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COLLABORATIVE LINKS BETWEEN ACADEMIC COLLABORATIVE LINKS BETWEEN ACADEMIC & RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS AND INDUSTRY & RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS AND INDUSTRY FOR STIMULATING TECHNOLOGICAL FOR STIMULATING TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION AND ECONOMIC INNOVATION AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: NEED FOR SCIENCE & DEVELOPMENT: NEED FOR SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY POLICY INITIATIVES AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY INITIATIVES AND NETWORKING AMONGST NAM AND OTHERNETWORKING AMONGST NAM AND OTHERDEVELOPING COUNTRIESDEVELOPING COUNTRIES

By:By:

M. Bandyopadhyay, NAM S&T CentreM. Bandyopadhyay, NAM S&T Centre

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MAIN SECTIONS OF THE PAPER:MAIN SECTIONS OF THE PAPER:

TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

COLLABORATIVE LINKS BETWEEN INSTITUTIONS AND INDUSTRY

NEED FOR S&T POLICY INITIATIVES IN THE NAM AND OTHER DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

NETWORKING AMONGST NAM AND OTHER DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ON S&T POLICY AND TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION

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INNOVATION:INNOVATION:

An idea perceived as new- it relates to all spheres of life. For industry, Innovation is the total process of the inception of an idea, into the manufacture of a new or improved product or process, and finally of its commercial distribution in the market. Adoption of innovation leads to generation of extra profit for surplus value.

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INNOVATION (Contd.)INNOVATION (Contd.)

According to Schumpeter’s ‘Theory of Creative Destruction’ …. the capitalist economies are highly unstable and there is continuing change as a result of a succession of innovations, leading to …. continual reorganization of the economic system…, in which the re-establishment of equilibrium is pre-empted by further rounds of innovation

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INVENTION AND INVENTION AND INNOVATIONINNOVATION::

…… An Invention is an idea, a sketch or model for a new or improved device, product, process or system. Invention is a scientific activity not necessarily motivated by Economic Development. While…, an Innovation in the economic sense is accomplished only with the first commercial transaction involving that new device, product, process or system, although the word is used to describe the whole process…. Thus Innovation includes Invention.

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TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION

(TI):(TI): TI is a dynamic and complex process of

converting a research result into a commercial enterprise leading to a positive change in the existing economy.

Three Factors for the success of TI: S&T capability, Market Demand, and An agent to transform this capability into

goods and services to satisfy the demand i.e. an entrepreneur.

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TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION (TI):(TI):

Four stages in TI Process: Conceptualization of an idea, Investigative research for scientific

validity, Product development, prototyping

and business plans, Financing, full-scale production and

marketing Sometimes further R&D is required based on Market Feedback.

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A SUGGESTED MODEL OF TI:A SUGGESTED MODEL OF TI:

Idea, Research, Technology Development

 (Invention)

Scale up, Technology Demonstration & Validation

(Product Development)

Trial Runs, Full Scale Production

(Commercial Production)

Distribution & Marketing

(Commercialization) Market Feedback

TO MARKET

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TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION (TI):(TI):

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPED

CREATESDEMAND MARKET

TECHNOLOGY PUSH (e.g. Mobile Phones, Consumer goods)

EXISTING DEMAND

TECHNOLOGYDEVELOPED MARKET

MARKET PULL (e.g. Sponsored Research, Products for Basic Needs)

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R&D EXPENDITURE & ECONOMIC R&D EXPENDITURE & ECONOMIC

DEVELOPMENT:DEVELOPMENT:

59.4

77.8

2.3

39.1

22.1

1

27.927.3

1.7

21.9

35

2.8 3.33.5

1.8

12.28.7

1.25.82.5

0.70.9

0.40.7

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

PER

CEN

TAG

E

DEVELO

PED

DEVELO

PIN

G

EU

RO

PE

USA

UK

CH

INA

IND

IA

SO

UTH

AFR

ICA

COUNTRY GROUP/ COUNTRY

% WORLDGDP

% WORLDGERD

% GERD/GDP

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INSTITUTION-INDUSTRY LINKS:INSTITUTION-INDUSTRY LINKS:

Due to positive impact of technological development on economic progress, it is imperative for S&T institutions to establish collaborative links with industry to facilitate Technological Innovation and Economic development.

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INSTITUTION-INDUSTRY LINKS INSTITUTION-INDUSTRY LINKS (Contd.)(Contd.)

“Triple Helix” theory suggests:

An institutional set up of university, industry and government.

Institutions should form direct links with industry to maximize capitalization of knowledge.

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WHAT IS AN INSTITUTION-INDUSTRYWHAT IS AN INSTITUTION-INDUSTRY LINK ?LINK ?

A kind of public-private partnership, A bridge between academics and

business, Supports collaborative activities

between an institution and industry, May be as a cooperative agreement,

grant or procurement arrangements, professional or student internship & exchange, technology business incubator or S&T park.

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CONSTRAINTS IN LINKAGECONSTRAINTS IN LINKAGE:: Common perception: Universities

-‘ivory towers of knowledge’. Public Research Laboratories - ‘black holes of public funding’.

Institution and Industry Lack Mutual Trust.

Institutions-Fear threats to academic freedom, Lack of financial resources.

Industry - Doubt ability of academics in problem-solving.

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MOTIVATIONS OF INDUSTRYMOTIVATIONS OF INDUSTRY::

Saving of Cost. Inadequate in-house R&D. Development of Standards Access to new areas of expertise. Strategic benefits & opportunities. Participation in public

programmes. Access to public sector markets.

Contd….

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MOTIVATIONS OF INDUSTRYMOTIVATIONS OF INDUSTRY (Contd.) :(Contd.) :

Internal problems. Carrying out trials. Access to equipment Testing and Calibration. Student projects. Use of facilities.

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MOTIVATIONS OF INSTITUTIONSMOTIVATIONS OF INSTITUTIONS::

Commercial exploitation of Research outputs.

Additional income for the Institution. Improving the image of institution

before society. Improving employment opportunity for

outgoing graduates. Financial incentives to researchers/

inventors. Promoting knowledge based

entrepreneurship and spin-off firms.

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TYPES OF INSTITUTION-INDUSTRY TYPES OF INSTITUTION-INDUSTRY

LINKS:LINKS: General Support Link: Non-research

sponsorship, Links with business clubs, Industry membership in Research Centres.

Education & Training Links: Course development for industry, Student sponsorship, Faculty endowment.

R&D Links: Sponsored Research, Joint Research.

Commercialization of Institution Infrastructure: Consultancy, Conference facilities, Patenting & licensing of research ideas, Creation of spin-off companies.

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CLASSIFICATION OF LINK CLASSIFICATION OF LINK

MECHANISMS:MECHANISMS: I. Institution-based link mechanisms-

Linkages as extensions of institutions: e.g. Industrial Liaison Office (ILO). Technology Transfer Office (TTO). Research Contract. Consulting Agreement. Affiliate Programme. Research Consortia. Industry Cooperative. Technology Brokerage Company. Teaching Company Scheme. Exchange of Personnel. University based Institutes. Etc.

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CLASSIFICATION OF LINK CLASSIFICATION OF LINK MECHANISMS (Contd.):MECHANISMS (Contd.):

II. Linkages through Creation of Additional Organizational Infrastructure, e.g.

Cooperative Research Centre. Centre of Excellence. Advanced Technology Centre. Incubation Centre. Technology Incubator/ Business

Incubator. Etc.

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CLASSIFICATION OF LINK CLASSIFICATION OF LINK MECHANISMS (Contd.):MECHANISMS (Contd.):

III. Property based initiatives in/around institutions with investment by institutions, industry, government, Venture Capital Funding agency, either solely or jointly e.g.

Science Park (e.g. Cambridge, Warwick, Aston in UK)

Innovation Centre (e.g. BIG, Germany) Technology Park (e.g. Adelaide, Australia) Research Park (e.g. Heriot-Watt, UK) Industrial Park (e.g. Silicon Valley, Route 128, USA) High Technology Developments Technopoles (e.g. Sophia Antipolis, France) University Company, etc.

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S&T Policies in NAM & other S&T Policies in NAM & other Developing Countries: Problems and Developing Countries: Problems and Constraints :Constraints :

Policies mainly focused on Research in Basic Sciences.

While formulating S&T Policy, real tech. requirements of Productive sector & economic conditions not taken into account.

Inadequate and under-trained Human Resources to design own S&T Policies.

Lack experience of S&T Policy formulation and implementation.

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Need for S&T Policy Orientation Need for S&T Policy Orientation in NAM & otherin NAM & other Developing Developing CountriesCountries::

Should have a strategically designed S&T Policy commensurate with challenges of globalized society.

Institutions should establish strategic collaboration with industry for stimulating TI & accelerating economic development.

Diff. approaches for diff. instns based on size & facilities and for different countries based on level of S&T capabilities and infrastructure.

Clear perspective planning, discipline, motivation, commitment, energy & resources & right kind of people supported through a set of policy initiatives.

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Suggested S&T Policy Initiatives Suggested S&T Policy Initiatives in NAM & Other Developing in NAM & Other Developing CountriesCountries::

A. Increase in Investment on S&T:

Adequate allocation of funds for S&T Capacity building, R&D and HRD;

Funding for organizational infrastructure for Linkages;

Support for technology transfer activities of the institutions;

Venture Capital funding with liberal lending terms.

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Suggested S&T Policy Initiatives Suggested S&T Policy Initiatives (Contd.)(Contd.)::

B. Motivating the Industry: Encourage Private sector investment in instns on

R&D and tech transfer by appr. policy measures.Financial subsidy on expenditure for participation in government R&D projects & in-house development work.Tax rebates and incentives to sponsor R&D projects in instns, for in-house R&D and exp on mfr. activities in selected high technology areas.Duty exemption for import for R&D.Awards and recognition on industrial technology development, innovation and entrepreneurship.

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Suggested S&T Policy Initiatives Suggested S&T Policy Initiatives (Contd.)(Contd.)::

C. Motivating the Institutions: Provide encouragement and

flexibility for TI and TT activities; Provide support to establish linkage infrastructures;Allow institutions to take part in commercial activities, in equities, start companies;Set explicit and equitable rules on sharing income from industry work.

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Suggested S&T Policy Initiatives Suggested S&T Policy Initiatives (Contd.)(Contd.)::

D. Motivating Institute Personnel and HRD:

Provide Training & Retraining of personnel;

Allow accepting assignments from industry;

Have flexible rules on- owning property, taking equity in companies, receiving commercial income, patent law, conditions for IPR;

Adopt Policy to Reverse Brain Drain;

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Suggested S&T Policy Initiatives Suggested S&T Policy Initiatives (Contd.)(Contd.)::

E. Choice of Technology & Promotion of Technology based Enterprises:

Use a mix of intermediate & appropriate technologies and high & leading edge technologies;

Build indigenous technological capability, Import modern technologies selectively;

Adopt Policy measures for promoting small technology based enterprises.

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Suggested S&T Policy Initiatives Suggested S&T Policy Initiatives (Contd.)(Contd.)::

F. Other Policy Measures: Strengthen National S&T Information System; Establish National System on Standardization,

quality control and accreditation; Adopt appropriate IPR Law & awareness

program; Establish a network of academic and research

institutions and S&T Policy experts. Platform

of NAM S&T Centre may be utilized.

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NETWORKING AMONGST NAM & OTHER NETWORKING AMONGST NAM & OTHER DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ON S&T Policy DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ON S&T Policy and TI:and TI:

Developing independent capabilities on S&T policy- Cost intensive and time consuming.

So developing countries should cooperate amongst themselves in sharing of info & expertise, training progs & jt projects on S&T policy formulation, tech transfer and TI.

For this, a network of S&T policy makers, tech transfer professionals, institutions & government agencies be created.

Vast pool of S&T institutions and experts, trainers and resource persons associated with NAM S&T Centre should be made use of.

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OBJECTIVES AND FUNCTIONS OF OBJECTIVES AND FUNCTIONS OF NAM S&T CENTRENAM S&T CENTRE

PROMOTION OF COLLABRN AMONG S&T PERSONS & ORGNS OF NAM & OTHER DEVELOPING COUNTRIES,

ESTABLISHMENT OF LINKS BETWEENN NATIONAL AND REGIONAL CENTRES,

ACTING AS A CLEARING HOUSE OF INFORMATION REG TECH CAPABILITIES OF COUNTRIES TO PROMOTE TECH COOPERATION & TECH TRANSFER,

MAINTAINING A REGISTRY OF S&T EXPERTS, IMPLEMENTING JOINT R&D PROJECTS & TRG PROG, PREPARATION OF STATE-OF-THE-ART REPORTS. COOPERATION WITH UN & UN AGENCIES & NGOs.

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PRIORITY AREAS OF NAM S&T CENTRE

ADV MATARIALS SCIENCE & ENGG

AGR BIOTECHNOLOGY BIO-SAFETY & BIO-

ETHICAL ISSUES CONSTRUCTION ENGG. ECOLOGY,

ENVIRONMENT & BIODIVERSITY

FOOD PROCESSING. ICT. IPR.

MICROELECTRONICS. NATURAL DISASTER

MANAGEMENT SCIENCE POPULARISN NON-CONVENTIONAL

ENERGY SOURCES TECHNOLOGICAL

INNOVATION. S&T FOR

SOCIETY/WOMEN. S&T POLICY. TECHNOLOGY

TRANSFER.

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SPREAD OF NAM S&T CENTRE IN THE SPREAD OF NAM S&T CENTRE IN THE WORLD:WORLD:

MEMBER COUNTRIES

OTHER COUNTRIES

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Member Countries of NAM S&T Member Countries of NAM S&T CentreCentre::

AFRICAN REGION

1. Algeria

2. Burkina Faso

3. Congo

4. Ethiopia

5. Gabon

6. Mauritius

7. Nigeria

8. South Africa

9. Tanzania

10. Togo

11. Uganda

12. Zambia

13. Zimbabwe

EUROPE

14. Serbia

MIDDLE EAST

15. Cyprus

16. Egypt

17. Iraq

18. Lebanon

19. Malta

20. Syria

ASIAN REGION21

.Afghanistan

22.

Bangladesh

23.

Bhutan

24.

DPR Korea

25.

India

26.

Indonesia

27.

Malaysia

28.

Myanmar

29.

Nepal

30.

Pakistan

31.

Sri Lanka

32.

VietnamAMERICAS

33.

Argentina

34.

Bolivia

35.

Colombia

36.

Cuba

37.

Guyana

38.

Nicaragua

39.

Peru

40.

St. Lucia

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Other Countries Associated With Other Countries Associated With

NAM S&T CentreNAM S&T Centre::

OTHER COUNTRIESOTHER COUNTRIES1. Algeria

2. Angola

3. Australia

4. Austria

5. Belgium

6. Bosnia & Herzegovina

7. Botswana

8. Bulgaria

9. Canada

10.

China

11.

Costa Rica

12.

Czech Republic

13.

Ecuador

14.

Eritrea

15.

Fiji

16.

France

17.

Germany

18.

Ghana

19.

Iran

20.

Italy

21.

Japan

22.

Jordan

23.

Kazakhstan

24.

Kenya

25.

Kuwait

26.

Kyrgyzstan

27.

Lesotho

28.

Malawi

29.

Mexico

30.

Mongolia

31.

Namibia

32.

Netherlands

33.

New Guinea

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Other Countries Associated With Other Countries Associated With

NAM S&T CentreNAM S&T Centre::OTHER COUNTRIESOTHER COUNTRIES

34.

Panama

35.

Paraguay

36.

PDR Laos

37.

Philippines

38.

Qatar

39.

Saudi Arabia

40.

Sierra Leone

41.

Singapore

42.

Spain

43.

Sudan

44. Swaziland

45. Switzerland

46. Thailand

47. Trinidad

48. Turkey

49. United Kingdom

50. United States of America

51. Uzbekistan

52. Venezuela

53. Yemen

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International Contacts of NAM International Contacts of NAM S&T CentreS&T Centre::

INTERNATIONAL CONTACTS

1. AIT

2. APCTT

3. APT

4. ASEAN-COST

5. CIMET

6. COMSATS

7. CSC

8. Centre for Tropical Marine Ecology(ZMT)

9. Gesellschaft für Biotechnologische Forschung (GBF)

10. ICCS

11. ICTP

12. NAM CSSTC

13. PGTF

14. G-77 membercountries

15. TWAS

16. TWNSO

17. UNDP

18. UNEP

19. UNESCO

20. UNIDO

21. WAITRO

22. etc.

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NETWORKING IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES THROUGH NAM S&T CENTRE

Vast network with 40 member countries and 53 other countries associated with the Centre.

Contact with several intl & NG Orgns. NAM S&T – Industry Network. Affiliation of scientists and researchers with

Centres of Excellence. Young Scientist Lectureship Program. International programmes in priority areas.

2500 scientists participated in 59 programs. An impressive list of technical publications

to S&T policy, technology transfer etc.

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NETWORKING IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES THROUGH NAM S&T CENTRE

Establish a ‘Technological Innovation Network’ under NAM S&T Centre or expand and enlarge the scope of its existing ‘NAM S&T-Industry Network’ in order to promote collaborative linkages between academic & research institutions and industry for stimulating technological innovation in developing countries.

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THANK YOU