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Chapter 15Individual Performance and Job

Design

Planning AheadWhat is the meaning of work?What influences job satisfaction and

performance?How can jobs be enriched?What are alternative work arrangements?How can job and work stress be

managed?

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The Meaning of Work

Psychological Contracts

Informal understanding about what an individual gives to and receives from an organization

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The Meaning of Work

Psychological Contracts

Ideal work situation is one that is considered fair

When contract is broken, morale problems develop

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The Meaning of Work

Work-Life Balance

fit between one’s job and personal or family needs

stress occurs if there is not balance between work and personal life

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Job Satisfaction and Performance Job

collection of tasks performed in support of organizational objectives

Job Designprocess of creating or defining jobs by

assigning specific work tasks to individuals and groups

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Job Satisfaction and PerformanceJob Satisfaction

degree to which an individual feels positively or negatively about various aspects of the jobless turnover and absenteeism

among satisfied workers

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Job Satisfaction and PerformanceJob Involvement

extent to which an individual is dedicated to a job

Organizational commitmentloyalty of individual to the

organization

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Job Satisfaction and PerformanceJob Performance

quantity and quality of tasks accomplished by an individual or group at workvalue-added criterion

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Job Satisfaction and Performance

High-performance equation:

Performance = Ability x Support x Effort

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Job Satisfaction and Performance

Performance begins with abilityrequires supportinvolves effort

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Job Design Issues and AlternativesJob Simplification

standardizing work proceduresemploying people in well-defined

taskscan result in boredomextreme form is automation

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Job Satisfaction and PerformanceJob Rotation and Job

EnlargementJob Rotation

increases task variety by shifting workers between different jobs

– regular– periodically

keeps managers informed about job demands

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Job Satisfaction and PerformanceJob Rotation and Job

Enlargement Job Enlargement

increases task variety by combining two or more tasks previously assigned to other workers– horizontal loading

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Job Satisfaction and Performance

Job Enrichmentbuilding more opportunities

for satisfaction into a jobjob depth (vertical loading)

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Job EnrichmentJob Characteristics Model

diagnostic approach to job enrichment.

five core job characteristics.job high in core characteristics

is enriched.

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Job EnrichmentCore Characteristics of Job

Characteristics Modelskill varietytask identitytask significanceautonomyfeedback

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Job Enrichment

Critical Psychological States of Job Characteristics Model

meaningfulness of workresponsibilities for work outcomesknowledge of actual results of work

activities

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Job EnrichmentJob satisfaction is influenced by

psychological statesPsychological states are

influenced by core job characteristics

Not everyone is affected in the same way

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Job Enrichment

Improving Core Characteristicsform natural work unitscombine tasksestablish client relationshipsopen feedback channelspractice vertical loading

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Job Enrichment

Technology and Job EnrichmentSociotechnical Systems

using technology to best advantage, while treating people with respect

Roboticsuse of computer controlled machines to

completely automate work tasks

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Alternative Work ArrangementsCompressed Workweek

schedule that allows a full-time job to be completed in less than standard 5 days of 8-hour shifts

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Alternative Work Arrangements

4-40 (also known as 4-10) employees work 4 days, 10 hours

each dayincreased leisure time, lower

commuting costsincreased fatigue, family scheduling

problems, union objections

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Alternative Work Arrangements

Flexible Working Hoursany work schedule which gives

employees some choice in daily work hourscore time - all employees must be at workallows employees to schedule around

personal and family responsibilities

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Alternative Work Arrangements

Job Sharingone job is split between two or more

personsdaily, weekly or monthly arrangements

Work Sharingagreement between employees to cut

back work hours to avoid layoffs or termination

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Alternative Work Arrangements

Telecommutingwork arrangement that allows a

portion of scheduled work hours to be completed outside of the office

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Alternative Work Arrangements

TelecommutingAdvantages

reduced commutingincrease productivityfewer work distractionsflexible hours

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Alternative Work Arrangements

TelecommutingDisadvantages

loss of visibility for promotionworking too muchdifficulty separating work and

personal life

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Alternative Work Arrangements

Part-Time Workwork less than 40 hours and does

not qualify employee as full-timecontingency workers

part-timers who supplement full-time workforce, often on a long term basis

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Stress and Stress Management

Stress state of tension

experience by individuals facing extraordinary demands, constraints or opportunities

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Stress and Stress Management

Sources of Stresswork factors

too high or too low task demandsrole conflicts or ambiguitiespoor interpersonal relationstoo slow or too fast career progress

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Stress and Stress Management

Sources of Stresspersonal factors

Type A personality

nonwork factorsfamily eventseconomicspersonal affairs

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Stress and Stress Management

Consequences of Stressconstructive stress

acts as a positive influence– increased effort, creativity, productivity

destructiveacts as a negative influence

– increased absenteeism, turnover, errors, illness

– decreased productivity

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Stress and Stress Management

Managers should be skilled at dealing with workplace stresshumanitarianismproductivitycreativityreturn on investment

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Stress and Stress Management

Personal Wellnesspursuit of personal and mental potential

though a personal health-promotion programexercise/physical fitnesssmoking controlhealth risk appraisalsnutrition educationhigh blood pressure control