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Chapter 01Lecture and

Animation Outline

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1.1 The Human Body

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A. Introduction

1. Anatomy – structure of a part and its relationship to other structures

2. Physiology – function of a part, individually and as part of a system

3. The structure of a part suits the function of a part (they complement each other).

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B. Organization of Body Parts

1. Levels of Organizationa. Chemical – atoms, molecules, and

macromolecules that compose the cellular organelles that perform the functions of the cell

b. Cellular – basic unit of lifec. Tissue – similar cells that perform a specific

functiond. Organs – several types of tissues that perform a

specific functione. Organ Systems – several organs that work

together to perform related functionsf. Organism – all the systems that interact to make

the whole organism

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Levels of Organization

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1.2 Anatomical Terms

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A. Introduction

1. Anatomical terms are used to describe:a. Location of body partsb. Regions of the bodyc. Imaginary planes by which the body

can be sectioned

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Introduction, cont

2. Anatomical positiona. Common

reference point for all anatomical terms

b. Standing erect, face, palms, and toes facing forward, arms at sides

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B. Directional Terms

1. Anterior (ventral)/Posterior (dorsal)2. Superior/Inferior3. Medial/Lateral4. Proximal/Distal5. Superficial/Deep6. Central/Peripheral7. Ipsilateral/Contralateral

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Directional Terms

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C. Regions of the Body

1. Axial portion – head, neck, and trunk2. Appendicular portion – upper and lower

limbs

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Terms for body parts and areas

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D. Planes and Sections of the Body

1. Sagittal (median) plane – divides body into right and left portions

a. Midsagittal – exactly through the midline

b. Parasagittal – any cut not through the midline

2. Frontal (coronal) plane – divides body into anterior and posterior portions

3. Transverse (horizontal) plane – divides body into superior and inferior portions

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Body planes and sections

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1.3 Body cavities and membranes

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A. Posterior (dorsal) body cavity

1. Cranial cavity – contains the brain2. Vertebral canal – contains the spinal

cord3. Meninges – membranous layers lining

dorsal body cavity; contains cerebrospinal fluid to nourish and support the brain and spinal cord

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B. Anterior (ventral) body cavity

1. Thoracic cavitya. Medial portion (mediastinum) –

contains the heart (pericardial cavity), thymus gland, trachea, esophagus, and other structures

b. Right and left portions (pleural cavities) – contain the lungs

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Anterior (ventral) cavity, cont

2. Abdominopelvic cavitya. Superior portion (abdominal cavity) –

contains the stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, and most of the small and large intestines

b. Inferior portion (pelvic cavity) – contains the rectum, urinary bladder, internal reproductive organs, and the rest of the large intestine

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Major body cavities and membranes

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C. Ventral cavity membranes

1. Parietal serous membrane – line walls of anterior body cavities

a. Thoracic cavity 1) Parietal Pleura – lines thoracic

cavity2) Parietal pericardium – creates

pericardial cavityb. Abdominopelvic cavity

1) Parietal peritoneum – lines the wall of the abdominal cavity

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Ventral cavity membranes, cont

2. Visceral serous membrane – covers organs of the anterior body cavity

a. Thoracic cavity 1) Visceral pleura – covers lung tissue2) Visceral pericardium – covers heart

b. Abdominopelvic cavity 1) Visceral peritoneum – covers many

organs in abdominopelvic cavity

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Ventral cavity membranes, cont

1. A small amount of serous fluid is between the parietal and visceral layers that lubricates and reduces friction

2. Inflammation or infection of these membranes is a serious health issue

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Relationship between the body wall, serousmembranes, and organs

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D. Abdominopelvic regions and quadrants

1. Abdominopelvic regions - nine regionsa. Right and left hypochondriac, epigastricb. Right and left lumbar, umbilicalc. Right and left iliac, hypogastric

2. Four quadrantsa. Right upper, left upperb. Right lower, left lower

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Abdominopelvic regions & quadrants

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1.4 Organ Systems

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A. Support, Movement, and Protection

1. Integumentary Systema. Skin and accessory organsb. Protection, prevents infection & water

loss, regulate body temperature, sense organ, synthesizes chemicals

2. Skeletal Systema. Bones, cartilage, ligamentsb. Support, movement, mineral storage,

produces blood cells3. Muscular System

a. Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac musclesb. Movement, posture, heat production

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B. Integration and Coordination

1. Nervous Systema. Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organsb. Communication, control, and responses

2. Endocrine Systema. Hormone producing glands such as the

pituitary gland, adrenal gland, thyroid gland, etc

b. Communication, control, and responses

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C. Maintenance of the Body

1. Cardiovascular Systema. Heart and blood vesselsb. Transport

2. Lymphatic and Immune Systemsa. Spleen, tonsils, thymus, lymph nodes,

special cells and chemicalsb. Protect from disease

3. Respiratory Systema. Lungs and passagesb. Gas exchange

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Maintenance of the Body, cont

4. Digestive Systema. Mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines,

accessory organsb. Receive and break down food into

nutrients cells can use5. Urinary System

a. Kidneys, urinary bladder, tubesb. Remove nitrogenous waste, regulate

fluid level and chemical content of the blood

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D. Reproduction and Development

1. Male Reproductive Systema. Testes, ducts, glandsb. Produce sperm and male sex

hormones2. Female Reproductive System

a. Ovaries, ducts, uterusb. Produce ova and female sex hormones,

provide site for young development

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1.5 Homeostasis

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A. Introduction

1. Homeostasis is the relative constancy of the body’s internal environment

2. External conditions may change dramatically

3. Internal conditions stay within a narrow range

4. Dynamic equilibrium – internal conditions are not absolutely constant

5. Illness results if internal conditions change to any great degree

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B. Components of homeostatic mechanisms

1. Sensor – detects a change in the internal environment

2. Control center – activates the effector3. Effector – produces a response to the

change

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C. Negative feedback

1. Primary homeostatic mechanism2. Effector reverses the change in the

internal environment3. Keeps the variable close to the set point

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Negative feedback general pattern

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Mechanical example of negative feedback

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Body temperature regulation

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D. Positive feedback

1. Effector continues to stimulate the sensor so that a greater change in the internal environment occurs

2. Helps in completing a process that has a cutoff pointa. Blood clottingb. Childbirth

3. Can be harmful

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Positive feedback

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E. Homeostasis and body systems

1. All body systems contribute towards maintaining homeostasis.

2. Each system affects the other systems.

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Human systems work together

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Human systems work together

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F. Disease occurs when homeostasis fails

1. Local disease – restricted to a specific part of the body

2. Systemic disease – affects several organs systems or the entire body

3. Acute disease – occurs suddenly and lasts a short time

4. Chronic disease – develops slowly and is long term