1) Competing political ideologies (philosophical belief systems):

I. Conservatism: - Supported by the wealthy, nobles, landowners - Argued for maintaining traditional monarchies - Prefer status quo for social / economic hierarchy

II. Liberalism:- Supported by the emerging industrial middle

class (business leaders & merchants) - Argued for more elected parliaments (limited

democracy… OK w/ constitutional monarchies)- Wanted suffrage limited only to educated

property owners (no trust for the working class)- Usually favor non-violent reform

1) Political Ideologies (continued):

III. Radicalism:- Promoted by the working class- Wanted FULL democracy for ALL citizens - Wants to REPLACE the system, not just reform the system (don’t “fix” monarchies, get rid of them!)- Maintained ideals of the French Revolution (liberty, equality, fraternity)- Favor drastic changes, using violence if necessary

2) NATIONALISM:- Patriotism- Pride & loyalty in a nation (territorial grouping of

people who share a common identity*)- Loyalty to the nation you have, want, or had

*Group identity often based on one or more of:

- common history

- common traditions

- common culture, religion

- common ethnicity, language

JINGOISM – EXTREME NATIONALISM

(blind faith & unquestioning loyalty to one's nation)

3) NATION-STATE (aka NATION, STATE, COUNTRY):

MUST have the following characteristics:

1. a SOVEREIGN government

2. a group of people under the political authority of that government (may be homogeneous or multiethnic… consider: what conditions make for a more united population?)

3. a defined territory (identifiable borders)

4) Nation-states could be created either by uniting smaller states / kingdoms…

(Germany, Italy),

… OR splitting away from existing larger empires to establish “self-rule”

(Austrian Empire, Ottoman Empire)

5) Unifying factors of nationhood:1. Ethnicity*2. Culture, Traditions3. Religion*4. Common History5. Common Language6. Common Territory

*Does NOT need to be uniform… HOWEVER, IF diverse, national unity REQUIRES either Constitutionally protected minority rights, OR a strong dictator who rules through fear!

6) POSITIVE effects of nationalism:- People uniting for a common purpose (emphasizing similarities over differences)- Provides a sense of identity- Fighting for independence & security, against oppression & tyranny- Tend to be democratic- Productive competition: “scientific & technological advances”; and Olympics!

7) NEGATIVE effects of nationalism:- Oppression of minority cultures & national sub- groups: forced assimilation, “ethnic cleansing”,

tyranny, genocide!- Jingoism- Destructive competition: warfare- Anti-intellectualism (abandonment of logic, reason)

8) The BALKANS:

Southeastern Europe… often volatile!

9) First SUCCESSFUL nationalist revolution for independence in EUROPE:

GREECE (from Ottoman Empire), in 1830… HELPED by European monarchs:

UK Identifies w/ ancient Greek culture France Christianity v. Islam Russia Regional rival to Ottoman Empire

10) NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS: American Revolution (1775 – 1783… successful) French Revolution (1789 – 1799… failed) Latin American revolutions (early 1800’s…. successful) … Greek independence (1830: successful) … Belgian independence (1830: successful) … Italian unification (1830: crushed by Austria &

Metternich… failed, for now) … Polish Revolution (1830: crushed by Russia… failed)

11) MORE NATIONALIST ETHNIC revolutions:

1848Hungary (failed), Bohemia (Czech Republic) (failed)

Started revolutions: Liberals…… AND radicals!

Who won?… CONSERVATIVES still in control (for now!)

Problem: liberals and radicals unable to cooperate…When liberals and radicals can’t unite, conservatives winWhen liberals unite w/ radicals, conservatives lose

C > L – RC < L + R

12) France… is a mess!

1830: Constitutional monarch (Charles X) attempts to become ABSOLUTE monarch…

French radicals (and liberals!) revolt…

Charles X replaced by Louis-Philippe

(constitutional monarch)…

rules for 18 years

1848: French working class radicals… demand more democratic rights… overthrow Louis-Philippe

France in 1848 (cont.):

- Conservative (king) overthrown by radicals AND

liberals… France founds the “Second Republic”

- Liberals (middle class) only want political reform

(democracy)

- Radicals (working class) want political reform

(democracy) AND economic reform (socialist policies)

- Inability to compromise results in street fighting in Paris b/t liberals & radicals...

- 10,000 workers killed in civil unrest… public blames

radicals for civil disorder, sympathizes w/ liberals

- Napoleon’s nephew, Louis-Napoleon (aka Napoleon III)

elected president of the ‘Second Republic’

12) France (cont.): 1852: - Aftermath… four years later, Louis-Napoleon dissolves the French Parliament - declares himself EMPEROR NAPOLEON III - French population VOTES their approval (!?) in a

national referendum - The French prefer stability to democracy!

13) Starting to industrialize in the 2nd half of the 1800’s:- France

- Russia

BOTH are way behind Britain… and Prussia (soon to be Germany)!

BONUS: Stirring the pot in 1848…