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The Era of Andrew JacksonThe Era of Andrew Jackson 1824-1845 1824-1845……Or how you get your mug on currency!Or how you get your mug on currency!

44

US Population DensityUS Population Density

18101810 18201820

In 1810-- 7,239,881 people were living in the United States of which 1,191,362 were slaves.

In 1820--9,638,453 of

which 1,538,022 were slaves

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The Presidents

18th Century1. George Washington 2. John Adams

19th Century3. Thomas Jefferson 15. James Buchanan 4. James Madison 16. Abraham Lincoln 5. James Monroe 17. Andrew Johnson 6. John Quincy Adams 18. Ulysses S. Grant 7. Andrew Jackson 19. Rutherford B. Hayes 8. Martin Van Buren 20. James Garfield 9. William Henry Harrison 21. Chester A. Arthur 10. John Tyler 22. Grover Cleveland 11. James K. Polk 23. Benjamin Harrison 12. Zachary Taylor 24. Grover Cleveland13. Millard Fillmore 25. William McKinley

14. Franklin Pierce

20th Century26. Theodore Roosevelt 35. John F. Kennedy 27. William Howard Taft 36. Lyndon B. Johnson 28. Woodrow Wilson 37. Richard M. Nixon 29. Warren G. Harding 38. Gerald R. Ford 30. Calvin Coolidge 39. James Carter 31. Herbert Hoover 40. Ronald Reagan 32. Franklin D. Roosevelt 41. George H. W. Bush 33. Harry S. Truman 42. William J. Clinton34. Dwight D. Eisenhower

21st Century43. George W. Bush 44. Barack Obama

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Did You Know ?Did You Know ?

In United States history In United States history there have been many there have been many extraordinary men, but few extraordinary men, but few as dynamic and important as dynamic and important as Andrew Jackson to serve as Andrew Jackson to serve as president. as president.

However, interestingly, there However, interestingly, there have been two instances in have been two instances in which both a which both a father and sonfather and son became presidents: became presidents: John John AdamsAdams and and John Quincy John Quincy Adams.Adams. and and George HW. George HW. BushBush and and George W. BushGeorge W. Bush.. So So there have been two women there have been two women who have been both the wife who have been both the wife of a president as well as the of a president as well as the mother of one: mother of one: Abigail Abigail AdamsAdams and and Barbara BushBarbara Bush..

Character Matters! It determines how a president will govern. It also determines those principles he is willing to fight for and whether or not his word is his bond. Andrew Jackson’s character was well known to the American public.

I do not need the presidency to make or refresh my soul. That false hope I will gladly leave to others. For greatness lies not in what office you hold, but on how honest you are in how you face adversity and in your willingness to stand fast in hard places. Bob Dole 1996

Judge Jackson was holding court at a village in Tennessee. One day a great hulking fellow armed with a pistol and bowie knife…

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Last Words OfLast Words Of Andrew Andrew JacksonJackson

Other last words…Other last words… George WashingtonGeorge Washington John AdamsJohn Adams JeffersonJefferson MadisonMadison Monroe (green=unknown)Monroe (green=unknown) J.Q. AdamsJ.Q. Adams Van BurenVan Buren W.H. HarrisonW.H. Harrison John TylerJohn Tyler Zachary TaylorZachary Taylor Millard FillmoreMillard Fillmore Franklin PierceFranklin Pierce James BuchananJames Buchanan LincolnLincoln A. JohnsonA. Johnson U.S. GrantU.S. Grant R. HayesR. Hayes James Garfield James Garfield Chester ArthurChester Arthur

Grover Cleveland Grover Cleveland Benjamin HarrisonBenjamin Harrison William McKinleyWilliam McKinley Theodore RooseveltTheodore Roosevelt William H. TaftWilliam H. Taft Woodrow WilsonWoodrow Wilson Warren G. HardingWarren G. Harding Calvin CoolidgeCalvin Coolidge Herbert HooverHerbert Hoover Franklin RooseveltFranklin Roosevelt Harry TrumanHarry Truman Dwight EisenhowerDwight Eisenhower John KennedyJohn Kennedy Richard Nixon ?Richard Nixon ? Ronald Reagan ?Ronald Reagan ? TriviaTrivia

“I hope to meet all in Heaven. Be good children, all of you, and strive to be ready when the change comes.” Andrew Jackson

He died at the Hermitage. Burial was beside

Rachel in a tomb he had designed and constructed.

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Run Time: [04:47] Run Time: [04:47] Andrew Jackson, also known as Old Hickory, was the son of Irish immigrants who would Andrew Jackson, also known as Old Hickory, was the son of Irish immigrants who would

grow up to be the 7th President of the United States of America.grow up to be the 7th President of the United States of America.

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The West & the NW : 1819-1824The West & the NW : 1819-1824

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The Election of 1824 was The Election of 1824 was NASTY!NASTY!

The campaign of 1824 was the nastiest on record—until the election of 1828 upped the ante even more.

In 1824 newspapers: made fun of Adams’s slovenly dress and “English wife” (Louisa Catherine

Johnson Adams, born Louisa Catherine Johnson was the only foreign-born First Lady ) , called Clay a drunkard and gambler, charged Crawford with malfeasance in office, and accused Jackson of being a murder for having authorized the execution of mutineers in 1813.

“If one took all these charges seriously,” sighed one politician, “he would have to conclude that “our Presidents, Secretaries, Senators and Representatives, are all traitors and pirates, and the government of this people had been committed to the hands of public robbers.”

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The Jackson Era 1824-1845The Jackson Era 1824-1845I. The Election of 1824 I. The Election of 1824

(Pages (Pages 334-335)334-335) John Quincy AdamsJohn Quincy Adams was was elected president in 1824elected president in 1824..

William Crawford William Crawford Sen. Georgia and Sec. of Treasury under Monroe.Sen. Georgia and Sec. of Treasury under Monroe. (in poor health (in poor health),), Andrew Jackson, and Henry Clay were the other Andrew Jackson, and Henry Clay were the other Republican Party candidates. Republican Party candidates.

Clay and Adams struck a deal. Clay and Adams struck a deal. Clay agreed to use his Clay agreed to use his influence as speaker of the house to defeat Jackson, influence as speaker of the house to defeat Jackson, hoping to gain the secretary of state post in returnhoping to gain the secretary of state post in return. . Adams did name Clay as secretary of state.Adams did name Clay as secretary of state.

Andrew Jackson’sAndrew Jackson’s followers accused the two men of followers accused the two men of making a making a corrupt bargaincorrupt bargain and stealing the election. and stealing the election. The The House finally had to decide the issue House finally had to decide the issue described in the 12described in the 12thth Amendment Amendment

During the Adams presidency, During the Adams presidency, his policies ran against his policies ran against popular opinion.popular opinion.

Congress turned down many of his proposals. Some Congress turned down many of his proposals. Some members of members of Congress wantedCongress wanted a a more limited rolemore limited role for the for the federal government.federal government.

Social Studies Skills and Methods Resources for Eighth Grade

Students collect, organize, evaluate and synthesize information from multiple sources to draw logical conclusions. Students communicate this information using appropriate social studies terminology in oral, written or multimedia form and apply what they have learned to societal issues in simulated or real-world settings.

Analyze different perspectives on a topic obtained from a variety of sources.Compare accuracy and point of view of fiction and nonfiction sources about a particular era or event.There are currently no resources for this indicator at the selected grade level.Organize historical information in text or graphic format and analyze the information in order to draw conclusions.There are no indicators or resources for this Benchmark at the selected grade level.

Present a position and support it with evidence and citation of sources.INDICATOR 2: Construct a historical narrative using primary and secondary sources.

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How to view our treatment of Native How to view our treatment of Native Americans?Americans?

GenocideGenocide (?) (?) is the deliberate and is the deliberate and systematic destructionsystematic destruction, in whole or , in whole or

in part, of an ethnic, racial, religious, in part, of an ethnic, racial, religious,

or national group.or national group.

as·sim·i·lateas·sim·i·late 2 a:2 a: to make similar to make similar b:b: to alter by to alter by assimilationassimilation c:c: to to

absorb into the culture or mores of absorb into the culture or mores of a population or group a population or group

The The melting potmelting pot is an analogy for the way in is an analogy for the way in which heterogenous societies become more homogeneous, in which which heterogenous societies become more homogeneous, in which

the ingredients in the pot (people of different cultures, races and the ingredients in the pot (people of different cultures, races and religions) are combined so as to develop a multi-ethnic society. The religions) are combined so as to develop a multi-ethnic society. The

term, which originates from the United States, is often used to term, which originates from the United States, is often used to describe societies experiencing large scale immigration from many describe societies experiencing large scale immigration from many

different countries. different countries.

Ethnic cleansing (?) is a euphemism referring to the persecution through imprisonment, expulsion, or killing of members of an ethnic minority by a majority to achieve ethnic homogeneity in majority-controlled territory.

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Andrew Jackson:Andrew Jackson: Racist? Racist? Practitioner of Genocide (?), or Practitioner of Genocide (?), or

man of his time leading his man of his time leading his nation to fulfill its nation to fulfill its destiny! (?)destiny! (?)

Consider all factsConsider all facts, use , use different view different view pointspoints while considering the facts, while considering the facts, understand all aspects of the understand all aspects of the discussion-- including discussion-- including terminologyterminology and and contextcontext within which the events within which the events

occurred—occurred—thenthen, and only, and only thenthen,, make your judgment.make your judgment.

ONE more bit of information before you consider. Did you know….

In 1813, Jackson sent home an Indian child found on battlefield after the creek war with his dead mother—Jackson adopted him. This boy, Lyncoya, (c1811-1828) may have originally been intended companion for Andrew Junior, but Jackson soon took a strong interest in him. He was educated with Andrew Junior and Jackson had aspirations of sending him to West Point. Political circumstances made that impossible, and Lyncoya went to train as a saddle maker in Nashville. He died of tuberculosis in 1828. Does this “info tidbit” temper your judgment of Jackson?

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Unfortunately, though there were many problems facing the country, the election of 1828 becomes one of personalities and personal attacks more than one of issues.

Many new elements are added to campaigning in the elections of 1824 and 1828. Campaing songs will become an integral part of campaigns.

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From the Frontier to the White From the Frontier to the White HouseHouse

1818

Campaign Songs 1828Campaign Songs 1828 Little Know Ye Who's Comin'Little Know Ye Who's Comin' Adam’sAdam’s

Little know ye who's comin',Little know ye who's comin',Little know ye who's comin',If John Quincy not be comin'!

Fire's comin', swords are comin',Pistols, guns, and knives are comin',Famine's comin', banning's comin',If John Quincy not be comin'!

Little know ye who's comin',Little know ye who's comin',Little know ye who's comin',If John Quincy not be comin'!

Slavery's comin', knavery's comin',Plunder's comin', wonder's comin',Jobbin's comin', robbin's comin'If John Quincy not be comin'!

Little know ye who's comin',Little know ye who's comin',Little know ye who's comin',If John Quincy not be comin'!

Fears are comin', tears are comin',Plague and pestilence is comin',Hatin's comin', Satan's comin',If John Quincy not be comin'

Little know ye who's comin',Little know ye who's comin',Little know ye who's comin',If John Quincy not be comin'!

Little know ye who's comin',Little know ye who's comin',Little know ye who's comin',If John Quincy not be comin'!

Little know ye who's comin',Little know ye who's comin',Little know ye who's comin',If John Quincy not be comin'!

The Hunters of Kentucky. Campaign song of 1824 and 1828

Ye gentlemen and ladies fair, who grace this famous city, Just listen, if you’ve time to spare, while I rehearse a ditty; And for the opportunity conceive yourselves quite lucky, For 'tis not often that you see a hunter from Kentucky.

Oh, Kentucky! the hunters of Kentucky.

We are a hardy free-born race, each man to fear a stranger, Whate’er the game we join in chase, despising toil and danger; And if a daring foe annoys, whate’er his strength and forces,

AndrewJackson_theHuntersOfKentucky.zip

We’ll show him that Kentucky boys are alligator horses.

Oh, Kentucky, &c.

I s’pose you’ve read it in the prints, how Packenham attempted To make old Hickory Jackson wince, but soon his schemes repented;

For we with rifles ready cocked, thought such occasion lucky, And soon around the general flocked the hunters of Kentucky.

You’ve heard, I s’pose, how New Orleans is famed for wealth and beauty There’s girls of every hue, it seems, from snowy white to sooty.

So Packenham he made his brags, if he in fight was lucky, He’d have their girls and cotton bags in spite of old Kentucky.

But Jackson he was wide awake, and wasn’t scared at trifles, For well he knew what aim we take with our Kentucky rifles;

So he led us down to Cyprus swamp, the ground was low and mucky, There stood John Bull in martial pomp, and here was old Kentucky.

A bank was raised to hide our breast, not that we thought of dying, But then we always like to rest unless the game is flying;

Behind it stood our little force, none wished it to be greater, For every man was half a horse and half an alligator.

They did not let our patience tire, before they showed their faces—We did not choose to waist our fire, So snugly kept our places;

But when so near to see them wink, we thought it time to stop 'em, And ‘twould have done you good I think to see Kentuckians drop ’em

They found at last 'twas vain to fight, where lead was all their booty, And so they wisely took to flight, and left us all our beauty,

And now if danger e’er annoys, remember what our trade is, Just send for us Kentucky boys, and we’ll protect your ladies.

Source: The Hunters of Kentucky (New York: Andrews, Printer, 38 Chatham St., N. Y. [n. d.])

1919

II. The II. The Election of 1828 Election of 1828 (Pages (Pages

335-336)335-336) The election was a The election was a vicious campaignvicious campaign between Jackson between Jackson

and Adams. The party divided into two: the and Adams. The party divided into two: the Democratic-Republicans nominated Jackson, and the Democratic-Republicans nominated Jackson, and the National RepublicansNational Republicans nominated Adams. nominated Adams. Democratic-Republicans favored Democratic-Republicans favored states states rightsrights

New elements New elements were were introduced in the 1828 election, introduced in the 1828 election, and many became a permanent and many became a permanent part part of election of election campaigns.campaigns.

1. 1. MudslingingMudslinging, or attempts to ruin the , or attempts to ruin the opponent with insultsopponent with insults

2. 2. Election slogansElection slogans, , ralliesrallies, , buttonsbuttons,, and and campaign eventscampaign events

Jackson won the election in a Jackson won the election in a landslide..landslide..

This is a handbill printed and distributed by Jackson's opponents listing accusations, which they termed his "bloody deeds." The most prominent part of the handbill, the portion pictured here, details Jackson's execution of six militia men during the War of 1812. Jackson's wife Rachel had been married to another man before Jackson, and a question arose about when her first husband had divorced her and when she began living with Jackson. The explanation was that Jackson and his wife believed she had been divorced when they first married, but there was (and still is) some legitimate doubt about the timing. Jackson’s marriage on the frontier nearly 40 years earlier became a major issue in the 1828 campaign. He was accused of adultery and vilified for running off with another man’s wife. And his wife was accused of bigamy.

The supporters of Andrew Jackson began spreading a rumor that Adams, while serving as American ambassador to Russia, had procured an American girl for the sex with the Russian czar. The attack was no doubt baseless, but the Jacksonians delighted in it, even calling Adams a “pimp” and claiming that procuring women explained his great success as a diplomat.

Adams was also attacked for having a billiard table in the White House and allegedly charging the government for it. It was true that Adams played billiards in the White House, but he paid for the table with his own funds.

“Thousands and thousands of people, without distinction of rank, collected in and immense mass round the capital. They stood silently, orderly, and tranquil, with their eyes fixed on the front of that building,…”

Margaret Bayard Smith’s account of Jackson’s inauguration in 1829 (Smith was a popular member of a socially prominent Washington family)

2020

What was so different about the election campaign of 1828?

The party divided into two-- Democratic-Democratic-RepublicansRepublicans who nominated who nominated Jackson,Jackson, and the and the National RepublicansNational Republicans who nominated who nominated AdamsAdams---- and new campaign tactics were used, and John C. Calhoun switched parties to run with Jackson

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From the Frontier to the White From the Frontier to the White HouseHouse

Andrew Jackson was born in this cabin in a small, rural South Carolina town on March 15, 1767.

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III. Jackson as PresidentIII. Jackson as President (Pages (Pages 336-336-

337)337)

Jackson was anJackson was an American success storyAmerican success story. . He He went from being a member of a poor went from being a member of a poor farm farm family to being a family to being a war war hero to becoming the hero to becoming the president of the United States.president of the United States.

Democracy broadened under Jackson. Democracy broadened under Jackson. Called the champion of Called the champion of thethe “common man.”“common man.”

By 1828 state constitutions changed By 1828 state constitutions changed to allow people, not state to allow people, not state legislatures, to choose presidential legislatures, to choose presidential electors.electors.

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You are about to see two images. Compare the following You are about to see two images. Compare the following two images and answer the questions below:two images and answer the questions below:

The first image is from the The first image is from the Federalist PeriodFederalist Period and shows and shows President George Washington.President George Washington.

The second image is from the The second image is from the Jacksonian EraJacksonian Era and shows and shows President Andrew Jackson.President Andrew Jackson.

1. What are the major differences 1. What are the major differences between the people shown in the between the people shown in the pictures? pictures?

2. Describe the setting of each 2. Describe the setting of each picture. What does each picture picture. What does each picture tell you about the people being tell you about the people being portrayed?portrayed?

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The Federalists Era The Federalists Era George WashingtonGeorge Washington

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The Era of Andrew JacksonThe Era of Andrew Jackson

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As the first image shows, the country As the first image shows, the country was run by the rich and well-born during was run by the rich and well-born during the the Federalist PeriodFederalist Period, because they , because they were the only ones who could vote and were the only ones who could vote and were believed to have enough education were believed to have enough education to make good decisions.to make good decisions.

As the second image shows, the As the second image shows, the common man (ordinary Americans) had common man (ordinary Americans) had more power during the more power during the Jacksonian EraJacksonian Era. . This is because the 1828 election (when This is because the 1828 election (when Andrew Jackson became president) was Andrew Jackson became president) was the first presidential election that the first presidential election that allowed most ordinary American men to allowed most ordinary American men to vote. However, voting rights still didn’t vote. However, voting rights still didn’t extend to African Americans, Native extend to African Americans, Native Americans, or women at this time.Americans, or women at this time.

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Both Thomas Jefferson and Andrew Jackson considered themselves “Champions of the Common Man”. However, they differed greatly in many ways.

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Jackson’s Jackson’s Governing Governing PrinciplesPrinciples

Government Government runrun in the in the interestinterest of the of the majoritymajority

Nation as a Nation as a wholewhole comes comes beforebefore any any one one sectionsection

President’s job to lead as a President’s job to lead as a “citizen”“citizen” Never Never bothered to bothered to est.est. a working a working

relationshiprelationship with with CongressCongress Increased power of President—Increased power of President—vetoed vetoed

12 bills, more than all presidents 12 bills, more than all presidents combined before himcombined before him

C:\Documents and Settings\KWalton\Desktop\ajpod_012_reinventing-president-p2_h264.movC:\Documents and Settings\KWalton\Desktop\ajpod_012_reinventing-president-p2_h264.mov

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Voting Voting Requirements Requirements in the Early 19cin the Early 19c

Voting Voting Requirements Requirements in the Early 19cin the Early 19c

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Voter Turnout: 1820 - Voter Turnout: 1820 - 18601860

Voter Turnout: 1820 - Voter Turnout: 1820 - 18601860

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Why an Increase of Democracy?Why an Increase of Democracy?Why an Increase of Democracy?Why an Increase of Democracy?

3 White male suffrage increasedWhite male suffrage increased

3 Party nominating committees.Party nominating committees.

3 Voters chose their state’s slate of Voters chose their state’s slate of Presidential electors.Presidential electors.

3 Spoils system.Spoils system.

3 Rise of Third Parties.Rise of Third Parties.

3 Popular campaigning (parades, rallies, Popular campaigning (parades, rallies, floats, etc.)floats, etc.)

3 Two-party system returned in the 1832 Two-party system returned in the 1832 election:election:

Dem-Reps Dem-Reps Natl. Reps.(1828) Natl. Reps.(1828) WhigsWhigs (1832) (1832) Republicans (1854) Republicans (1854)

Democrats (1828)Democrats (1828)

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III. ContinuedIII. Continued Jackson instituted the spoils system.Jackson instituted the spoils system. Influence of the West grows. Influence of the West grows. Jackson's supporters made the political system Jackson's supporters made the political system

more democratic by abandoning the more democratic by abandoning the caucus caucus systemsystem and replacing it with and replacing it with nominating nominating conventions. conventions.

The first national party convention for the The first national party convention for the Democrats was in Baltimore, Maryland, in 1832Democrats was in Baltimore, Maryland, in 1832

Unofficial cabinet called the Unofficial cabinet called the “Kitchen Cabinet”“Kitchen Cabinet” Separation of church and state grows-Separation of church and state grows-- -

Jefferson’s letter to the Jefferson’s letter to the Danbury Danbury Baptist Baptist Association of 1802Association of 1802

Gentlemen

The affectionate sentiments of esteem and approbation which you are so good as to express towards me, on behalf of the Danbury Baptist association, give me the highest satisfaction. my duties dictate a faithful and zealous pursuit of the interests of my constituents, & in proportion as they are persuaded of my fidelity to those duties, the discharge of them becomes more and more pleasing.

Believing with you that religion is a matter which lies solely between Man & his God, that he owes account to none other for his faith or his worship, that the legitimate powers of government reach actions only, & not opinions, I contemplate with sovereign reverence that act of the whole American people which declared that their legislature should "make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof," thus building a wall of separation between Church & State. [Congress thus inhibited from acts respecting religion, and the Executive authorised only to execute their acts, I have refrained from prescribing even those occasional performances of devotion, practiced indeed by the Executive of another nation as the legal head of its church, but subject here, as religious exercises only to the voluntary regulations and discipline of each respective sect.] Adhering to this expression of the supreme will of the nation in behalf of the rights of conscience, I shall see with sincere satisfaction the progress of those sentiments which tend to restore to man all his natural rights, convinced he has no natural right in opposition to his social duties.

I reciprocate your kind prayers for the protection & blessing of the common father and creator of man, and tender you for yourselves & your religious association assurances of my high respect & esteem.

(signed) Thomas JeffersonJan.1.1802.

“There are, perhaps few men who can for any great length of time enjoy office and power without being more or less under the influence of feelings unfavorable to the faithful discharge of their public duties…”

Jackson’s first annual message to Congress in 1829

“…, I contemplate with sovereign reverence that act of the whole American people which declared that their legislature should "make no law respecting an

establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof," thus building a wall of separation between Church & State.”

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IV. The Tariff DebateIV. The Tariff Debate (Pages (Pages 338-339)338-339)

In In 18281828 Congress passed Congress passed a a very high very high tarifftariff on goods imported from Europe. This on goods imported from Europe. This tariff made European goods more expensive. tariff made European goods more expensive. Manufacturers in the United States, Manufacturers in the United States, especially the Northeast were happy especially the Northeast were happy because they thought Americans would now because they thought Americans would now be even more likely to buy American-made be even more likely to buy American-made products.products.

Southerners hated the tariffs and protested because they Southerners hated the tariffs and protested because they traded their cotton with Europe for manufactured goods. traded their cotton with Europe for manufactured goods. Now they would have to pay more for these items. Now they would have to pay more for these items. aj_013_nullification-part-1_h264.movaj_013_nullification-part-1_h264.mov Calhoun resigns and runs for Calhoun resigns and runs for SenateSenate

Some Southerners called for the Southern Some Southerners called for the Southern states to secede, or break away and form states to secede, or break away and form their own government. South Carolina their own government. South Carolina passed the passed the Nullification Act Nullification Act (1832)(1832) declaring declaring they would not pay the tariffs of 1828 and they would not pay the tariffs of 1828 and 1832 and threatened to secede.1832 and threatened to secede. aj_014_nullification-part-2_h264.movaj_014_nullification-part-2_h264.mov

Tariffs (1816-1828)

Tariff of 1816 = 25%Tariff of 1816 = 25% of the value of of the value of the item--received support throughout the item--received support throughout the nation, including that of John C. the nation, including that of John C. Calhoun..Calhoun..

Tariff of 1824. 35% ad valorem (Latin for according to value) and hiked duties on iron, woolens, cotton, hemp, and wool and cotton bagging.

Protest against the prospect and the constitutionality of higher tariffs began in 1826 and 1827 with William Branch Giles, who had the Virginia legislature pass resolutions denying the power of Congress to pass protective tariffs, citing the Virginia Resolutions of 1798 and James Madison's 1800 defense of them.

Abomination tariff of 1828: duties as high as 45 percent on the value of certain manufactured items.

Tariff of 1832: did lower the imposts to about the level of moderate Tariff of 1824, 35 percent. – but, it was still protective in nature and resentedresented by the South.

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IV. Cont.IV. Cont. The The Webster-Hayne DebateWebster-Hayne Debate was a response to these was a response to these

issues. issues. Senator Daniel Webster/SenSenator Daniel Webster/Sen. . Robert Hayne Robert Hayne January 19-27, January 19-27, 1830 1830 Hayne begins the debate. He contended that states, not the federal Hayne begins the debate. He contended that states, not the federal government, should control their lands and that states should have the right to set aside certain federal laws if government, should control their lands and that states should have the right to set aside certain federal laws if they wished. Daniel Webster of Massachusetts, the Senate's leading orator, responded by challenging the they wished. Daniel Webster of Massachusetts, the Senate's leading orator, responded by challenging the South's apparent willingness to subvert the Union for regional economic gain. In doing so, he broadened the South's apparent willingness to subvert the Union for regional economic gain. In doing so, he broadened the

debate beyond land, tariffs, and slavery to a consideration of the very nature ofthe federal republicdebate beyond land, tariffs, and slavery to a consideration of the very nature ofthe federal republic.. A few weeks later at the Jefferson day dinner the A few weeks later at the Jefferson day dinner the

President and Vice-President Calhoun face off.President and Vice-President Calhoun face off. Jackson defended the Union, saying Jackson defended the Union, saying it must be it must be

preserved!preserved! Vice President Calhoun was shocked. When Vice President Calhoun was shocked. When he won election to the Senate in he won election to the Senate in December 1832December 1832, , Calhoun resigned as vice president.Calhoun resigned as vice president.

The The nullification crisisnullification crisis grew, and the threat of the grew, and the threat of the Union splitting apart intensified during Union splitting apart intensified during 1832 when S.C 1832 when S.C leg. Passed the Nullification Act. leg. Passed the Nullification Act.

Jackson supported a compromise bill by Clay, lowering Jackson supported a compromise bill by Clay, lowering the tariff. the tariff.

South CarolinaSouth Carolina accepted the compromise tariff and accepted the compromise tariff and state leaders voted to put aside the state leaders voted to put aside the Nullification Act.Nullification Act. The crisis between a state and the federal government The crisis between a state and the federal government was over for the time being. was over for the time being.

Supposedly, late in life, after leaving the presidency, Jackson was asked if

he had any regrets. He answered: “” I have only two regrets: I didn’t shoot Henry Clay and I didn’t hang John C. Calhoun."Andrew Jackson

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Run Time: [26:41] Run Time: [26:41] The controversial election of 1824 gave the presidency to John Quincy Adams but set the stage for the 'Age of the Common The controversial election of 1824 gave the presidency to John Quincy Adams but set the stage for the 'Age of the Common Man,' when the country was run for the first time by a 'Washington outsider.' Learn about South Carolina's nullification crisis.Man,' when the country was run for the first time by a 'Washington outsider.' Learn about South Carolina's nullification crisis.

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Did You Know?Did You Know? In their war against In their war against

the United States, thethe United States, the SeminolesSeminoles used used guerrilla tacticsguerrilla tactics, , making surprise making surprise attacks and then attacks and then retreating back retreating back to to the the forestsforests. The word . The word guerrillaguerrilla comes from comes from a Spanish word for war, a Spanish word for war, guerra.guerra. The word was The word was first used first used to to describe describe Spanish-PortugueseSpanish-Portuguese rebels who helped the rebels who helped the Duke Duke of of WellingtonWellington drive the drive the FrenchFrench from the from the Iberian Iberian PeninsulaPeninsula during the during the wars wars of of 1809-1813.1809-1813. It’s either that or…It’s either that or…

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Chapter 11, Section 2Chapter 11, Section 2 I. Moving Native I. Moving Native

Americans (Pages Americans (Pages 341-344)341-344)

President Andrew President Andrew Jackson supported Jackson supported relocating Native relocating Native Americans Americans to to lands lands west west of of the the Mississippi River. Mississippi River.

Congress passed Congress passed the the Indian Removal Indian Removal Act in 1830.Act in 1830. The The federal government federal government paid Native paid Native Americans Americans to to move move west.west.

Jackson also sent officials Jackson also sent officials to to negotiate treaties with negotiate treaties with the southeastern Native the southeastern Native Americans. In Americans. In 18341834 Congress created the Congress created the Indian TerritoryIndian Territory (a region in (a region in present-day present-day OklahomaOklahoma) for ) for Native Americans from the Native Americans from the southeast. southeast. C:\Documents and Settings\KWalton\Desktop\ajpod_C:\Documents and Settings\KWalton\Desktop\ajpod_003_indian-removal_h264.mov003_indian-removal_h264.mov

The The Cherokee NationCherokee Nation refused refused to to give up its land give up its land in in GeorgiaGeorgia. In the Supreme . In the Supreme Court case Court case Worcester Worcester v. v. GeorgiaGeorgia in 1832, the in 1832, the Cherokee Cherokee sued Cherokee Cherokee sued the state. Chief Justice the state. Chief Justice Marshall ruled that Georgia Marshall ruled that Georgia had no right had no right to to interfere interfere with the Cherokee.with the Cherokee. President Jackson President Jackson disagreed and supported disagreed and supported Georgia's efforts Georgia's efforts to to remove remove the Cherokee.the Cherokee.

Born in Tennessee in around 1770, Sequoyah was the son of a white father and a Cherokee woman. Raised entirely as a Cherokee, although he often used his white name of George Gist or Guess, he served with the U.S. army of Andrew Jackson at the bloody Battle of Horseshoe Bend, Alabama and is recognized today as a soldier of the War of 1812. The Cherokee Alphabet was the only written language (1828) ever developed by a Native American tribe. As Sequoyah educated others in its use, the ability to read and write in their own language appealed to the Cherokee and use of the alphabet exploded in the nation.

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I. ContinuedI. Continued

In 1832 a few Cherokee signed a treaty giving In 1832 a few Cherokee signed a treaty giving up their land, but most up their land, but most of of the 17,000 Cherokee the 17,000 Cherokee refused refused to to honor it. In honor it. In 18381838 President Martin President Martin Van BurenVan Buren sends sends General Winfield ScottGeneral Winfield Scott and and an army an army of of 7,000 federal troops came 7,000 federal troops came to to remove the remove the CherokeeCherokee and threatened force if and threatened force if they did not leave. they did not leave.

The long Cherokee march west began and The long Cherokee march west began and became known as the became known as the Trail Trail of of TearsTears, the trail , the trail along which they cried.along which they cried.

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Run Time: [05:56] Run Time: [05:56] Learn about the relocation of Native American tribes to designated territories west of the Mississippi. Learn about the relocation of Native American tribes to designated territories west of the Mississippi. The most infamous of these mandatory removals was the Cherokees' 'Trail of Tears,' a thousand-mile The most infamous of these mandatory removals was the Cherokees' 'Trail of Tears,' a thousand-mile

forced march from Georgia to what is now Oklahoma.forced march from Georgia to what is now Oklahoma.

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II.II. Native American Native American ResistanceResistance

(Pages (Pages 344-345)344-345)

Black Hawk led a group of Sauk and Fox Black Hawk led a group of Sauk and Fox people back to Illinois in 1832 to recapture people back to Illinois in 1832 to recapture the land given up in a treaty.the land given up in a treaty.

The The SeminoleSeminole Osceola’s HeadOsceola’s Head people of Florida people of Florida successfully resisted removal. They went to successfully resisted removal. They went to war insteadwar instead

Only a few scattered groups of Native Only a few scattered groups of Native Americans lived east of the Mississippi River Americans lived east of the Mississippi River after 1842. after 1842. Most had been removed from their landsMost had been removed from their lands. . mapsmaps

Plaster life cast of Black Hawk, ca. 1830

The Indian Trade and Intercourse Act of 1834 created an Indian Territory (shown in red) that includedall United States territory west of the Mississippi, except the states of Louisiana and Missouri and the Territory of Arkansas. It also includedsome areas east of the Mississippi in present-day Florida, Michigan, Wisconsin and Minnesota to which Indian Title had not

been extinguished (these small isolates are not shown here).   

Bad Axe Battleground, 1856 (WHi-2531)

the concluding engagement of the Black Hawk War, on Aug. 2, 1832, during which American troops fired indiscriminately on men, women and children trapped between a gunboat in the Mississippi and soldiers on the bluffs above it, near the mouth of the Bad Axe River.

OH, by the way…Eager to make money off the name of his deceased patient, Dr. Frederick Weedon at Fort Moultrie, decapitated Osceola’s body, and embalmed his head. He also laid claim to many of Osceola's personal possessions and clothes, and made a death mask of Osceola. The mask, along with other objects that had belonged to the leader was sent to an army officer in Washington. The mask and other personal belongings ended up in the Smithsonian Institution's anthropology collection.

A drawn-out insult

Like a curious artifact, the head of Osceola passed through several pairs of hands. Dr. Weedon had given Osceola's head to his son-in-law, Daniel Whitehurst, who in turn sent it to Dr. Valentine Mott, a New York physician, in 1843. Mott placed Osceola's head in his Surgical and Pathological Museum. He later gave it to the Medical College of New York. Osceola's head disappeared in a fire that destroyed the museum in 1865.

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Did You Know?Did You Know?

President President William William Henry HarrisonHenry Harrison is is most known for catching most known for catching aa cold cold at his at his inauguration that turned inauguration that turned into pneumonia and into pneumonia and killed him. He was the killed him. He was the first president to die in first president to die in office. He was also the office. He was also the only president to have only president to have studied to become a studied to become a doctor.doctor.

Others who have taken Others who have taken a “dirt nap” while in a “dirt nap” while in office are…office are…

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Chapter 11, Section 3Chapter 11, Section 3

I. I. War Against the BankWar Against the Bank (Pages (Pages 348-351)348-351)

President Jackson challenged the Bank President Jackson challenged the Bank of the United States. He attacked it for of the United States. He attacked it for being an organization of the wealthy in being an organization of the wealthy in which the people had no control.. which the people had no control.. aj_019_bank-aj_019_bank-wars_h264.movwars_h264.mov

In 1832 Nicolas Biddle, the Bank's In 1832 Nicolas Biddle, the Bank's president, applied early for a new president, applied early for a new chartercharter from Congressfrom Congress even though even though the charter was good until 1836. the charter was good until 1836.

Jackson did veto the billJackson did veto the bill and and denounced the Bank for not caring denounced the Bank for not caring about the poor, only the wealthy.about the poor, only the wealthy.

Critics said--Jackson’s Approach to GoverningCritics said--Jackson’s Approach to Governing

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I. Cont.I. Cont.

In the In the 1832 presidential election, many people 1832 presidential election, many people supported Jackson's vetosupported Jackson's veto of the Bank charter. He of the Bank charter. He was reelected, receiving 219 electoral votes to Clay's was reelected, receiving 219 electoral votes to Clay's 49. 49. Martin Van BurenMartin Van Buren was elected vice president. was elected vice president.

Jackson decided on a plan to Jackson decided on a plan to "kill""kill" the Bank after he the Bank after he was reelected.was reelected.

Jackson did not run for a third term.Jackson did not run for a third term. The Democrats The Democrats selectedselected Martin Van BurenMartin Van Buren, , who faced opposition who faced opposition fromfrom the Whigsthe Whigs,, a new political party that included a new political party that included former former National Republicans and others National Republicans and others opposed to Jacksonopposed to Jackson.. Van Van Buren easily defeated his Buren easily defeated his Whig opponents and became president.Whig opponents and became president.

The The Panic of 1837Panic of 1837 hit right after Van Buren took hit right after Van Buren took office. office.

During the depression, thousands of businesses closed During the depression, thousands of businesses closed and hundreds of thousands of people lost joband hundreds of thousands of people lost job

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I. ContinuedI. Continued

The situation worsened and the The situation worsened and the administration did take a few administration did take a few steps although they had little steps although they had little effect on the crisis.effect on the crisis.

TheThe depressiondepression turned all the turned all the Jackson supporters against his Jackson supporters against his

friend and colleague friend and colleague President President Van BurenVan Buren..

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II. The Whigs Come to II. The Whigs Come to Power Power (Page (Page 351)351)

Democratic presidents had been in office for 12 Democratic presidents had been in office for 12 years.years. Now the Now the Whigs Whigs thought it was time to win the thought it was time to win the 1840 1840 election. They nominated election. They nominated William Henry HarrisonWilliam Henry Harrison, , a War of 1812 hero, like a War of 1812 hero, like Jackson. Jackson. John TylerJohn Tyler was Harrison's running mate. was Harrison's running mate. The Democrats nominated Van Buren.The Democrats nominated Van Buren.

B. B. The Whigs needed the support of the laborers The Whigs needed the support of the laborers and farmers who had voted for Jackson. A and farmers who had voted for Jackson. A log cabin log cabin to show that Harrison was "a man of the to show that Harrison was "a man of the peoplepeople

C. C. WilliamWilliam Henry HarrisonHenry Harrison became the first Whigbecame the first Whig presidentpresident. . He diedHe died (Dr. Zebra)(Dr. Zebra) in office four weeks in office four weeks later of pneumonia.later of pneumonia.

D. John Tyler became the presidentD. John Tyler became the president..

Model log cabin hoisted on a pole and carried in parades by supporters of William Henry Harrison during his 1840 presidential campaign.

Pitcher from Whig party 1840 campaignThe Whig Party's 1840 log-cabin campaign for William Henry Harrison brought popular electioneering to the masses. Among its many innovations was the sale of goods to loyal backers, such as this pitcher with campaign imagery.

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Why were the Whigs a Why were the Whigs a weak party, only holding weak party, only holding the presidency for one the presidency for one term?term?

The Whigs could not agree on a party platform and goals. They often voted along sectional ties. They were a divided party without much clout.

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Pick one of the essay questions below Pick one of the essay questions below to prepare for the chapter test.to prepare for the chapter test.

What was the “corrupt What was the “corrupt bargain” between Henry Clay bargain” between Henry Clay and John Quincy Adams?and John Quincy Adams?

How did the 1828 tariff create How did the 1828 tariff create a struggle between the North a struggle between the North and the South?and the South?