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(Based on text: David A. Patterson & John L. Hennessy, Computer Organization and Design: The Hardware/Software Interface, 3rd Ed., Morgan Kaufmann, 2007)

IntroductioIntroductionn

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COURSE CONTENTSCOURSE CONTENTS IntroductionIntroduction Instructions Computer Arithmetic Performance Processor: Datapath Processor: Control Pipelining Techniques Memory Input/Output Devices

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INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

Overview the Computer Systems Evolution of Memory and Processor Historical Perspective Levels of Representation

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A Desktop A Desktop ComputerComputer

A desktop computer (left figure) Motherboard, I/O interface board, board for memory chips, power

supply, disk drives (right figure)

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Inside a PCInside a PC

Patterson & Henessey, Morgan Kaufmann 2007

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PC PC MotherboardMotherboard

Intel Pentium 4 processor - upper left, covered by metal fins (heat sink) Main memory DRAM – middle, small board perpendicular to mother board (DIMMs) The rest – mostly connectors for external I/O devices

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Processor Chip - Processor Chip - 11

Earlier Intel Pentium Chip

Data

cache

Instruction

cache

Bus

Integer

data-

path

Floating-

point

data-path

BranchControl

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Processor Chip - Processor Chip - 22

Intel Pentium 4Intel Pentium 4 – die photo (Henessey & Patterson, Morgan Kaufmann 2003)

Intel Pentium 4 with 3 GHz - package (intel 2003)

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Processor Chip - Processor Chip - 33

Intel Pentium 4

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Hardware / Hardware / SoftwareSoftware

Hardware: physical components

System software: operating system, compiler, ....

Application software: PowerPoint, spreadsheet, ...

System software

Application software

Hardware

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Five Classic Components Five Classic Components of of a Computer + Networka Computer + Network

Datapath:Datapath: performs arithmetic & logic operation

Control:Control: tells datapath, memory, I/O what to do according to instructions

Memory:Memory: stores programs + datacache (SRAM): small & fastDRAM: main memoryoptical disk (CD, DVD), magnetic disk, FLASH, magnetic tapes: secondary, nonvolatile

Input:Input: inputs instructions, data, etc.; e.g. keyboard, mouse (electromech optical), disk...

Output:Output: outputs results, information, etc.; e.g. monitor (flat-panel LCDs or CRT), printer, disk, …

Network:Network: communicates with other computers, resource sharing, non-local accesses; e.g. LAN, Internet, ...

Input Output

Datapath

Memory

Control

CPU

Network

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A Historical A Historical PerspectivePerspective

1946: J. Presper Eckert & John Mauchly (U. Penn.) announced ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator). It used vacuum tubes and performed 1900 adds/sec

John von Neumann joined Eckert & Mauchly and built EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer), a stored-program computer

1948: U. Manchester built Mark-I, first operational, stored-program computer

1949: Maurice Wilkes (Camb. U.) built EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator), first full-scale, operational, stored-program computer

1940s: Other pioneers include Konrad Zuse (Germany), Alan Turing (UK) 1940s: Howard Aiken (Harvard) built Mark-III & Mark-IV, with separate

memories for instructions & data, hence Harvard Architecture 1947: Whirlwind started at MIT, using magnetic core memory 1951: 1st successful commercial computer, UNIVAC I (Universal

Automatic Computer), built and sold (Remington-Rand / Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corp.)

1952: IBM shipped IBM 701

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A Historical A Historical PerspectivePerspective

1964: IBM Syst/360. IBM/360 architectures dominated large computer market

1965: DEC unveiled PDP-8, 1st commercial minicomputer 1971: Intel invented 1st microprocessor, Intel 4004 1963: Seymour Cray at CDC announced CDC 6600, 1st supercomputer 1976: Cray announced Cray-I, then fastest supercomputer No single fountainhead for personal computer 1977: Apple II by Steve Jobs & Steve Wozniak set stds for low cost high

volume 1981: IBM announced IBM PC and became the best-selling computer of

any kind; its success gave Intel the most popular microprocessor and Microsoft the most popular operating system

1990s: Multimedia, networks, Internet, embedded processors, graphics, etc.

2000 - : Wireless & mobile (e.g. cell phone), 3-D graphics, multimedia (e.g. video), Internet, GHz processors, embedded, dual-core, quad-core, multi-core, etc.

90s, 2000 - : Architectural techniques: Superscalar, dynamic pipelining, speculative execution, VLIW, multithreading, multi-core arch, etc.

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Intel 80x86 Intel 80x86 HistoryHistory

1978: Intel announced 8086 16-bit architecture (an extension to 8080 8-bit)

1980: Intel announced 8087 floating point co-processor 1982: Intel announced 80286, with address-space extended to 24 bits 1985: Intel announced 80386, a 32-bit architecture 1989: Intel 80486, with improved performance, pipelining 1992: Intel Pentium, improved performance 1995: Intel Pentium Pro, improved performance (> 100 MHz) 1997: MMX extension, set of instructions to accelerate multimedia &

communication applications 1998: Intel Pentium II 1999: Intel Pentium III 2000: Intel Pentium III > 1 GHz, competition from AMD, Pentium IV

(11/00) 2002: Intel Pentium IV > 3 GHz (3.06 GHz) with multithreading and 0.13

micron technology 2005: Intel Pentium D (dual-core version of Pentium 4 Extreme) - 2

independent execution units onto same processor 2006-07: Intel Quad-Core, 65 nm technology

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TechnologTechnology Trends - y Trends - 11

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Technology Trends Technology Trends - 2- 2

Moore’s law: transistor capacity doubles every 18-24 months

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Multithreading & Multi-core Multithreading & Multi-core CPUsCPUs

Threads (threads of execution) - a program forks itself into 2 or more simultaneously (or pseudo-simultaneously) running tasks

Multiple threads can be executed in parallel on many computers:

Single processor - by time slicing when a single processor switches between different threads, so fast as to give the illusion of simultaneity

Multiprocessor or multi-core system - achieved via multiprocessing, different threads & processes run simultaneously on different processors or cores.

Multi-core CPUs: Multi-chip approach - cores are made by different chips that are put

together in a single package. Cores communicate using front side bus. L2 cache is separated

Monolithic approach - Cores are manufactured in only one chip, do not need to use front side bus. Memory cache is shared between the two cores. Better performance

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Levels of Levels of RepresentationRepresentation

temp = v[k];v[k] = v[k+1];v[k+1] = temp;

lw $15, 0($2)lw $16, 4($2)sw $16, 0($2)sw $15, 4($2)

00000000101000010000000000011000

High level language program

Compiler

Assembly language program

Assembler

Object: Machine language modu.

Object: Library routine (machine lang.)Linker

Executable: Machine language prog.

Loader Memory

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SUMMARYSUMMARY

Overview the computer systems Five classic components of a

computer Evolution of memory and

processor Computer technology trends Levels of representation