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Chapter 17
Hygiene
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Hygiene: practices that promote health through personal cleanliness
Activities that foster hygiene:
1. Bathing; cleaning and maintaining fingernails and toenails
2. Performing oral care
3. Shampooing and grooming hair
4. Maintaining hearing aids and eyeglasses
Hygiene
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Most hygiene practices are based on maintaining or restoring a healthy intguementary system.
Integumentary System Components1. Skin
2. Mucous membrane
3. Hair
4. Fingernails, toenails
5. Teeth
Integumentary System
Skin
1. Epidermis
2. Dermis
3. Subcutaneous layer
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Line body passages such as the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive systems
Mucous membrane also lines the conjunctiva of the eye
Goblet cells in the mucous membranes secrete mucus, a slimy substance that keeps the membranes soft and moist
Mucous Membrane
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Made up of keratinForms from cells at the base of a single follicleHelps to prevent heat lossSebaceous glands in the hair follicles release sebum,
an oily secretion
Hair
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Fingernails and toenails are made of keratin, which in concentrated amounts gives them their tough texture
Normal nails are thin, pink, and smoothFingernails and toenails provide some protection to
the digits
Nails
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Present beneath the gums at birth
Contain the outer covering, enamel, a keratin structure
Exposed portion of each tooth: crown
Portion within the gum: root
Adults: 28 to 32 permanent teeth
Saliva: keeps the teeth clean and inhibits bacterial growth
Teeth
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Sugar, plaque, and bacteria may eventually erode the tooth enamel, causing caries
Gingivitis: gum inflammation
Common Dental Problems
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Uses a cleansing agent such as soap and water to remove sweat, oil, dirt, and microorganisms from the skin
Advantages of bathing
1. Eliminates body odor.
2. reduces the potential for infection
3. Stimulates circulation.
4. provides a refreshed and relaxed feeling.
5. improves self-image
Hygiene practices Bathing
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1. Tub bath or shower: There is no contraindication
2. Partial bathing: washing only those body areas subject to greatest soiling or that are sources of body odor.
3. For those who are independent persons
1. Bed bath( washing with a basin of water at the bedside)
2. Towel bath : The nurse uses a single large towel to cover and wash a client
Types of Bathing according to hygiene purposes
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1. Sitz bath: Immersion of buttocks and perineum in a small basin of continuously circulating water (as in case of piles or episiotomy )
purposes:
1. Remove blood , serum, stool or urine
2. Reduce local swelling.
3. Relieves discomfort.
Types of Bathing according to function
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2. Sponge bath: application of tipped water to the skin.
purposes:
1. Reduces a fever.
3. Medicated bath: soaking or immersing in a mixture of water and another substance, such as (sodium bicarbonate)
purposes:
1. Relieve itching or rashes
Types of Bathing according to function (cont’d)
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4. Whirlpool bath: warm water that is continuously agitated within a tub or tank
purposes:
1. Improve circulation.
2. Increase joint mobility.
3. Remove dead tissue
4. Relieve discomfort.
Types of Bathing according to function (cont’d)
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Removes unwanted body hair Accomplished with an electric or a safety razor Surgery sites
Shaving
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Brushing and flossing the teeth Dentures and bridges require special cleaning and
care Oral hygiene in unconscious clients whom need oral
care more frequently than conscious clients
Prevents aspiration of oral hygiene products and water
Oral Hygiene
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Apply a conditioner to loosen tangles
Use oil on the hair if it is dry
Brush the hair slowly to increase circulation of sebum
Use a wide-toothed comb, combing from end to crown
Use shampoo to clean hair
Hair Care
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Keeping the fingernails and toenails clean and trimmed
Nail care should be provided with extreme caution for the following clients: Clients with diabetes Clients with impaired circulation Client with thick nails
Nail Care
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Eyeglasses and hearing aids improve communication and socialization Eyeglasses Contact lenses Artificial eyes Hearing aids
Examples of Hearing Aids In the ear Behind the ear
Visual and Hearing Devices
General Gerontologic Considerations
Poor hygiene and grooming in older adults: signs of visual impairments, functional changes, dementia, depression, abuse, or neglect
Older adults do not need to bathe as frequently as younger adults
Use mild, nonperfumed soap
Oils are not used in showers or bathtubs due to increased risk for falls
General Gerontologic Considerations (cont’d)
For older adults with limited range of motion or mobility, provide:Long-handled bath sponges Nonskid strips on the floor of bathtubsShowers with strategically placed handles
and grab bars; a tub/shower seat
General Gerontologic Considerations (cont’d)
Due to increased susceptibility to dry skin, tears and scratches:
Avoid skin care products containing alcohol, perfumes that aggravate dry skin
Nails: keep trimmed and smooth
Feet: regularly inspect condition
Modify clothing to promote independence
Tooth loss
Question
Is the following statement true or false?
Older adults need to bathe frequently because they perspire a lot.
Answer
False.
Older adults do not need to bathe frequently because they have diminished perspiration and sebum production.