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Chapter 26: Survey on Smart Grid

Communications: From an Architecture Overview to Standardization Activities1Periklis Chatzimisios, 2Dimitrios G.

Stratogiannis, 2Georgios I. Tsiropoulos and 1Giwrgos Stavrou

1Alexander TEI of Thessaloniki2 National Technical University of Athens

HANDBOOK ON GREEN INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

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Outline

Introduction

Smart Grid Definition

Smart Grid Description Participating Entities

Power Parts

Smart Grid Analysis Layers of Analysis

Smart Grid Capabilities and Features

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Introduction

The convergence of the existing power delivery infrastructure with ICT will lead to: An innovative energy distribution grid Upgrade of the existing power grid by integrating a high speed,

reliable, secure data communication network. New capabilities and significant advantages Variety of applications and services

Fields of Impact Automation facilities Advanced data collection Broadband telecommunications Intelligent appliance interoperability and control Security and Surveillance Distributed power generation Effective integration of renewables and diversified production mix Environmental Policies

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Smart Grid Definition

The next generation power grid is based on the evolution of communication networking infrastructure integrated in the electrical grid enhancing data exchange and automated management in power systems.

The communication network should be able to meet the specifications and needs of the power grid and system communications providing advantages such as flexibility, resilience, sustainability, scalability, cost-effectiveness, interoperability and interaction of the participating entities,

Thus, the name Smart Grid is entitled to the next generation power distribution network

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Smart Grid Description

Participating Entities: energy providers policy makers regulation authorities enterprises

Power Grid Parts Generation Transmission Distribution

(Substations) Customers

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Smart Grid Analysis

Physical Power Layer Generation system: Power generation in plants Transmission: Delivers power from plants to substations Distribution: Delivers power from substations to the

consumers

Transport Control Layer Integrated high speed communication network Supports secure data collection and transport Permits the interaction and communication among entities

involved Advanced sensing and measurement equipment

Application Layer Includes all the services provided to end users such as

automated metering, broadband access etc.

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Smart Grid

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Smart Grid Capabilities

Key Characteristics: Advanced Interoperability among

entities and parts of power grid. Improved Grid management and

optimized operation Improved Situational Awareness

and Communications in the power grid

Advanced Services for End-Users Carbon emissions reduction

supporting environmental protection efforts – green specifications

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Smart Grid Features (1)

Improved Power Grid management and optimized operation Integration of distributed generation and

renewables in a full scale network. Support of diversified energy production mix

according to environmental policies Decision Making regarding the Grid Operation

taking into account operational parameters from throughout the network

Real-time Avoidance Mechanism for power demand exceedance and power failures .

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Smart Grid Features (2)

Advanced Interoperability in Smart Grid Interconnection among all participating entities,

establishing communication and cooperation. Installation and support of different kinds of

generation and storage equipment supporting decentralized production

Coordination between providers and consumers to optimize power utilization.

Dynamic pricing able to be adjustable according to current supply and demand.

Improved corporate asset management by integrated control equipment

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Smart Grid Features (3)

Improved Situational Awareness and Communications Data collection regarding the operational

conditions of the power grid entities. Advanced sensing equipment Monitor and control by exchanging information

among entities involved in power grid processes.

Prediction / Detection faults in power grid improving reliability and avoiding service disruption.

Immediate response on power demand variations.

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Smart Grid Features (4)

Advanced Services for Users Automated Metering Infrastructure allowing

real-time measurements and collection of important data via smart meters

Dynamic pricing aiming at keeping competent prices in favor of customers.

Smart Home Appliances Advanced communication networks and

facilities for broadband access to all users via BPL implementation

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General State of Smart Grid Application

Main Concept: Evolution a network into a smart grid + offer services with high quality

+ increased consistency

- difficult to be realized

Difficulties technical challenges

conceal the potential opportunities of a smart grid to customers

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Parameters of Economic Market and Social Aspects

Power supply companies focused mainly on the wholesale market of power power stock exchange

Densely populated VS sparsely populated regions market is less effective high transportation cost limited number of

• competitive suppliers competitive suppliers • economically offerseconomically offers

The state funds partially or in whole the investment

The power market cannot operate efficiently

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Automated Metering Description

A Smart Grid system is expected to utilize smart meters at any customer location

These advanced meters will establish a two way communication measuring power consumption and collecting crucial information such as: voltage and current monitoring current load waveform recordings power requirements variations under peak conditions

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Automated Metering in Energy Production

Smart meters can measure electricity usage and collect data for the service provider.

Significant role in the decentralized electricity production integration of renewable energy production units

since they will measure the part of the generated energy consumed by the household and the part returned to the main network

Distribution automation abilities in the areas of protection and switching

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Pricing and Automated Metering

The two main factors that affect billing are the power consumption the market price

Three pricing techniques: time of use where certain constant prices are

used critical peak pricing where prices are altered only

on power peaks. real time pricing where price differentiation

according to the day-of or day-ahead cost of power is provided to the service provider

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Communications for Smart Metering Smart meters at any customer

location Access point data will be forwarded

to the control section of the power grid.

Various wireless networking technologies such as IEEE 802.11 WLANs, 3G UMTS, IEEE 802.16 WiMAX can be applied.

BPL Communications can be a very promising solution for smart grid since there will be no charging for data transmission and it will minimize dependence from networking technologies.

IP-based system that will transfer all the data collected ANSI C12.22 standard Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)

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A High Level Overview of Smart Grid

External

HAN

MeterLAN

Enterprise

WAN

Meter

Collector

Metering System

Portal

Normal Program

Critical Peak EventEmergency

Stage 1Emergency

Stage 2 Current Temp

$

Status

NORMALPENDING

ACTIVEOVER

-RIDE!

03/03/2007 8:48am

Program: AWAY

RetailersAggregatorsRegulatorsCustomersProviders

MDMSCIS/BillingOMSWMSEMS/DMS

RoutersTowersGround StationsRepeatersRings

RelaysModemsBridgesAccess PointsInsertion Points

ThermostatsPool PumpsField ToolsPCsBuilding Automation

Internet ProtocolsWorld-Wide WebebXMLIEC 60870-6 ICCP

IEC 61970IEC 61968Web ServicesMultispeakMessage Buses

SONET, WDM, ATMMPLSFrame RelaySatelliteMicrowaveIEC 61850DNP3

WiMAXBPL / PLCWireless MeshADSLCellularCable (DOCSIS)

ZigBeeWiFiLonWorksBACnetHomePlugOpenHAN

Example Members

ExampleTechnologies

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Smart Grid communications infrastructure (1)

The Smart Grid communications infrastructure is composed of:

“core” (or backbone)

“middle-mile” (or backhaul)

“last-mile” (or access, distribution)

“homes” and “premises”

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Smart Grid communications infrastructure (2)

The “core” network supports the connection between numerous substations and utilities’ headquarters. The backbone network requires high capacity and bandwidth availability and is usually built on optical fibers.

The “middle-mile”, referred as Wide Area Network (WAN), connects the data concentrators in AMI with substation/distribution automation and control centers associated with utilities’ operation. This sector needs to provide broadband media as well as easy and cost-effective network installation.

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Smart Grid communications infrastructure (3)

The “last-mile” covers the areas of Neighborhood Area Network (NAN) and AMI since it is responsible for both the data transport and collection from smart meters to concentrators. There are many available wired and wireless technologies that must provision broadband speed and security.

The “premises” network supports Home Area Network (HAN) dedicated to effectively manage the on-demand power requirements of the end-users and associated building automation. It is predominantly based on the IEEE 802.15.4, IEEE 802.11 and PLC standards.

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Standards and Interoperability (1)

Interoperability can be defined as “the ability of two or more systems or components to exchange information, to use the information that has been exchanged and to work cooperatively to perform a task”.

Smart Grid includes technology deployments that must connect large numbers of smart devices and systems involving hardware and software.

Interoperability actually enables integration, effective cooperation as well as two-way communication among the many interconnected elements of the electric power grid.

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Standards and Interoperability (2)

To achieve interoperability, internationally recognized communication and interface standards should be developed by Standards Development Organizations (SDOs) and Specification Setting Organizations (SSOs).

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Standards and Interoperability (3)

Interoperability standards include some of the following: Recognition of the need for a standard in a particular

area

Involvement of users to develop the business scenarios and use cases that drive the requirements for the standard

Review of existing standards in order to determine if they meet or not the need

Finalization of the standard and full implementation of the standard by vendors

Significant interoperability testing of the standard by different vendors under different scenarios

Amending or updating the standard in order to reflect findings during the interoperability tests

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Standardization activities around the world (1)

The main standardization bodies for Smart Grid are: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)

European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization (CENELEC)

American National Standards Institute (ANSI)

State Grid Corporation of China (SGCC)

UCA International Users Group (UCAIug)

Vendor Collaborations HomePlug Powerline Alliance (www.homeplug.org) Z-Wave Alliance (www.z-wavealliance.org) ZigBee Alliance (www.zigbee.org)

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Standardization activities around the world (2)

Other major Smart Grid standardization roadmaps and studies : German Standardization Roadmap E-Energy / Smart

Grid

International Telecommunication Union (ITU-T) Smart Grid Focus Group

Japanese Industrial Standards Committee (JISC) roadmap to international standardization for smart grid

Korea’s Smart Grid Roadmap 2030 from the Ministry of Knowledge Economy (MKE)

CIGRE D2.24

Microsoft SERA

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NIST Priority Action Plans (PAPs) (1)

Priority Action Plan (PAP) Standard(s) or Guideline(s)

PAP 0 - Meter Upgradeability Standard NEMA Meter Upgradeability Standard

PAP 1 - Role of IP in the Smart Grid Informational IETF RFCPAP 2 - Wireless Communications for the Smart Grid

IEEE 802.x, 3GPP,3GPP2, ATIS, TIA

PAP 3 - Common Price Communication Model

OASIS EMIX, ZigBee SEP 2, NAESB

PAP 4 - Common Scheduling Mechanism

OASIS WS-Calendar

PAP 5 - Standard Meter Data ProfilesAEIC V2.0 Meter Guidelines (addressing use of ANSI C12)

PAP 6 - Common Semantic Model for Meter Data Tables

ANSI C12.19-2008, MultiSpeak V4, IEC 61968-9

PAP 7 - Electric Storage Interconnection Guidelines

IEEE 1547.4, IEEE 1547.7, IEEE 1547.8, IEC 61850-7-420, ZigBee SEP 2

PAP 8 - CIM for Distribution Grid Management

IEC 61850-7-420, IEC 61968-3-9, IEC 61968-13,14, MultiSpeak V4, IEEE 1547

PAP 9 - Standard DR and DER SignalsNAESB WEQ015, OASIS EMIX, OpenADR, ZigBee SEP 2

PAP 10 - Standard Energy Usage Information

NAESB Energy Usage Information, OpenADE, ZigBee SEP 2, IEC 61968-9, ASHRAE SPC 201P

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NIST Priority Action Plans (PAPs) (2)

Priority Action Plan (PAP) Standard(s) or Guideline(s)

PAP 11 - Common Object Models for Electric Transportation

ZigBee SEP 2, SAE J1772, SAE J2836/1-3 , SAE J2847/1-3, ISO/IEC 15118-1,3, SAE J2931, IEEE P2030-2, IEC 62196

PAP 12 - IEC 61850 Objects/DNP3 Mapping

IEC 61850-80-5, Mapping DNP to IEC 61850, DNP3 (IEEE 1815)

PAP 13 - Time Synchronization, IEC 61850 Objects/IEEE C37.118 Harmonization

IEC 61850-90-5, IEEE C37.118, IEEE C37.238, Mapping IEEE C37.118 to IEC 61850, IEC 61968-9

PAP 14 - Transmission and Distribution Power Systems Model Mapping

IEC 61968-3, MultiSpeak V4

PAP 15 - Harmonize Power Line Carrier Standards for Appliance Communications in the Home

DNP3 (IEEE 1815), HomePlug AV, HomePlug C&C, IEEE P1901 and P1901.2, ISO/IEC 12139-1, G.9960 (G.hn/PHY), G.9961 (G.hn/DLL), G.9972 (G.cx), G.hnem, ISO/IEC 14908-3, ISO/IEC 14543, EN 50065-1

PAP 16 - Wind Plant Communications IEC 61400-25PAP 17 - Facility Smart Grid Information Standard

New Facility Smart Grid Information Standard ASHRAE SPC 201P

PAP 18 - SEP 1.x to SEP 2 Transition and Coexistence

Zigbee

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Conclusions (1)

Smart Grids have received considerable attention worldwide in recent years.

A number of organizations, standard bodies and countries worldwide have launched significant efforts to encourage the development of the Smart Grid.

The development and use of international standards is an essential step towards this direction.

Interoperability is the key to the Smart Grid, and standards are the key to interoperability.

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Conclusions (2)

There are various standardization activities by the key players involved in the standardization process.

Many standards and rules for Smart Grid have been already put in place.

Standardization activities will offer significant advantages to power grid parts, to energy providers, policy makers, regulation authorities, enterprises and customers.

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Thanks for your attention!