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Computer information systems Design

Instructor: Mr. Ahmed Al Astal

IGGC1202College Requirement

University Of Palestine

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Modern Systems Analysisand Design

Fourth Edition

Jeffrey A. Hoffer Joey F. George

Joseph S. Valacich

Chapter 10

Designing Databases

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Learning ObjectivesDefine each of the following database terms

• Relation• Primary key• Normalization• Functional dependency• ERdiagram• Referential integrity• Field• Data type• Null value• Denormalization• File organization• Index

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Learning ObjectivesDiscuss the role of designing databases in the

analysis and design of an information systemLearn how to transform an Entity-Relationship

(ER) Diagram into an equivalent set of well-structured relations

Learn how to merge normalized relations from separate user views into a consolidated set of well-structured relations

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Learning ObjectivesExplain choices of storage formats for database

fieldsLearn how to transform well-structured relations

into efficient database tablesDiscuss use of different types of file

organizations to store database filesDiscuss indexes and their purpose

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Purpose of Database Design• Structure the data in stable structures, called

normalized tables– Not likely to change over time– Minimal redundancy

• Develop a logical database design that reflects actual data requirements

• Develop a logical database design from which a physical database design can be developed.

• Translate a relational database model into a technical file and database design that balances several performance factors

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Process of Database Design • Logical Design

– Based upon the conceptual data model– Four key steps

1. Develop a logical data model for each known user interface for the application using normalization principles

2. Combine normalized data requirements from all user interfaces into one consolidated logical database model

3. Translate the conceptual E-R data model for the application into normalized data requirements

4. Compare the consolidated logical database design with the translated E-R model and produce one final logical database model for the application

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Process of Database Design• Physical Design

– Based upon results of logical database design– Key decisions

1. Choosing storage format for each attribute from the logical database model

2. Grouping attributes from the logical database model into physical records

3. Arranging related records in secondary memory (hard disks and magnetic tapes) so that records can be stored, retrieved and updated rapidly

4. Selecting media and structures for storing data to make access more efficient

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Deliverables and Outcomes• Logical database design

- must account for every data element on a system input or output.

- Normalized relations are the primary deliverable

• Physical database design– Converting relations into database tables

and files.

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Relational Database Model• Relational Database: data represented as a

set of related tables (or relations).

• Relation: a named, two-dimensional table of data.

Each relation consists of a set of named columns and an arbitrary number of unnamed rows

• Well-Structured Relation: a relation that contains a minimum amount of redundancy and allows users to insert, modify, and delete the rows without errors or inconsistencies

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Well-Structured Relation Example

No redundancy, and data pertains to a single entity, an employee

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Poorly Structured Relation Example

Redundancies, because data pertains to a two entities, employees and the courses they take

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Properties of a Relation• Entries in cells are simple.• Entries in columns are from the same set of

values.• Each row is unique.• The sequence of columns can be

interchanged without changing the meaning or use of the relation.

• The rows may be interchanged or stored in any sequence.

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