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1Copyright 2007 © RAL Quality Assurance Association for the Demanufacture of Refrigeration Equipment
Fridge recycling: Can it be done without endangering the environment?
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1.1. Who or what is RAL?Who or what is RAL?2. The RAL quality mark for fridge recycling3.3. The environmental relevance of waste The environmental relevance of waste
refrigeration equipmentrefrigeration equipment4.4. Life cycle assessment study by the independent Life cycle assessment study by the independent
Öko-Institut: Evaluation of the environmental Öko-Institut: Evaluation of the environmental impact of the various fridge processing optionsimpact of the various fridge processing options
5.5. Implications for the fridge recycling sectorImplications for the fridge recycling sector
Copyright 2007 © RAL Quality Assurance Association for the Demanufacture of Refrigeration Equipment
Fridge recycling: Can it be done without endangering the environment?
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The RAL Institute – The RAL Institute – Independent and Independent and objectiveobjective
The RAL Institute is an expert body with the authority to create quality assurance marks. A RAL quality mark verifies that a product or service is manufactured or marketed in accordance with stringent quality assurance specifications. The RAL quality assurance associations are organizations recognized by the RAL Institute that conduct and monitor compliance with their quality assurance specifications for a specific product or service.
There are currently over 160 different RAL quality marks covering thousands of products and services. The quality marks are awarded by over 130 RAL quality assurance associations who represent around ten thousand member companies from all areas of the economy both in Germany and abroad.
www.ral.deCopyright 2007 © RAL Quality Assurance Association for the Demanufacture of Refrigeration Equipment
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The RAL Institute – The RAL Institute – Independent and Independent and objectiveobjective
There are more than 160 RAL quality marks …
Wallpaper
Foodstuffs
Road traffic signs
Compost
Sewer construction work
Pure new wool
Copyright 2007 © RAL Quality Assurance Association for the Demanufacture of Refrigeration Equipment
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The RAL Institute – The RAL Institute – Independent and Independent and objectiveobjective
RAL Colours
RAL/UBA The Blue
Angel
Other areas in which RAL Other areas in which RAL is active:is active:
Copyright 2007 © RAL Quality Assurance Association for the Demanufacture of Refrigeration Equipment
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The RAL Institute – The RAL Institute – Independent and Independent and objectiveobjective
The RAL quality mark for fridge recyclingwas established in 1998
State of the art fridge recycling
www.ral-online.org
Copyright 2007 © RAL Quality Assurance Association for the Demanufacture of Refrigeration Equipment
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Why is every gram of CFC recovered so
important?
Copyright 2007 © RAL Quality Assurance Association for the Demanufacture of Refrigeration Equipment
Environmental relevance of fridge recyclingEnvironmental relevance of fridge recycling
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CFCs and the Earth’s climate (1)
CFCs are still the no. 1 ozone killer
Ozone layer hole ‘bigger than North America’
THE hole in the ozone layer above Antarctica has grown to the biggest recorded size – larger than the North American continent – say NASA scientists, who yesterday released dramatic images documenting its changes. The hole is a region where there is severe depletion of the layer of ozone – a form of oxygen – in the upper atmosphere that protects life by blocking ultraviolet rays from the sun. Scientists say made-man gases such as bromine and chlorine cause the hole by damaging the layer. […]
Alex Massie in Washington (Article in The SCOTSMAN, 21 October 2006)Copyright 2007 © RAL Quality Assurance Association for the Demanufacture of Refrigeration Equipment
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CFCs and the Earth’s climate (1)
CFCs are still the no. 1 ozone killer
Climate protection will fail without the systematic reduction in CFC levels in the atmosphere
Copyright 2007 © RAL Quality Assurance Association for the Demanufacture of Refrigeration Equipment
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CFCs and the Earth’s climate (2)
Huge influence on the greenhouse effect
CFC R12: 10,720 kg CO2-equivalentsCFC R11: 4,680 kg CO2-equivalents
1 fridge = approx. 2800 kg CO1 fridge = approx. 2800 kg CO22 !!
Copyright 2007 © RAL Quality Assurance Association for the Demanufacture of Refrigeration Equipment
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CFCs and the Earth’s climate (3)
Current situation in the EU:In the EU around 18 million waste fridges and freezers and returned to the manufacturing companies or to consortia of manufacturers for treatment every year.
80 % of these waste appliances (i.e. 14.4 million units) containing CFCs
14.4 million fridges = 40.3 million 14.4 million fridges = 40.3 million tonnes of COtonnes of CO22
Copyright 2007 © RAL Quality Assurance Association for the Demanufacture of Refrigeration Equipment
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CFCs and the Earth’s climate (3)
CFCs still to be recovered from refrigeration equipment in the EU:
We estimate that there are still about 200 millionWe estimate that there are still about 200 million fridges fridges containing CFCs currently in use in the EUcontaining CFCs currently in use in the EU
200 million fridges = 560 million 200 million fridges = 560 million tonnes of COtonnes of CO22
Copyright 2007 © RAL Quality Assurance Association for the Demanufacture of Refrigeration Equipment
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CFCs and the Earth’s climate (4)
200 million fridges = 560 million 200 million fridges = 560 million tonnes of COtonnes of CO22
Traffic in Germany = 160 million Traffic in Germany = 160 million tonnes of COtonnes of CO22 per year !!! per year !!!
Copyright 2007 © RAL Quality Assurance Association for the Demanufacture of Refrigeration Equipment
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CFCs and the Earth’s climate (5)
• The no. 1 ozone killer
• Massive contributor to the greenhouse effect
The numbers The numbers demonstrate just demonstrate just how important it is how important it is to recover to recover every every gram of CFCgram of CFC when when recycling waste recycling waste refrigeration refrigeration equipment.equipment.
Copyright 2007 © RAL Quality Assurance Association for the Demanufacture of Refrigeration Equipment
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Evaluating the different options for Evaluating the different options for processing CFC-containing and hydrocarbon-processing CFC-containing and hydrocarbon-containing fridges and freezerscontaining fridges and freezers
Copyright 2007 © RAL Quality Assurance Association for the Demanufacture of Refrigeration Equipment
What is the best What is the best way ????way ????
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Evaluating the different options for Evaluating the different options for processing CFC-containing and hydrocarbon-processing CFC-containing and hydrocarbon-containing fridges and freezerscontaining fridges and freezers
Variant 1Variant 1 Joint processing
Local waste collection centres
or manufacturers’ take-back schemes
Variant 2Variant 2 Parallel processing
Variant 3Variant 3Only CFC appliances treated
Variant 4Variant 4 HC appliances in
auto shredderCopyright 2007 © RAL Quality Assurance Association for the Demanufacture of Refrigeration Equipment
HCs HCs released released into the into the environmenenvironment!!t!!
Recovery and Recovery and safe safe destruction of destruction of CFCs + HCsCFCs + HCs
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Evaluating the different options for Evaluating the different options for processing CFC-containing and hydrocarbon-processing CFC-containing and hydrocarbon-containing fridges and freezerscontaining fridges and freezers
Copyright 2007 © RAL Quality Assurance Association for the Demanufacture of Refrigeration Equipment
Legal situationLegal situation
The WEEE directive is absolutely clear on this point:
Annex 2: Removal of CFC Annex 2: Removal of CFC andand HC HC (hydrocarbons) (hydrocarbons) and subsequent and subsequent disposal or recoverydisposal or recovery
• Statement issued by EU Commissioner DimasStatement issued by EU Commissioner Dimas• Expert legal opinion of the law firm Prof. Expert legal opinion of the law firm Prof.
VersteylVersteyl• Most EU member states have adopted the Most EU member states have adopted the
formulation specified in the WEEE directiveformulation specified in the WEEE directiveVariant 1 is the only means of Variant 1 is the only means of processing that meets these processing that meets these legal requirementslegal requirements
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Life cycle assessment of the treatment and recycling of refrigeration equipment containing
CFCs and hydrocarbons
Doris SchülerGünter DehoustIna Rüdenauer
on behalf of
RAL Quality Assurance Association for the Demanufacture of Refrigeration Equipment
March 2007
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Objective
• Joint processing of waste appliances containing CFCs and those containing HCs in a single recycling plant to a high environmental standard (variant 1)
• Parallel processing of CFC-containing appliances to a high environmental standard (variant 2)
• Step 2 processing of HC-appliances in an auto shredder (variant 3)
• HC-containing appliances treated entirely in an auto shredder (variant 4)
Fraction of HC-appliances: 20% (sensitivity: 50%)
Comparison of the environmental impact of the different disposal channels for waste domestic refrigeration appliances containing CFCs and hydrocarbons:
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LKW-Transport 100 km
Kühlgeräte-Recycler:
Stufe 1 + 2 im
Mischbetrieb
Kühlgeräte
Glas in Glasschmelze
Öle in thermische Verwertung
Polystyrol zum stofflichenRecycling
Metalle zum Metallrecycling
Kunststoffe zur energetischen Verwertung und zur MVA
Isobutan in HTV Cyclopentan in HTV
FCKW in HTV
PUR als Aufsaugmaterial
Schema Mischbetrieb
(Variante 1)
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Schema Parallelbetrieb
LKW-Transport 100 km
Kühlgeräte-Recycler:
Stufe 1 + 2 im
Parallelbetriebin 2 getrennten
Anlagen
Fehlsortierung 1%
Kühlgeräte
Glas in Glasschmelze
Öle in thermische Verwertung
Polystyrol in stoffl. Verwertung bzw. Zementwerk Metalle zum Metallrecycling
Kunststoffe zur energetischen Verwertung und zur MVA
Isobutan in Fackel. Freisetzung von Cyclo-pentan und FCKW aus fehlsortierten K.
FCKW in HTV und HTS
PUR als Aufsaugmaterial bzw. MVA
(Variante 2)
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Schema: VOC-Geräte Stufe 2 im Shredder
LKW-Transport 100 km
Kühlgeräte-Recycler:
Stufe 1 + 2 im
Mischbetrieb
Fehlsortierung 1%
Kühlgeräte
Glas in Glasschmelze
Öle in thermische Verwertung
Polystyrol zum stofflichen Recycling
Metalle zum Metallrecycling
Isobutan in HTV
FCKW in HTV
PUR als Aufsaugmaterial
Shredder
Stufe 2 für KW-Geräte
SLF zur MVA
Freisetzung von Cyclopentan und FCKW aus fehlsortierten K.
SLF zum PostshredderOutputfraktionen:• Abfälle zur Deponierung• Kunststoffe zur energetischen• Verwertung• Metalle zum Metallrecycling
Metalle zum Metallrecycling
100 km
(Variante 3)
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Schema: VOC-Geräte komplett im Shredder I
FCKW-Geräte LKW-Transport 100 km
Kühlgeräte-Recycler:
Nur FCKW-GeräteStufe 1 + 2
Glas in Glasschmelze
Metalle zum Metallrecycling
FCKW in HTV
PUR als Aufsaugmaterial
Öle in thermische Verwertung
Polystyrol zum stofflichenRecycling
Kunststoffe zur energetischen Verwertung und zur MVA
(Variante 4)
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Schema: VOC-Geräte komplett im Shredder II
VOC-Kühlgeräteund
fehlsortierte FCKW-Geräte
Shredder
Stufe 1+2 für VOC-Geräte
FCKW-EmissionenVOC-Emissionen
LKW-Transport 50 km
Metalle zum Metallrecycling
Öle in thermische Verwertung SLF zur MVA
Freisetzung von Cyclopentan und FCKW aus fehlsortierten K.
SLF zum PostshredderOutputfraktionen:• Abfälle zur Deponierung• Kunststoffe zur energetischen• Verwertung• Metalle zum Metallrecycling
(Variante 4)
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Results I: CFC emissions
CFC Emissions
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10 000
Joint processingat fridge recycling
company
Parallel processingat fridge recycling
company
kg p
er y
ear
R12 R11
HC-appliances: Step 2 in
auto shredder
HC-appliances: Treated entirely in
auto shredder
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Results II
Negative values indicate favourable environmental Negative values indicate favourable environmental impact. The best variant from an environmental impact. The best variant from an environmental point of view is shown against the dark grey point of view is shown against the dark grey background.background.
Variant 1 2 3 4
Joint processing
Parallel processing
HC-appliances:
Step 2 in shredder
HC-appliances: Steps 1+2 in
shredder
Greenhouse effect1000 t CO2-eq
per year-193 -169 -155 -128
Ozone depletion potential
kg R11-eq per year
1,207 4,116 6,573 8,609
Photochemical oxidants
kg ethylene-eq per year
-15,032 3,828 28,221 38,035
Acidification t SO2-eq / year -967 -959 -947 -948
Eutrophication t PO4-eq / year -62 -62 -60.3 -60.9
Particulate matter t PM10-eq / year -1035 -1,027 -1,013 -1015
Cumulative energy expenditure (CEE)
PJ -2.64 -2.63 -2.60 -2.60
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Sensitivity analysis 50% HC-appliances
(Values in parentheses refer to a 20% fraction of HC-appliances)
1 2 3 4
Variant
Joint
processingParallel
processing
HC-appliances:
Step 2 in shredder
HC-appliances: Steps 1+2 in
shredder
Greenhouse effect
1000 t CO2-eq
per year -195 -162 -156 -141
-(193) -(169) -(155) -(128)
Ozone depletion potential
kg R11-eq per year 755 2.573 4.118 5.391
(1.207) (4.116) (6.573) (8.609)
Photochemical oxidants
kg ethylene-eq per year -15.040 32.179 92.666 117.137
-(15.032) (3.828) (28.221) (38.035)
Acidification t SO2-eq / year -968 -943 -936 -944
-(967) -(959) -(947) -(948)
Eutrophication t PO4-eq / year -62 -60 -59 -60
-(62) -(62) -(60) -(61)
Particulate matter t PM10-eq / year -1.035 -1.012 -1.000 -1.008
-(1.035) -(1.027) -(1.013) -(1.015)
Cumulative energy expenditure (CEE)
PJ -2,64 -2,58 -2,67 -2,69
-(2,64) -(2,63) -(2,60) -(2,60)
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Sensitivity analysis − Sorting error rates
0
10.000
20.000
30.000
40.000
50.000
60.000
70.000
80.000
Joint processing Other variants: 1 % Other variants: 5 % Variant 4 with 10 %
kg
R1
1-e
q
Joint processing Parallel processing HC-appliances: Step 2 in auto shredder HC-appliances: Treated entirely in auto shredder
Base line calculation
Sensitivity 10%
Sensitivity 5%
Results for ozone depletion potential
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Greenhouse effect for sorting error rate of 0.1 − 5 %
Sensitivity analyses for various sorting error rates - Effect on greenhouse effect -
-250.000
-200.000
-150.000
-100.000
-50.000
0
50.000
100.000
Sensitivity 0.1 % Base line calculation (1 %) Sensitivity 5 %
t C
O2-
eq /
a
Joint processing
Parallel processing
HC-appliances: Step 2 in auto shredder
HC-appliances: Treated entirely in auto shredder
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The Öko-Institut concludes that:
• For all environmental criteria examined in the study, variant 1 is significantly better than the other three methods of processing waste refrigeration appliances.
• The benefits of variant 1 are robust.
• Missorting is the most important factor. Even conservative estimates of sorting errors yield significant differences with respect to greenhouse potential, ODP and the formation of photochemical oxidants.
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Implications for fridge recycling practice in EU member statesImplications for fridge recycling practice in EU member states
1.1. Attempts to pre-sort fridges according to whether they contain CFCs or HCs is environmentally irresponsible − irrespective of whether Attempts to pre-sort fridges according to whether they contain CFCs or HCs is environmentally irresponsible − irrespective of whether this is done at the local waste collection centre or at the recycling company’s premisesthis is done at the local waste collection centre or at the recycling company’s premises
2.2. Joint processing (variant 1) must be used to a far greater degree than has been the case in EU member states up until nowJoint processing (variant 1) must be used to a far greater degree than has been the case in EU member states up until now
3.3. Regulatory authorities must ensure that systematic and rigorous checks on compliance are conductedRegulatory authorities must ensure that systematic and rigorous checks on compliance are conducted
4.4. Any revision to the WEEE directive must continue to include the stipulation that hydrocarbons are to be recovered and then safely Any revision to the WEEE directive must continue to include the stipulation that hydrocarbons are to be recovered and then safely disposed of or reused.disposed of or reused.
Copyright 2007 © RAL Quality Assurance Association for the Demanufacture of Refrigeration Equipment
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Essential requirements to ensure Essential requirements to ensure environmentally safe recycling of waste environmentally safe recycling of waste refrigeration equipment in the EUrefrigeration equipment in the EU
Copyright 2007 © RAL Quality Assurance Association for the Demanufacture of Refrigeration Equipment
• Binding specifications regarding the Binding specifications regarding the amounts of CFCs to be recovered (as amounts of CFCs to be recovered (as implemented in Austria) implemented in Austria)
• Effective testing and controls by Effective testing and controls by regulatory authoritiesregulatory authorities
• Systematic monitoring of material flow Systematic monitoring of material flow streamsstreams
• Transparent implementation of the EU’s Transparent implementation of the EU’s WEEE directiveWEEE directive
• Revision of licensing procedures to reflect Revision of licensing procedures to reflect state-of-the-art recycling technologystate-of-the-art recycling technology
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For a better climate For a better climate and a better and a better environmentenvironment
Copyright 2007 © RAL Quality Assurance Association for the Demanufacture of Refrigeration Equipment