

...

Service Requesters



requester


ComponentWrapper

New Component

Interface

Choreographyinstance for goalrequester is checkedfor next steps.

95

96


WSMX

System

Interface



Data and C

omm


dapters

Adapter 1

Adapter 2

Adapter n

... Grounding

CM Wrapper


Interface

Invoker Receiver

RMWrapper

Resource Manager

Interface

ParserWrapper

Parser

Interface

DiscoveryWrapper

Discovery

Interface

SelectorWrapper

Selector

Interface

DMWrapper

DataMediator

Interface

PMWrapper

ProcessMediator

Interface

ChoreographyWrapper

Choreography

Interface

Reasoner Interface

Reasoner




Service Providers

Web Service 1

Web Service 2

Web Service p

...

Service Requesters



requester


ComponentWrapper

New Component

Interface

Result is returnedto Com. Man. to beforwarded to theservice requester.

96

97


WSMX

System

Interface



Data and C

omm


dapters

Adapter 1

Adapter 2

Adapter n

... Grounding

CM Wrapper


Interface

Invoker Receiver

RMWrapper

Resource Manager

Interface

ParserWrapper

Parser

Interface

DiscoveryWrapper

Discovery

Interface

SelectorWrapper

Selector

Interface

DMWrapper

DataMediator

Interface

PMWrapper

ProcessMediator

Interface

ChoreographyWrapper

Choreography

Interface

Reasoner Interface

Reasoner




Service Providers

Web Service 1

Web Service 2

Web Service p

...

Service Requesters



requester


ComponentWrapper

New Component

Interface

Set of Web Servicedescriptionsexpressed in WSMLsent to adapter.

97

98


WSMX

System

Interface



Data and C

omm


dapters

Adapter 1

Adapter 2

Adapter n

... Grounding

CM Wrapper


Interface

Invoker Receiver

RMWrapper

Resource Manager

Interface

ParserWrapper

Parser

Interface

DiscoveryWrapper

Discovery

Interface

SelectorWrapper

Selector

Interface

DMWrapper

DataMediator

Interface

PMWrapper

ProcessMediator

Interface

ChoreographyWrapper

Choreography

Interface

Reasoner Interface

Reasoner




Service Providers

Web Service 1

Web Service 2

Web Service p

...

Service Requesters



requester


ComponentWrapper

New Component

Interface

Set of Web Servicedescriptions expressedin requester’s ownformat returned togoal requester.

98

99

EXTENSIONS

99

100

Extensions: Mobile Services

101

Extensions: Mobile Services

• Extending the mobile and sensors networks with Semantic technologies, Semantic Web will enable:

– Interoperability at the level of sensors data and protocols– More precise search for mobile capabilities and sensors with desired capability

From: http://www.opengeospatial.org/projects/groups/sensorweb

102

Extensions: Intelligent Cars

103

Extensions: Intelligent Cars

• A key aspect of future cars will be intelligence

– Real-time data collection– Car-to-X communication– Interaction Systems– Driver Assistance

• Semantic Technologies can be used to add this intelligence through:

– Machine awareness of context (Spatio-temporal concerns, mood, etc..)

– Management of large volumes of real-time data

– Enabling interoperability between systems

From: http://www.nff.tu-bs.de/index.php?id=464&L=1

104

Extensions: A Smarter Electricity Grid

105

Extensions: A Smarter Electricity Grid

• Managing increasingly dispersed energy resources is crucial to ensure efficient electricity consumption, for example

– Wind farms– Solar panels

• Grid operators cannot be sure at any given time:– Which electricity generators are connected– If they are operational or not– How much power they are outputting

• Semantic technologies can be used to enable “self-describing networks”– Each member of the network autonomously publishes semantic data about itself– Enables more efficient automated grid management technologies

• Ultimately semantic technologies can provide a “Smart Electricity Grid”

106

SUMMARY

106

107

Summary

• The Semantic Web provides a mechanism for – Representing knowledge on the Web– Annotating data on the Web– Annotating services on the Web

• Everything is identified by a URI• RDF to assert relations between resources• RDFS and OWL to make statements about types• SPARQL to query RDF data• WSMO as a conceptual model • WSML for describing services at different levels of expressivity• WSMX as a Semantic Execution Environment for bringing requesters

and providers together

107

108

REFERENCES

108

109

References

• Mandatory reading:– T. Berners-Lee, J. Hendler, O. Lassila. The Semantic Web, Scientific American, 2001.– Dieter Fensel, Holger Lausen, Axel Polleres, Jos de Bruijn, Michael Stollberg, Dumitru

Roman, John Domingue, Enabling Semantic Web Services: The Web Service Modeling Ontology, Springer-Verlag, 2007

• Further reading:– Dieter Fensel, Mick Kerrigan, Michal Zaremba (Eds.), Implementing Semantic Web

Services: The SESA Framework. Springer-Verlag, 2008.– Jos de Bruijn, Dieter Fensel, Mick Kerrigan, Uwe Keller, Holger Lausen, and James

Scicluna: Modeling Semantic Web Services, Springer-Verlag, 2008

– D. Fensel. Ontologies: A Silver Bullet for Knowledge Management and Electronic Commerce, 2nd Edition, Springer 2003.

– G. Antoniou and F. van Harmelen. A Semantic Web Primer, (2nd edition), The MIT Press 2008.

– H. Stuckenschmidt and F. van Harmelen. Information Sharing on the Semantic Web, Springer 2004.

– T. Berners-Lee. Weaving the Web, HarperCollins 2000

– T.R. Gruber, Toward principles for the design of ontologies used or knowledge sharing? , Int. J. Hum.-Comput. Stud., vol. 43, no. 5-6,1995

110

References

– David Martin, et al., OWL-S: Semantic Markup for Web Services, W3C Member Submission 22 November 2004, http://www.w3.org/Submission/OWL-S.

– Joel Farrell and Holger Lausen, Semantic Annotations for WSDL and XML Schema, W3C Recommendation 28 August 2007, http://www.w3.org/TR/sawsdl

– Rama Akkiraju et al., Web Service Semantics - WSDL-S, W3C Member Submission 7 November 2005, http://www.w3.org/Submission/WSDL-S

– Steve Battle et al., Semantic Web Services Framework (SWSF), W3C Member Submission 9 September 2005, http://www.w3.org/Submission/SWSF

– Semantic Web Primer: http://www.ics.forth.gr/isl/swprimer/

– RDF Primer: http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-rdf-syntax/

– RDF Schema: http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-schema/

– OWL Guide: http://www.w3.org/TR/owl-guide/

– RDF SPARQL Protocol: http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-sparql-protocol/

– Linked Open Data: http://linkeddata.org/

– Linked Open Data Tutorial: http://www4.wiwiss.fu-berlin.de/bizer/pub/LinkedDataTutorial/

– WSMO: http://www.wsmo.org/TR/d2/

– WSML: http://www.wsmo.org/TR/d16/d16.1/

– WSMO/WSML Tutorials: http://wiki.sti2.at/index.php?title=WSMT_Tutorials

111

References

• Wikipedia links:– URI: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/URI

– RDF; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Description_Framework

– RDFS: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RDFS

– SPARQL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPARQL

– WSMO: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WSMO

– WSML: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_Services_Modeling_Language

112

http://www.sti-innsbruck.at/results/movies/serviceweb30-the-future-internet/

113113

Questions?