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Chemical Formulae• Ionic versus Molecular/Covalent
– Ionic compounds typically feature a metal (cation) and a nonmetal (anion).– Molecular compounds are composed of nonmetals exclusively.– Both must be electrically neutral in charge.– Nomenclature (naming) has similarities… the differences occur because of the law of multiple proportions.
• The same elements can make multiple, different compounds... Roman numerals or prefixes are used.
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Molecular Formulae• Formula Structure
– Elements present– Subscripts* (shows how much of each element)
CO2
* If no subscript is present it means that there is only one atom of that elementThis is a molecule of a molecular compound.
This is carbon dioxide.
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carbon dioxidecarbon oxygen
Molecular Nomenclature
Naming Rules– Write the names of both elements.
• You will only learn covalent naming for binary compounds
– Change the ending of the second element to -ide.– Add prefixes to each element to indicate the subscripted number of atoms present.
• If the first element only has one atom then no prefix is added.
Example: CO2 becomes
carbon oxidecarbon dioxide
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Molecular Nomenclature• Prefixes
- Greek prefixes used…1. mono- 2. di–3. tri-4. tetra-5. penta-6. hexa-7. hepta-8. octa-9. nona-10. deca-
- The final “o” or “a” of the prefix is usually dropped when preceding an element beginning with a vowel.
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As2Se3 diarsenic triselenid
e
As4S4 tetraarseni
c tetrasulfide
AsF3 arsenic trifluorid
e
AsF5 arsenic
pentachloride
AsI3 arseni
c triiodid
e
As2O3 diarseni
c trioxide
As2O5 diarsenic pentoxide
As2S3 diarseni
c trisulfid
e
AsCl3 arsenic trichlorid
e
B3+ C4+ C4- C2+ C2- N3+ N3- N5+
N4+ N2+ O2- O1- F1- Si4+
Si2+ P5+ P3+ P3- S6+
S4+ S2+ S2- Cl1+ Cl1- Cl7+ Cl5+
Cl3+
As3+ As3-
As5+ Se4+ Se6+ Se2- Br1+ Br1- Br7+
Br5+ Br3+ Te4+ Te6+ Te2- I7+
I5+ I1+ I1- At1+ At1- At7+
At5+ At3+
Molecular Compound Formulae
(Molecules)
Go To Next Slide
AsBr3 arsenic
tribromide
As2S5 diarsenic
pentasulfide
As2Se diarsenic
monoselenide
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B2Cl4diboron
tetrachloride
Molecular Compound Formulae
(Molecules)
B3+ C4+ C4- C2+ C2- N3+ N3- N5+
N4+ N2+ O2- O1- F1- Si4+
Si2+ P5+ P3+ P3- S6+
S4+ S2+ S2- Cl1+ Cl1- Cl7+ Cl5+
Cl3+
As3+ As3-
As5+ Se4+ Se6+ Se2- Br1+ Br1- Br7+
Br5+ Br3+ Te4+ Te6+ Te2- I7+
I5+ I1+ I1- At1+ At1- At7+
At5+ At3+
Go To Next Slide
BBr3
boron tribromide
BF3
boron trifluoride
BNboron nitride
B2O3
diboron trioxide
BCl3boron
trichloride
B4Ctetraboron
monocarbide
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B3+ C4+ C4- C2+ C2- N3+ N3- N5+
N4+ N2+ O2- O1- F1- Si4+
Si2+ P5+ P3+ P3- S6+
S4+ S2+ S2- Cl1+ Cl1- Cl7+ Cl5+
Cl3+
As3+ As3-
As5+ Se4+ Se6+ Se2- Br1+ Br1- Br7+
Br5+ Br3+ Te4+ Te6+ Te2- I7+
I5+ I1+ I1- At1+ At1- At7+
At5+ At3+
Molecular Compound Formulae
(Molecules)
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CF4 carbon
tetrafluoride
CO carbon monoxid
e
CO2 carbon dioxide
CSe2 carbon
diselenide
CCl4 carbon
tetrachloride
CN4 carbon
tetranitride
CI4 carbon
tetraiodide
CS2 carbon disulfide
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B3+ C4+ C4- C2+ C2- N3+ N3- N5+
N4+ N2+ O2- O1- F1- Si4+
Si2+ P5+ P3+ P3- S6+
S4+ S2+ S2- Cl1+ Cl1- Cl7+ Cl5+
Cl3+
As3+ As3-
As5+ Se4+ Se6+ Se2- Br1+ Br1- Br7+
Br5+ Br3+ Te4+ Te6+ Te2- I7+
I5+ I1+ I1- At1+ At1- At7+
At5+ At3+
Molecular Compound Formulae
(Molecules)
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ClF chlorine
monofluoride
ClF3 chlorine trifluoride
ClO2 chlorine
dioxide
Cl2O dichlori
ne monoxi
de
Cl2O7 dichlorin
e heptoxid
e
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B3+ C4+ C4- C2+ C2- N3+ N3- N5+
N4+ N2+ O2- O1- F1- Si4+
Si2+ P5+ P3+ P3- S6+
S4+ S2+ S2- Cl1+ Cl1- Cl7+ Cl5+
Cl3+
As3+ As3-
As5+ Se4+ Se6+ Se2- Br1+ Br1- Br7+
Br5+ Br3+ Te4+ Te6+ Te2- I7+
I5+ I1+ I1- At1+ At1- At7+
At5+ At3+
Molecular Compound Formulae
(Molecules)
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GeCl2 germaniu
m dichloride
F2O fluoride
monoxide
H2O dihydroge
n monoxide
F2O2 fluoride dioxide
GeCl4 germaniu
m tetrachlori
de
GeF4 germaniu
m tetrafluori
de
ICl iodine
monochloride
ICl3 iodine
trichloride
IF5 iodine
pentafluoride
IF7 iodine
heptafluoride
I2O5 diiodine
pentoxide
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B3+ C4+ C4- C2+ C2- N3+ N3- N5+
N4+ N2+ O2- O1- F1- Si4+
Si2+ P5+ P3+ P3- S6+
S4+ S2+ S2- Cl1+ Cl1- Cl7+ Cl5+
Cl3+
As3+ As3-
As5+ Se4+ Se6+ Se2- Br1+ Br1- Br7+
Br5+ Br3+ Te4+ Te6+ Te2- I7+
I5+ I1+ I1- At1+ At1- At7+
At5+ At3+
Molecular Compound Formulae
(Molecules)
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NCl3 nitrogen chloride
NF3 nitrogen fluoride
NH3 nitrogen trihydride
NO nitrogen monoxide
NO2 nitrogen dioxide
N2O dinitrogen monoxide
N2O5 dinitrogen pentoxide
N4S4 tetranitrog
en tetrasulfide
N4Se4 tetranitrog
en tetraseleni
de
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B3+ C4+ C4- C2+ C2- N3+ N3- N5+
N4+ N2+ O2- O1- F1- Si4+
Si2+ P5+ P3+ P3- S6+
S4+ S2+ S2- Cl1+ Cl1- Cl7+ Cl5+
Cl3+
As3+ As3-
As5+ Se4+ Se6+ Se2- Br1+ Br1- Br7+
Br5+ Br3+ Te4+ Te6+ Te2- I7+
I5+ I1+ I1- At1+ At1- At7+
At5+ At3+
Molecular Compound Formulae
(Molecules)
Go To Next Slide
PCl3 phosphorus
trichloride
PCl5 phosphorus pentachlorid
e
PF3 phosphorus trifluoride
PF5 phosphorus pentafluoride
PH3 phosphorus
trihydride
P2O3 diphosphoru
s trioxide
P2O5 diphosphoru
s pentoxide
P2S5 phosphorus pentasulfide
P2Se5 diphosphoru
s pentaselenid
e
P4S3 tetraphospho
rus trisulfide
P4Se3 tetraphospho
rus triselenide
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B3+ C4+ C4- C2+ C2- N3+ N3- N5+
N4+ N2+ O2- O1- F1- Si4+
Si2+ P5+ P3+ P3- S6+
S4+ S2+ S2- Cl1+ Cl1- Cl7+ Cl5+
Cl3+
As3+ As3-
As5+ Se4+ Se6+ Se2- Br1+ Br1- Br7+
Br5+ Br3+ Te4+ Te6+ Te2- I7+
I5+ I1+ I1- At1+ At1- At7+
At5+ At3+
Molecular Compound Formulae
(Molecules)
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S2Cl2 disulfur
dichloride
SF4 sulfur
tetrafluoride
SF6 sulfur
hexafluoride
SO2 sulfur dioxide
SO3 sulfur
trioxide
Se2Cl2 diselenium dichloride
SeCl4 selenium
tetrachloride
SeF4 selenium
tetrafluoride
SeO2 selenium dioxide
SeS2 selenium disulfide
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B3+ C4+ C4- C2+ C2- N3+ N3- N5+
N4+ N2+ O2- O1- F1- Si4+
Si2+ P5+ P3+ P3- S6+
S4+ S2+ S2- Cl1+ Cl1- Cl7+ Cl5+
Cl3+
As3+ As3-
As5+ Se4+ Se6+ Se2- Br1+ Br1- Br7+
Br5+ Br3+ Te4+ Te6+ Te2- I7+
I5+ I1+ I1- At1+ At1- At7+
At5+ At3+
Molecular Compound Formulae
(Molecules)
Go To Next Slide
SiC silicon
monocarbide
SiCl4 silicon
tetrachloride
SiF4 silicon
tetrafluoride
Si3N4 trisilicon
tetranitride
SiO silicon
monoxide
SiO2 silicon dioxide
SiS2 silicon
disulfide
TeCl2 tellurium dichloride
TeCl4 tellurium
tetrachloride
TeI4 tellurium
tetraiodide
