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1 BASIC LEGAL CONCEPTS
BASISBEGRIPPEN
Positive or objective law1 is the body ofrules that govern and regulate society.2
Private or civil law3 is the law that applies topersons in their relations with each other.
Dutch civil law is laid down in the DutchCivil Code,4 which comprises the followingareas of law: the law of persons and familylaw,5 the law of juridical persons,6 patri-monial law,7 the law of property,8 the lawof inheritance,9 the law of obligations10
and contract law,11 including special con-tracts,12 and the law of transport.13
Business law14 deals with the rules involvedin conducting a business.15
Public law16 is the law governing the rela-tionship between a state and its people.
Constitutional law17 defines the principalbodies of government, the distribution ofpowers,18 and the influence citizens can exerton19 government.
Administrative law20 is the law governingthe powers that the state has to regulate life insociety.
Criminal law21 involves the state actingthrough the Public Prosecution Service22
to enforce rules upon citizens by means ofsanctions.
1 positief recht2 samenleving
3 burgerlijk recht
4 Burgerlijk Wetboek 5 personen-en familierecht 6 rechtsperso-
nenrecht; 7 vermogensrecht8 goederenrecht; 9 erfrecht
10 verbintenissenrecht11 overeenkomstenrecht
12 bijzondere overeenkomsten13 vervoersrecht
14 ondernemingsrecht15 bedrijf
16 publiekrecht
17 staatsrecht
18 bevoegdheden19 uitoefenen (van invloed)
20 bestuursrecht
21 strafrecht22 Openbaar Ministerie
1
In the Netherlands, an Act23 is any rule thathas come into existence through legislative24
cooperation between the government25 andthe States-General or Parliament.26
A law or statute27 is any rule aimed at anindefinite and not specifically named numberof persons. A law should issue from28 acompetent government body.29
A treaty30 is an agreement31 between two ormore states that may be bilateral,32 i.e. betweentwo states, or multilateral,33 i.e. between morethan two states. Case law34 is law embodied injudicial decisions35 by the courts of law.36
Case law is founded upon the principle oflegal certainty,37 according to which decisionsby superior courts have precedent effect.38
Methods of interpretation39 help the judgeinterpret and explain vague concepts. In theNetherlands the literal rule,40 the anticipa-tory,41 the comparative,42 systematic andhistorical methods are applied.43
Customary law44 is unwritten law that appliesbecause it is always observed within a particulargroup in society. This group considers it their legalduty to observe45 these customary rules.
Substantive law46 is that part of law thatdeals with legal rights and duties.
Procedural or adjective law47 deals with theright to take legal action. It provides rules ondeciding which court to go to, matters of legalprocedure and the applicable limitationperiods.48
23 wet in formele zin24 wetgevende25 regering26 parlement
27 wet in materiële zin
28 afkomstig zijn van29 overheidsorgaan
30 verdrag; 31 overeenkomst32 bilateraal33 multilateraal34 jurisprudentie35 beslissingen, uitspraken36 gerechten, rechterlijke instanties37 rechtszekerheidsbeginsel38 precedentwerking
39 interpretatiemethoden40 grammaticale methode41 anticiperende42 rechtsvergelijkende43 toegepast
44 gewoonterecht
45 opvolgen
46 materieel recht
47 formeel recht
48 termijnen
CHAPTER 1 BASIC LEGAL CONCEPTS
2
Coercive law49 is law from which persons maynot deviate.50 If they do, legal rules apply.
Permissive law or ius dispositum51 is lawfrom which persons may deviate and that onlyapplies when parties have not agreed upon aparticular issue.
Law52 results from the current sources oflaw,53 statutes, laws, treaties, case law andcustomary law. The writings of legal scho-lars54 may carry weight, but are not conside-red sources of law.
In the Netherlands, students who wish tobecome a lawyer55 have to obtain an LLMdegree56 from one of the law schools orfaculties of law.57
In the Netherlands, a law degree course58
consists of a preliminary or propaedeuticyear,59 and the end of which students areawarded their first-year or propaedeuticcertificate.60 This is followed by two yearsof obligatory courses61 and optional cour-ses or options,62 leading to the bachelor’sdegree.63 An additional year of lectures64
and tutorials65 and the writing of a master’sthesis.66 The master’s degree is one of theentry requirements67 for admission to thebar68 is unclear.
In recent years placements69 have becomemore important for law students. It enablesthem, for example, to gain an impression ofwhat it is like to be employed by a law firm70
as a trainee attorney-at-law.71
49 dwingend recht50 afwijken
51 aanvullend recht
52 objectief recht53 rechtsbronnen
54 doctrine
55 jurist56 graad van master
57 juridische faculteiten
58 rechtenopleiding
59 propedeuse60 propedeusediploma61 verplichte cursussen
62 keuzevakken63 graad van bachelor
64 hoorcolleges65 werkcolleges
66 masters- of doctoraalscriptie67 toelatingseisen
68 toelating tot de balie
69 stages
70 advocatenkantoor71 advocaat-stagiaire
BASISBEGRIPPEN HOOFDSTUK 1
3
2 JURIDICAL ACTS AND CONTRACTS
RECHTSHANDELINGEN EN OVEREENKOMSTEN
A juristic fact72 is a legally relevant factbecause there is a legal rule that states that ithas legal consequences.73
Bare juristic facts74 are facts that have legalconsequences, but whose occurrence cannotbe influenced. Some examples of bare juristicfacts are birth, death and the coming of age.75
Factual acts76 are acts that may carry legalconsequences regardless of 77 whether thoseconsequences are willed.
A juridical act78 is a juristic fact that isintended.79 The prototypical legal act is thecontract.
A voidable juridical act80 is a juridical actthat has legal effect81 until it is nullified/voided82 by an extrajudicial statement83 ora judicial decision.
A nullity84 is a juridical act that is consideredto be void from the beginning.
Incapacity85 is the inability to perform invi-olable juridical acts.86 Minors,87 personsin ward88 and those placed, by judicialorder,89 in an institution for the insane90
are incapable.91
Juridical acts are void if their content92
or necessary implications93 conflict withpublic morals94 or public order.95
72 rechtsfeit
73 rechtsgevolgen
74 blote rechtsfeiten
75 meerderjarig worden
76 feitelijke handelingen77 ongeacht
78 rechtshandeling79 beoogd
80 vernietigbare rechtshandeling81 rechtskracht
82 vernietigd 83 buitengerechte-lijke verklaring
84 nietige rechtshandeling
85 handelingsonbekwaamheid86 onaantastbare rechtshandelingen87 minderjarigen; 88 onder curatele
89 op grond van een rechterlijkbevel; 90 psychiatrische inrichting
91 handelingsonbekwaam92 inhoud
93 strekking94 goede zeden 95 openbare orde
5
Certain categories of officials are disquali-fied96 from performing juridical acts aimedat the acquisition97 of property.
Non-obligatory juridical acts98 performedby debtors to the detriment of 99 theircreditors are voidable.
Under Dutch law, agency100 may exist byoperation of law,101 by tacit or expressprocuration or power of attorney102 or bymandate.103 Three parties are involved: theprincipal,104 the agent, attorney, or man-datary105 and the third party.106
A binding or obligatory contract107 is anagreement between two or more persons,resulting in one or more obligations.108
A reciprocal contract109 is an agreement bywhich both parties acquire a right and take ona duty.
A unilateral contract110 is an agreementresulting in only one obligation, wherebyone party obtains a right and the other partytakes on a duty.
An accessory contract111 is a contract that isincidental to another or principal obligation.
A subscription112 is an example of a con-tinuing performance contract.113
Offer and acceptance114 are acts performedby at least two persons and are essential to acontract.
An irrevocable offer115 cannot be revokedbecause an express term has been set withinwhich the offer can be accepted.
96 handelingsonbevoegd97 verkrijging
98 onverplichte rechtshandelingen99 ten nadele van
100 vertegenwoordiging101 van rechtswege102 volmacht; 103 lastgeving104 principaal105 vertegenwoordiger, gevol-machtigde, of lasthebber; 106 derde
107 obligatoire overeenkomst
108 verbintenissen
109 wederkerige overeenkomst
110 eenzijdige overeenkomst
111 accessoire overeenkomst
112 abonnement113 duurovereenkomst
114 aanbod en aanvaarding
115 onherroepelijk aanbod
CHAPTER 2 JURIDICAL ACTS AND CONTRACTS
6
According to the doctrine of will andreliance,116 a statement that is contrary towill cannot lead to a contract. Nevertheless, acontract exists if the other party had reason toassume that there was no conflict between willand expression of will.
Vitiated consent117 is a legal concept118 thatmay lead to annulment of a contract becausethe consent119 was defective, although willand intent do correspond.120 The followingforms of vitiated consent exist under Dutchlaw: error,121 threat122 and fraud123 andabuse of circumstances.124
The restrictive effect of reasonablenessand fairness125 may cause part of a contractthat is unreasonable or unfair to be consideredas never having been written and thereforeinapplicable126 to the legal relationship betweenthe parties involved.
The supplementing effect of reasonablenessand fairness127 may bring into effect legalobligations between parties, although there isno explicit agreement on these obligations inthe contract.
An exemption or exclusion clause128 is astipulation129 that one of the contractingparties has excluded itself from liability130
for damage131 to the other party.
A guaranty/guarantee132 is a stipulation inwhich one of the contracting parties agrees tocompensate133 particular types of damage ifthey occur, whereas it could not be held tocompensation without that stipulation.
116 wils- en vertrouwensleer
117 wilsgebrek; 118 rechtsfiguur
119 wil120 overeenkomen
121 dwaling; 122 bedreiging123 bedrog; 124 misbruik van
omstandigheden
125 beperkende werking vanredelijkheid en billijkheid
126 niet van toepassing
127 aanvullende werking vanredelijkheid en billijkheid
128 exoneratiebeding129 beding
130 aansprakelijkheid131 schade
132 garantieverplichting
133 vergoeden
RECHTSHANDELINGEN EN OVEREENKOMSTEN HOOFDSTUK 2
7
Breach of contract134 is non-performance,135
late or inferior performance136 of that towhich one is bound.
Performance137 is a claim138 for the otherparty to act in accordance with the contract.
A fungible chose139 is a chose that is identicalto others of the same nature.
A chose in specie140 is a chose that possessescertain individuality. The distinction betweena fungible and in specie chose may be ofimportance if, for example, delivery is claimedof goods that have been destroyed.
Alternative compensation141 is claimedwhen performance of the contract by the otherparty is waived142 and damages are soughtwhich result from non-performance.
Additional damages143 are claimed wheninstead of or in addition to performance,dissolution144 or damages in lieu of perfor-mance damages for delay or consequences aresought as a result of non-performance.
A notice of default145 is a written notificationto the debtor146 that he must fulfil his con-tractual obligations.
A notice of cancellation147 is a notice to thedebtor that he is discharged from performanceand that alternative compensation will besought.
The debtor is in default148 when he hasallowed the term specified in the default noticeto expire.149
134 wanprestatie135 niet-nakoming 136 ondeug-delijke nakoming
137 nakoming; 138 vordering
139 genuszaak
140 specieszaak
141 vervangende schadevergoeding
142 afzien van nakoming
143 aanvullende schadevergoeding
144 ontbinding
145 ingebrekestelling146 schuldenaar
147 omzettingsmededeling
148 verzuim
149 verstrijken
CHAPTER 2 JURIDICAL ACTS AND CONTRACTS
8
Force majeure150 exists when the debtorcannot be ordered151 to pay damages becauseevents have occurred due to which he isunable to perform. It has to be proven thatthe debtor is not to blame and that the law, acontract, or generally accepted views152 donot make the debtor liable.
Dissolution153 may be claimed followingnon-performance of the debtor. Both partiesare discharged from the obligations emanatingfrom the contract. Discharge for breach has noretroactive effect.154
The right to suspend performance155 isthe right not to perform until the otherparty does. The right to suspend performancecan be exercised by invoking the exceptionon adimpleti contractus156 or the right ofretention.157
150 overmacht151 veroordelen (burgerlijk
procesrecht)
152 verkeersopvattingen
153 ontbinding
154 terugwerkende kracht
155 opschortingsrecht
156 exceptio non adimpleticontractus
157 retentierecht
RECHTSHANDELINGEN EN OVEREENKOMSTEN HOOFDSTUK 2
9
3 SOME SPECIAL CONTRACTS
BIJZONDERE OVEREENKOMSTEN
A purchase agreement158 is concluded159
when one party commits itself to giving achose, in exchange for the payment of a priceby the other party.
A consumer sale160 is the purchase by aprivate161 buyer of a movable chose from aretailer.162 Consumers are afforded extra protec-tion, in that the rights and actions that the lawprovides against breach of contract may not beexcluded or limited. General conditions163 tothis effect are considered unreasonablyonerous.164
Goods165 delivered must conform with thedescription or sample and be fit for theirparticular purpose. In the case of non-conformity,166 the purchase agreement isgenerally voidable.
If a buyer fails to pay the price for goodsreceived, the seller may reclaim or bring anaction for revendication or exercise hisright of revendication of those goods167
In a barter or exchange contract168 partiesagree to reciprocally169 exchange goods.
A commission contract170 is an agreementunder which a commissionee171 undertakesto perform a task of an intangible nature for aclient or customer,172 without there being arelationship of employment between parties.Two specific commission contracts are the
158 koopovereenkomst159 sluiten (v.e. overeenkomst)
160 consumentenkoop161 particuliere
162 detaillist
163 algemene voorwaarden
164 onredelijk bezwarend
165 artikelen, dingen
166 non-conformiteit
167 reclameren, reclamerechtuitoefenen, revindiceren
168 ruilovereenkomst169 wederzijds, over en weer
170 overeenkomst van opdracht171 opdrachtnemer
172 opdrachtgever
11
intermediary contract173 and the agencyagreement.174
Mandate175 is a contract under which a man-datary176 undertakes to perform juridical actsfor the account of the mandator.177
Under a contract for medical treatment178
the aid worker179 commits himself to performmedical operations for the benefit of a client orthird party patient.
A travel contract180 is in force between atraveller and the tour operator181 whoorganises a package tour182 lasting at leasttwenty-four hours and comprising183 trans-portation,184 stay185 or another tourist serviceessential to the tour. The contract must beexecuted186 in conformity with the tourist’sreasonable expectations.
Deposit187 involves the placing by a deposi-tor188 of a movable or immovable chose witha depositary,189 who undertakes to preserveand return that specific chose to him, inexchange for pay.
Suretyship190 is a contract whereby asurety191 obliges himself towards a creditorto perform an obligation that a third party, theprincipal debtor,192 has or will have towardthe creditor.
By means of a contract of settlement193
parties ascertain what is right by law betweenthem194 and thus solve existing or preventpotential disputes about that.
In the contract for sale and purchase ofgoods in instalments195 parties agree that
173 bemiddelingsovereenkomst174 agentuurovereenkomst
175 lastgeving176 lastnemer177 lastgever
178 overeenkomst inzakegeneeskundige behandeling179 hulpverlener
180 reisovereenkomst181 reisorganisator182 pakketreis, georganiseerde reis183 omvattend184 vervoer; 185verblijf
186 uitvoeren (v.e. overeenkomst)
187 bewaarneming188 bewaargever189 bewaarnemer
190 borgtocht191 borg
192 hoofdschuldenaar
193 vaststellingsovereenkomst
194 wat rechtens tussen hen geldt
195 koop en verkoop opafbetaling
CHAPTER 3 SOME SPECIAL CONTRACTS
12
the purchase price is paid in two or moreinstalments196 after the goods sold havebeen delivered to the buyer. The contracttakes effect197 as soon as the parties havedecided on the purchase price.
Hire purchase198 is the sale and purchase ininstalments, whereby the parties agree that theownership of the goods sold does not pass199
by the sole200 delivery of the goods, but bythe fulfilment of the suspensory condition201
of full payment of what the buyer is owingpursuant to the contract.
A tenancy agreement (for immovable or realproperty) or lease (immovables or mova-bles)202 is a contract whereby one party, thelandlord or lessor, grants the other party, thetenant or lessee, the enjoyment of a chose for aspecific period of time, in exchange for aspecified rent or compensation. There arespecial provisions for the rent of houses andbusiness premises.203
An agricultural holding or farming lease<US>204 is a tenancy of agricultural land.
Under Dutch law tenancy agreements arenot affected by sale.205
A gift or donation inter vivos206 is a con-tract under which one party, the donor207
gives a bien to another party, the donee,208
for no consideration.209
Dutch law distinguishes between a loan for useor commodatum210 on the one hand, and theloan for consumption or mutuum.211 The
196 betalingstermijnen
197 wordt van kracht
198 huurkoop
199 overgaan (v. eigendom)200 enkele
201 opschortende voorwaarde
202 overeenkomst van huur enverhuur
203 bedrijfsruimte
204 pachtovereenkomst
205 koop breekt geen huur
206 schenking207 schenker
208 begiftigde209 om niet
210 bruiklening211 verbruiklening
BIJZONDERE OVEREENKOMSTEN HOOFDSTUK 3
13
former must be specifically returned, the latterin kind.212
An aleatory contract213 is a mutual agree-ment of which the effects, both as to benefitsand losses, whether to all parties or to some ofthem depend upon an uncertain event.
The contract of insurance214 is an aleatorycontract under which one party, the insureror underwriter,215 undertakes to make pay-ment to the other party, the insured216 and/or policyholder,217 in exchange for pre-mium payments.218 On entering into thecontract, parties not know whether, when orto which amount payment will be due. Thecontract is laid down in a written document,called the insurance policy.219 Two maintypes of contracts are distinguished: the in-demnity insurance220 and the contingencyinsurance.221
An annuity contract222 obliges the insurerto make periodic payments to the annuitantfor life or for a term of years, in exchange forthe payment of premiums or a singlepremium.223
Book 8 of the New Dutch Civil Code makesprovision for carriage,224 ownership andregistration of means of carriage,225
vessels226 and aircraft,227 forwardingagents,228 carriage of goods and personsby sea229 inland navigation,230 shippingcompanies,231 bills of lading,232 the lawof transport by road and by air,233
carriage by railway,234 transportationcontracts,235 removal or relocationcontracts236 accidents and average,237 thetransportation of hazardous substances.238
212 naar soort
213 kansovereenkomst
214 verzekeringsovereenkomst
215 verzekeraar216 verzekerde217 verzekeringnemer218 premiebetalingen
219 verzekeringspolis
220 schadeverzekering221 sommenverzekering
222 overeenkomst van lijfrenten
223 koopsom
224 vervoer van personen engoederen225 vervoersmiddelen226 vaartuigen227 luchtvaartuigen; 228 expediteurs229 zeevervoer; 230 binnenvaart231 rederijen; 232 cognossementen233 weg- en luchtvervoersrecht234 vervoer langs spoorstaven235 vervoerovereenkomsten236 verhuisovereenkomsten237 averij 238 gevaarlijke stoffen
CHAPTER 3 SOME SPECIAL CONTRACTS
14
The gaming contract239 is an aleatory con-tract, involving the playing of a game ofchance for money. No action can be broughtfor the recovery of money won.
Bills of exchange,240 promissory notes241
and cheques242 are now still dealt with in theCommercial Code,243 but will move toBook 7 of the New Dutch Civil Code.
239 overeenkomst van spel enweddingschap
240 wisselbrief; 241 orderbriefjes242 cheques
243 Wetboek van Koophandel
BIJZONDERE OVEREENKOMSTEN HOOFDSTUK 3
15
4 LAWFUL AND UNLAWFUL ACTS (TORTS)
RECHTMATIGE EN ONRECHTMATIGE DADEN
A tort or unlawful act244 is a breach ofright,245 an act246 or omission247 violating astatutory duty or a rule of unwritten lawpertaining to proper social conduct.248
In the latter case one could also speak of aviolation of the general duty of care.249
A breach of right250 is a violation251 of asubjective right, such as the right of owner-ship,252 derived from law.
Endangerment253 is the causing of a dange-rous situation that a normal, rationally thinkingand acting person does not have to take intoconsideration.
Imputation:254 an unlawful act can beimputed255 to its author256 if it results fromhis fault257 or from a cause for which he isanswerable according to law or the generallyaccepted view.
Liability based on fault258 is the cornerstoneof the Dutch law of obligations,259 alsowith respect to the unlawful act: one is liableif one can be reproached260 for the act.
There has been a shift in the doctrine ofunlawful act, whereby strict liability261 istaking the place of liability based on fault.Strict liability means that one bears the con-sequences of an unlawful act, regardless ofwhether one can be reproached for it. Strictliability exists for parents and guardians262
244 onrechtmatige daad245 inbreuk op een recht; 246 eendoen; 247 een nalaten 248 hetgeenvolgens ongeschreven recht in het
maatschappelijk verkeer betaamt249 zorgvuldigheidsnorm
250 inbreuk op een recht251 inbreuk, schending
252 eigendomsrecht
253 gevaarzetting
254 toerekening255 toerekenen; 256 (civiele)
dader; 257 schuld
258 schuldaansprakelijkheid259 verbintenissenrecht
260 verwijten
261 risico-aansprakelijkheid
262 voogden
17
whose children have not yet reached the age offourteen, for possessors of animals or build-ings and structures permanently fixed tothe ground,263 for users of buildings forbusiness purposes and for employers264
whose employees265 have committed anunlawful act.
Consumer protection is achieved by imposingproduct liability266 upon producers of faultygoods for damage caused by those goods.
Article 185 of the Road Traffic Act267 holdsmotorists,268 motorcyclists269 and personsriding a moped270 liable — force majeureexcepted271 — for damage resulting froma collision between their vehicles272 andcyclists273 or pedestrians.274
Damage can be divided into pecuniary275
and moral or non-pecuniary damage.276
Pecuniary damage in its turn can be dividedinto loss,277 loss of profit278 and reasonableexpenses incurred to prevent or limit thedamage.279 Moral damage is caused ifsomeone has suffered physical injury,280 injuryto his honour or reputation or if this personhas otherwise been harmed (e.g. infringementof privacy).281 In the event of moral damagenon-economic damages282 can be claimed.
There has to be a causal connection283
between the damage and the unlawful act.The damage is too remote284 if it had occurredwithout the unlawful act having beencommitted.
A justification ground or ground of justi-fication285 exists in case of self-defence,286
force majeure,287 existence of a legal
263 opstallen264 werkgevers265 werknemers
266 productaansprakelijkheid
267 Wegenverkeerswet (WVW)268 automobilisten; 269 motor-rijders; 270 bromfietsers271 behoudens overmacht272 voertuigen; 273 fietsers274 voetgangers
275 vermogensschade276 immateriële schade
277 geleden verlies 278 gederfdewinst279 redelijke kosten, gemaakt tervoorkoming of beperking vande schade; 280 lichamelijk letsel
281 inbreuk op de privésfeer282 smartengeld
283 causaal verband
284 verwijderd
285 rechtvaardigingsgrond286 noodweer287 overmacht
CHAPTER 4 LAWFUL AND UNLAWFUL ACTS (TORTS)
18
duty,288 or official orders.289 A ground ofjustification makes an act, which at first appearsunlawful, not tortuitous.290
Contributory negligence291 may reduce thedamages awarded292 to the plaintiff.
The members of a group of persons may beheld jointly and severally liable293 for damagecaused by an individual member, if the risk ofthis damage should have stopped them fromtheir group conduct and this conduct can beimputed to them.
The protective norm criterion or theory294
states that there is no civil liability where thedamage lies outside the scope of the violatedrule or where it is suffered by a person the ruledid not intend to protect. As with justificationgrounds, the protective norm theory need notbe proven by the claimant <UK>/plain-tiff;295 it is a defence.296
The theory of adequate causation297 statesthat the extent298 of the damage is to bedefined by asking the question which damagewas reasonably foreseeable.299
Imputation according to reasonable-ness300 is the central criterion adopted nowa-days to determine which damage must becompensated by the person who has causedthe damage. What is reasonable depends onthe nature of the liability and the nature andforseeability of the damage.
Judicial moderation301 may occur if awardingfull reparation of damages would lead to obvi-ously unacceptable consequences. The govern-ment may order limitation of liability302
288 wettelijk voorschrift289 ambtelijk bevel
290 onrechtmatig
291 eigen schuld292 toegekend
293 hoofdelijk aansprakelijk
294 relativiteitsvereiste
295 eiser296 verweermiddel
297 adequatieleer298 omvang
299 te voorzien
300 toerekening naarredelijkheid
301 matiging
302 limitering
RECHTMATIGE EN ONRECHTMATIGE DADEN HOOFDSTUK 4
19
to prevent certain forms of liability frombecoming uninsurable.
Lawful acts303 are voluntary managementof another’s affairs,304 undue payment305
and unjustified enrichment.306
Voluntary management of another’s affairsoccurs307 when a person consciously andwith good reason undertakes to look afterthe interest of another without having thepower to do so pursuant to308 a statute oranother legal relationship provided for else-where by law.
Undue payment occurs when someone pays asum of money to another without legalground309 (e.g. contract) and thereforewithout legal obligation.
Unlawful enrichment occurs when a personhas been unjustifiably enriched at the expenseof 310 another, while a legal relationshipexisted between the persons involved.311
Apart from damages, the injured party mayseek a declaratory judgment,312 a courtorder313 or injunction314 or rectification.315
Actions may be barred by limitation,316 butthe completion of the limitation period317
may be interrupted318 by an action orprolonged.319
303 rechtmatige daden304 zaakwaarneming305 onverschuldigde betaling306 ongerechtvaardigde verrijking
307 geschieden, zich voordoen
308 overeenkomstig
309 rechtsgrond
310 ten koste van311 de betrokken personen
312 verklaring voor recht313 rechterlijk gebod; 314 rechter-lijk verbod; 315 rectificatie
316 verjaren317 verjaringstermijn318 gestuit319 verlengen
20
CHAPTER 4 LAWFUL AND UNLAWFUL ACTS (TORTS)
5 THE LAW OF PROPERTY
GOEDERENRECHT
The law of property320 is that part of patri-monial law which regulates321 the relations-hip between persons and their biens.322
Property is the collective term for all choses323
and patrimonial rights.324
A chose325 is any tangible corporealobject326 that may be controlled by humanbeings. Choses are either movable327 orimmovable.328
Patrimonial rights329 are rights that have aparticular financial value. An example of apatrimonial right is copyright.
A real right330 is a right which one canexercise against anyone who encroachesupon331 upon it.
A personal right332 is a right that one canexercise against one or more persons specifiedby name.333
Droit de suite334 is typical of a real right. Itmeans that a right is attached to the propertyitself, no matter who is in possession of thatproperty.
A residual right335 is a real right that isderived from a more extensive right calledthe parental right.336 The residual right limitsthe parental right.
320 goederenrecht321 regelen; reguleren
322 goederen
323 zaken324 vermogensrechten
325 zaak326 vatbaar, stoffelijk object
327 roerend328 onroerend
329 vermogensrechten
330 absoluut recht
331 inbreuk maken op
332 relatief recht
333 met name genoemd
334 zaaksgevolg
335 beperkt recht
336 moederrecht
21