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GUIDELINE FOR THESIS WRITING
OCTOBER, 2017
ANKARA
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
These writing rules have been prepared in order to provide a unity in writing the thesis of
the graduate students completed in various branches of Ankara Yildirim Beyazit
University Institute of Science. Graduate and doctoral dissertations to be submitted to
Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University Institute of Science and Technology are written in
accordance with the principles stated in this guide. This thesis writing guide organizes the
format of the theses to be written at Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University and includes
examples or templates for writing thesis.
Post-graduate students who are to prepare master's and doctoral thesis must comply with
the guidelines which are intended to be outlined in this booklet.
1.1 Basic Information
• When a direct citation is made in the thesis text without any further work, the original
source must be accompanied by an appropriate reference. Also, the resource you refer to
in the text should definitely be in the resources section.
• Academic ethics must be strictly adhered to in the preparation and writing of the thesis.
• Similarly, every source in the resource section must be included in the text.
• It is extremely important to apply correct spelling and grammar rules to the thesis
writing language.
• If the language of the program in which the student graduates is 100% English, the
thesis must be written in English. If the language of the program is not 100% of
English, it should be written in the language specified in the "Thesis Subject and / or
Advisor Change Notification Form - Thesis Subject / Title" option in Turkish or
English.
• In the writing of the thesis, Microsoft Office, Open Office, Latex etc. professional
electronic document preparation programs should be used.
1
1.2 General Rules for typing English
• Punctuation marks should be followed by a space of one character.
• In decimal number format, if the language is Turkish, a comma (for example, one-and-
a-half) is placed between the numbers, and if the language is English, a dot is inserted
between the numbers.
• The words should not be split at the end of the line, if it should be split, the word is
taken down next line and sentence followed.
• If the subheading is at the end of the page, there should be at least two lines from the
subheading, or the subheading appear on the new page.
1.3 Science Institute Delivery Office
• MS and PhD students apply for approval to the institute thesis control unit with two
copies of thesis (Word / Latex - 80 gram - softcover-spiral) before thesis defense
examination.
• After the thesis control unit has made the first check according to the thesis writing
rules, one of the thesis copies is returned to the student. The student makes the
corrections stated in the thesis control form together with the corrections given in the
thesis defense examination. Before the theses are bound, a spiral copy of the thesis is
brought to the institute thesis control unit for the second control.
• After the thesis control unit approves the thesis, the thesis should be delivered to the
Institute together with other necessary documents (Graduation papers).
2
CHAPTER 2
TECHNICAL ISSUES OF FORMATTING AND WRITING
2.1 Paper Standards
"A4" (210x297 mm) standard paper is used for the writing and printing of theses to be
prepared. The theses should preferably be reproduced on a 90-100 gram white, first dough
paper without deteriorating their properties, and the copies should be clear and legible.
Color code of external cover; # 10AFCD for master's theses, #XXXXX for dissertations.
2.2 Page Usage
• The back side of the paper should not be used.
• Paper Layout; internal cover, table of contents, main text, and references should have
margin 3 cm on top and bottom, 2,5 cm right sides and 4 cm on the left, except on
external cover.
2.3 Font and Text Size
• Text font should be Times New Roman and text size is 12. In the pages for the first
section of thesis (cover, thesis result form, thanks, abstract etc.), different font size and
format (bold, italic, etc.) can be used in the title and subheadings, tables, figures,
footnotes, attachments and equations. For detailed information, see the following
examples of related sections.
• Italic writing format should only be used in situations such as special emphasis, foreign
words, technical terms, mathematical expressions.
2.4 Line Spacing and Text/Paragraph Order
• In the section text, line spacing should be set to be 1.5 spacing.
• The text should be justified on both sides of the page.
• Line indent should not be used for paragraphs. Paragraph spacing should be set to 12
points before and after the paragraph from paragraph attributes section.
2.5 Page Numbering
3
As explained in Chapter 3, the thesis consists of three parts. These are the Preliminary
Section, Text Section and Final Section. The page numbering for these sections should be
done as follows.
• The page number of the external cover will not be given.
• Preliminary section pages should be numbered with small roman numbers (i, ii, iii, ...).
• Numbering starts from the internal cover, but the page number will not be shown on
the internal cover.
• The text section and the final section pages should be numbered with the Latin
numbers (0,1, ... 9) and the top right corner of the page.
• The page number should begin with 1 and the numbering from the Chapter 1 to the last
page should be made.
4
CHAPTER 3
PARTS OF THESIS
3.1 ORDER OF PRESENTATION OF THE PARTS OF THESIS
The contents and order of the thesis sections are shown in Table 3.1.
Tablo 3.1 Presentation sequence of thesis partsPage Number
(all page
numbers
should be
written in the
top right
corner)
DESCRIPTIONS
OUTER COVER not numberedThe final thesis should be submitted to the Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences with a hardcover (clothbound).
INNER COVERi (is not
written)The content and layout should be the same as the outer cover.
THESIS EXAMINATION
RESULT FORMii
Students who are successful in the thesis examination should sign and confirm the result form of the advisor, jury member, title, surname and university information to the advisor and jury members.
ETHICAL DECLARATION iii It should be noted that the thesis is compatible with ethical rules.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Roman num.It is completely a page of the graduate student and contains explanations and acknowledgments about the thesis.
ABSTRACT Roman num.
Under the heading ABSTRACT, the thesis English summary should be included and finally the keywords should be found. Words that define what is meant as a keyword should be selected. The word "Keywords" should be written in bold.
ÖZ (In Turkish) Roman num.
Under the title of ÖZ, the thesis should have a Turkish summary and eventually the key words should be found. Words that define what is meant as a keyword should be selected. "Anahtar Kelimeler" should be written in bold.
CONTENTS Roman num.The titles of the front pages under the heading CONTENTS, the title of the thesis and the titles of the subsections and the titles of the last pages should be given together with the page numbers.
5
LIST OF SYMBOLS Roman num. It is prepared in alphabetical order under the title Abbreviation.
LIST OF TABLES Roman num. Under the TABLE LIST title, table number, table description and page number information are prepared.
LIST OF FIGURES Roman num.Under the FIGURE LIST title, shape number is prepared by giving shape description and page number information.
INTRODUCTION
Starts with 1
and uses Latin
numbers
This section should contain information that prepares the reader for the topic. The purpose and scope of the research that is the basis of the examination should also be clearly stated in this section. Introduction section; Should consist of three subsections: "Literature Summary", "Aim of the Thesis" and "Hypothesis" (or "Findings", "Original Contribution" according to the author's preference).
OTHER CHAPTERSLatin num.
This is the part of the thesis between "INTRODUCTION" and "RESULTS" sections. The theoretical foundation of the subject, the feature, the material and method used are given in the main text and consists of the sections and subdivisions according to the details of the study. The number of episodes and subsections is left to the author's choice.
RESULTSLatin num.
In this section, the results obtained from the thesis study should be written as clearly as possible. Comparison and discussion of the results with previous studies and results clearly emphasizes the link between the results and the theoretical basis.
REFERENCESLatin num. Sources referred to in the thesis text (referenced
publication) should be numbered under the heading "RESOURCES" under the title of use in the thesis.
APPENDICESLatin num.
If is there any information that is not required to be included in the text, the project which is larger than the normal page and which is not intended to be reduced or is impossible, they are written at the end of the "SOURCES" section as shown in the thesis template.
CURRICULUM VITAE Latin num. It should include information about the student's personal information, education and training, and also where he / she has works.
6
3.2 Presections
3.2.1 Outer Cover
• The usage area of the thesis cover page is the same as the usage area given in the 2.2
Page Usage Area heading.
• All text on the cover page should be written in bold.
• The name of the university and the name of the institute on the outer cover (upper case,
16 points, 6 points before and after 1.5 line), logo, thesis title (upper case, 16 point,
upper case, 6 points before and after 1.5 line), author (only initials are upper case,16
point, 6 points before and after 1.5 line), department of the author (only initials are
upper case,16 point, 6 points before and after 1.5 line) the date of publication of the
dissertation (only initials are upper case, 12 points, 6 points before and after 1.5 line)
and the place of publication (ANKARA, 12 points, upper case, 6 lines before and after
the line spacing of 1.5).
• Times New Roman fonts should be used in all manuscripts.
• Abbreviation should not be used in the thesis writer and must be the same as the
registered name-surname of the institute.
• The margins should be 1.5 cm from all edges.
• See example of outer cover in Appendix-1.
3.2.2 Side edge of the outer cover
The design of the side edge of the outer cover should be placed from top to bottom in the
order of month, year, department, student name and top logo of our university to be
suitable for the design of the front cover. The logo can be enlarged according to the
thickness of the thesis.
3.2.3 Inner Cover
• The usage area of the thesis cover page is the same as the usage area given in the 2.2
Page Usage Area heading.
7
• The layout and format example for the internal cover page should be changed only by
the student's own information. All spelling features (point, capital, etc.) must be
preserved. See appendix-2 for the inner cover example.
3.2.4 Thesis Examination Result Form
• Examples of thesis examination result forms are given in website of institute and
appendix.
• If there are more than 2 juries in the thesis defense examination, the addition should be
made on the same page without disrupting the formatting order.
• Six and eight copies of master and doctoral thesis are asked by the institute respectively.
Fort this reason, corresponding number of copies must be signed by the jury members.
• Signed pages 90-100 gr. attention should be paid to the standard of the paper.
• Attention should be paid to the signing of the signatures with a blue ink pen.
• The title of the thesis must be the same as the title on the cover page.
• The name of the learner must be the same as the name in the official register of the
institute and the thesis must be used in the same way.
• The names and surnames of the advisor, jury, thesis monitoring committee members
should be written in capital letters while writing their names.
• All titles should be given in English theses in English and Turkish theses with Turkish abbreviations
3.2.5 Ethical declaration
The statement of ethics should be written as given in attachment- 4, and the name and signature of the author should be declared under it.
3.2.6 Acknowledgements
• Those who have contributed to the thesis work should be thanked.• Name and surname of the people who are thanked should be stated.• Technical and scientific writing should be should be preserved with short and abstract
statements.• If the thesis is in Turkish then the title should be “TEŞEKKÜR” and if the thesis is
written in English then the title should be "ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS".
8
• On the bottom line, the name and surname of the author of the thesis and the SIGNATURE should be left aligned, and the date is right aligned.
• If the thesis is supported within the scope of a project, the project name, project number and supporting institution / organization must be clearly indicated in this section.
• An example of acknowledgement in English is given in Appendix - 5.
3.2.7 Öz [Abstract]
• This part should not exceed a page with the key words and expressions and key words of the study.
• The text should be 12 pt in Times New Roman with character line 1.5.• Mathematical expressions will not be used in the essence. (For example “percent”
instead of “%”, "water" instead of "H2O", "sodium chloride" instead of "NaCl" etc.)• First line of this part is the name of the thesis with Times New Roman font, 14 pt.,
bold, centered, single line spacing, paragraph spacing 6 pt before and after spacing and “Abstract” and “Öz” should be written 12 pt, bold, centered, single line spacing and paragraph features should be 6 points before and after the interval.
• "Key words" should be written in Times New Roman font, 12 font size, with bold letters per line.
• First Keyword and special names begin with capital letter, next key words will be written in lower case.
• See attachment 7 for an example
3.2.8 Nomenclature, Tables, Figures
If there are abbreviations, tables, figures and symbols in the text, relevant lists should be created. These lists should be prepared with 1 line spacing with 6, then 6 nk spacing.Lists such as catalogs, periodicals, lists of sources in electronic media, lists of personal interviews, etc. can not be listed in a separate list in the thesis.
See attachment 9 for an example.
3.2.9 Contents
The title of this section, "CONTENTS", should be written in capital letters, bold, 14 point and left aligned. The title should be 12 points before and after the range of 1.5 lines. Other parts besides the title should be 6 points before and after paragraph in single line range. Page numbers should be right-aligned. The Thesis Conclusion Form, Ethics Declaration, Acknowledgment, Abstract, Öz, Terminology, Table List, Figure list expressions in this page should be written in capital letters and 12 points. All headings, references and appendices (if any) in major sections must be written in capital letters, 12 pt and bold.
9
Each main section used in the text of the thesis and the lower section headings of the main section together with the title number should be written (not bold). The headings of the main sections should be placed at the leftmost of the page, and the heads of the lower sections should be placed 0.5 cm to the right for each different grade. Between the headings and the relevant page numbers must be filled with dots.
See attachment 8 for an example
3.2.10 List of Tables
The headline should be 14 pt, upper case, bold, before and after 1.5 pt line space should be 12 pt. Other parts except title should be 6 point before and after 12 point single line range. Table name and number (eg Table 2.1) should be written in bold, 12 pt. Page numbers should be right-aligned. The tables in the thesis should be listed in the thesis text according to the order of placement and the table number. For example, Table 2.3 should be written for the third table in the second chapter. Where table headings do not fit on a line, the heading should continue from the beginning of the table heading rather than the beginning of the line on the line below.
See attachment 10 for an example
3.2.11 List of Figures
The title of this section, "LIST OF FIGURES" should be 14 pt, capital letter, bold, 12 pt before and after the range of 1.5 lines. Other parts except title should be 6 point before and after 12 point single line range. Page numbers should be right-aligned. Figures in the thesis should be listed in the thesis text according to the order of placement and the figure number. For example, Figure 2.3 should be written for the third figure in the second chapter. Where the figure headers do not fit on a line, the heading should continue from the beginning of the figure heading rather than from the beginning of the line on the line below.
See attachment 11 for an example
3.3 Thesis Text
3.3.1 Writing thesis and contents of chapters
In theses SI (International System of Units) units will be used, if necessary MKS (Meter Kilogram Second) equivalents in units are given in parentheses. Each symbol is defined in the first place in the text. In theses, first-person narration is not used except in the preface
10
and footnotes. Thesis is prepared in computer environment and the output is taken from laser or ink jet printer. Typing with a typewriter and dot-matrix printer output are not accepted.
No part of the dissertation, manual or typewritten corrections, scratches, or excavations are accepted. No part of the dissertation, manual or typewritten corrections, scratches, or excavations are accepted. The tables, forms and formulas in the thesis are created in computer environment. Such shapes are not corrected manually. Long attachments longer than 10 pages can be given as an attachment to the CD or DVD if requested. The discs are placed in a pocket (CD envelope) to be made inside the rear cardboard cover of the throne. Such discs are given information about the content, for example, with the CD pencil (Example: Name Surname, Appendix 1: Computer Programming ......).
3.3.2 Numerating chapters and headlines
In theses, titles will be numbered with "decimal system". In the theses, the main chapters will be written as Chapter No. and the title will be written on the bottom line. Chapter No is 24 points and should be 1,5 line spacing, before and after the interval must be zero. If the bottom line is chapter heading, it should be 16 points, 1.5 line spacing, before the interval 12 and after the interval must be zero nk.
Headings should start with the number of the section in which they are relevant, and the subtitles should start with the heading of the chapter and title that it belongs to. 2. Degree title is based on left, 14 point, word initials are bold; 3. Degree title based on left, 12 point font, capital letters, bold; 4. Degree title based on left, 12 point font, capital letters, italic; the 5th degree title should be left-aligned, 12 point font, capitalized, italic.
The titles of abstracts in Turkish and English should be centered. Titles at the fifth and lower levels are not numbered, they are not included in the table of contents.
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
2.1 Kimyasal Çökeller (14 punto, 1,5 line space, before and after 12 punto)
2.1.1 Karbonatlar (12 punto, 1,5 line space, before and after 12 punto)
2.1.1.1 Karbonatlar (12 punto, 1,5 line space, before and after 12 punto, italic)
11
3.3.3 Figures and Tables
All figures and tables in the thesis must be cited in the thesis text.In the theses, the tables and figures should be centered within the area of use of the paper.All information in tables and figures should be of readable size.The table number and the superscript, the figure number and the subtitle may exceed the figure size.
In the subtitles of Figures and Tables, the first letter of the first word must be capitalized, and the first letters of the other words should start with a lowercase letter. Figures and table numbers and subtitles should be written in size 10 pt.The top letters of the table should be 6 points in the range of 1.5 lines before the 12 point and the figures should be 24 points after the 12 point before the line of 1.5. When enumerating, the first number should be the number of the main section in which the figure or table is located, and the second number should be the number of the position (order) in the main section. For example, the 5th table of the 4th main section should be written in the form of "Table 4.5".The figures or tables taken as a picture from any work in the thesis must be legible and the figure / table side lines should be placed.
Table 2.5 Kernel functions and representions
Type of kernel Representation of kernel
Polynomial K ( xs , x )=[ xT x s+c ]p , c ≥0 , p>1
Gaussian K ( xs , x )=e¿ , σ>0¿
Sigmoid K ( xs , x )=tanh ( p . xT xs+q ) , p>0∧q<0
Chapter NoTable no
12
Figure 2.4 Sigmoidal functions with different slopes
More than one table or figure can be placed on the same page. However, more than 4 pages of tables or figures should be declared as appendix. If footnotes should be used in tables, they should be written with 1 line spacing and 10 points. In the case of tables and figures of size exceeding one page, the same table / figure number and description should be written on the 2nd page, between the table / figure number and the description, in parentheses (continue). (For example, Table 1.1 (continued): Metal contents in waste, Figure 1.1 (continued): Water network of Istanbul).
Pages that break the layout of the thesis by increasing the page thickness, such as folded pages and visual material attached on the page, should be given in the attachments section.See attachment 10 and 11 for examples of list of tables and figures.
3.4 Equations
The equations are written in the equation editor and in accordance with the following rules.Equations are written in Times New Roman with 1.5 line spacing. Italic can be written according to preference. Before and after the equations, a 12 point spacing is left. The equations start from inside 1 cm from the left.
Equations are numbered sequentially starting from 1, provided that chapter number is the first number in the relevant section. These numbers are shown in bold and in the first section (1.1), (1.2), in the second section (2.1), (2.2) and in the bottom line of the same equation where the equation (1.1a) and (1.1b) to the right. The equations given in the appendix section are numbered by specifying the section they are given. (Example: A.1.1, A.1.2).
13
3.5 Citing in the text
Numbers in square brackets are used when citing in the text. When enumerating, the first source is given a number [1] in square brackets, placed outside the ending parenthesis of the circle. Subsequent resources are continued by giving the next number.
If the citation numbers follow each other, a hyphen (-) sign is placed between the numbers of the first and last citation. For example, if quotations from 4 to 9 are quoted, this is indicated in the text as follows: [4-9].
If the citations to be quoted are more than one and not in succession, the citation numbers are written with a comma (,) sign. For example, if citations from sources 3, 5, and 12 are cited, this is indicated in the text as [3,5,12].
If the citation numbers follow each other (e.g. from 2 to 5) and also from different citations exist (e.g. 10th and 15th sources), this is shown as: [2-5, 10,15].
All citations used in the text should be given in full bibliography in the bibliography section. When cited to scientific publications attention should be paid to: Whenever the text is quoted, the original source and all citations made in the text shall be made at the bibliography as well.
When it is deemed necessary, a part of the original researcher's publication can be transferred without making any mistakes, and the source of the quotation must be specified both in the text and in the bibliography. If a text is taken from another source without reference, this is covered by plagiarism. We need to pay attention to this ethical rule.
Long quotes that are more than forty words are not displayed in quotes. Long claws are given 1 tab (1.27 cm) left from the inside. In the long quotes provided, characters smaller than 2 font characters are used. However, very frequent and long quotes should be avoided.
3.6 ReferencesWhile preparing the References section, the information necessary for the reader to obtain information about an citation found in the thesis must be fully specified. Publications that are not cited in the thesis text should not be listed in reference list. It is also often referred to as abbreviated names of periodical journals commonly known in the literature during the writing of references. The author can also use widely accepted journal abbreviations (eg IEEE Trans on Veh. However, if the commonly accepted form of acronym is unknown, the name of the journal should be clearly written (eg IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology). The same author (s) on the list must rank publications in different years from the most recent date. Publications of the same author (s) must be ordered by letters a, b, c following the publication year (eg 1998a, 1998b).
14
There should be 1 line spacing in the references, 12 spaces between two consecutive sources. The following are examples of how the documents referred to above are written in the "REFERENCES". An example of the sources is given in Appendix 12.
Books with single author
FormulaLast name of the author, Initial letter of the author's name. Name of the book (italic)
(Number of prints). Place of Publication: Publisher. Date of issue
Reference
Mete Gundogan, “Sekiz Deniz Yaylası: Alternatif Bir Ekonomi-Politik Yapılandırma
Önerisi”, (Eight Sea Pasture: An Alternative Economy-Politic System Proposal),
Nobel Yayınları, ISBN 975.7726.73, 392 sayfa/pages, Ankara 2009.
Books with two authors
Formula
First author's last name, first name's first letter. and the surname of the second author,
the first letter of the name. Name of the book (italic) (Number of prints). Place of
Publication: Publisher. Date of issue
ReferenceÇankaya İ., Akgün D., “MATLAB ile Meslek Matematiği”, Seçkin Yayıncılık San.
Ve Tic. A.Ş., Ankara, ISBN: 978-975-02-0839-3, Ekim 2008.
Books with three authors
Formula
First author's last name, first name's first letter, second author's last name, first name's
first letter. and the surname of the third author, the first letter of the name. Name of
the book (italic) (Number of prints). Place of Publication: Publisher. Date of issue
ReferenceGündoğan M., Karayılmazlar S., Küçükönder H., Apaydın F., Ceyhan S., Kırmacı V. “Batı Karadeniz Gemi İnşa ve Entegre Sanayii Sektör Analizi”, Bartın Üniversitesi Yayınları No:9, ISBN 978-605-60882-7-8, 478 sayfa, Bartın.
Translated Book
FormülAuthor's surname, First Initial. (Year) Name of book (italic) (Number of press). (First initial of Translater.Lastname of Translater). Place of Publication: Publisher. Original Date of publish
Reference Neaman, D. (2012). Yarıiletken Fiziği. (2. Baskı) (A. Ateş, M. Sağlam) Aktif Yayınevi. (Orijinal çalışma basım tarihi 2003.)
15
Reference Taha, H.A., (2017) Yöneylem Araştırması (9th Edition) (Ş.A. Baray and Ş.Esnaf, Trans.) Literatür Yayıncılık, (Original work published 1971.)
Book Chapter
Formula Author's surname, First Initial. Name of chapter. Name of book(italic) (cited)pages in (Print edition). Where Press: Name of press. Date of publish
Reference Paksoy, T., Özceylan, E., Tam Zamanında Dağıtım: Milkrun. Tedarik Zinciri Yönetim. (2. Baskı) içinde (135-159). Ankara: Gazi Kitabevi. 2012
ReferenceBelen, R. ve Taşkaya Temizel T. A Framework to Detect Disguised Missing Data. Knowledge Discovery Practices and Emerging Applications of Data Mining: Trends and New Domains. (1st Edition) pp. (1-22). Information Science Reference. 2011
Books with single editor
Formula Editor's Last Name, Editor's First Name. (Ed.) Name of the book (italic) (Number of prints). Place of Publication: Publisher. Date of issue
Reference Karancı, A. N. (Ed.). Farklılıkla yaşamak aile ve toplumun farklı gereksinimleri olan bireylerle birlikteliği. Ankara: Türk Psikologlar Derneği Yayınları. 1997
Reference Posner, M. I. (Ed.). Foundations of cognitive science (6th ed.). Massathuchetts: MIT Press. 1998
Books with two editors
FormulaFirst editor's last name, first name's first letter. and second editor's surname, first name's first letter. (Ed.). Name of the book (italic) (Number of prints). Place of Publication: Publisher. Date of issue
Reference Savaşır, I. Ve Şahin, N. H. (Ed.). Bilişsel- davranışçı terapilerde değerlendirme: Sık kullanılan ölçekler. Ankara: Türk Psikologlar Derneği Yayınları. 1997
Reference Goldstein, W. M., & Hogarth, R. (Eds.). Research on judging and decision making. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1997
Books with more than two editors
FormulaFirst editor's surname, First name's first name, Second editor's surname, First name's first letter and Third editor's surname, First name's first letter. (Ed.). Name of the book (italic) (Number of prints). Place of Publication: Publisher. Date of issue
Reference Ayvaşık, B., Er, N. M., Kışlak, Ş. T. Ve Erkuş, A. (Ed.). Psikoloji terimleri sözlüğü. Ankara: Türk Psikologlar Derneği Yayınları. 2000
Reference Pinker, S. Language acquisition. In M. I. Posner, (Ed.). Foundations of cognitive science (6th ed.) (359-400). Massachusetts: MIT Press. 1998
16
Chapter from boks with single editor
FormulaLast name of the author, Initial letter of the author's name. Department name. The initials of your editor's name. The last name of the editor is (Ed.) In the name of the book (italic) (Section page interval). (Number of prints). Place of Publication: Publisher. Date of issue
ReferenceSucuoğlu, B. Özürlü çocukların aileleri ile yapılan çalışmalar. A. N. Karancı, (Ed.), Farklılıkla yaşamak aile ve toplumun farklı gereksinimleri olan bireylerle birlikteliği içinde (35-56). Ankara: Türk Psikologlar Derneği Yayınları. 1997
Reference Pinker, S. Language acquisition. In M. I. Posner, (Ed.). Foundations of cognitive science (6th ed.) (359-400). Massachusetts: MIT Press. 1998
Papers with single author in periodics
Formula First author's surname, First Initial. Article’s title. Periodics Name, Volume(italik), (publication number) page range. Published date
Reference Karal, O. Maximum likelihood optimal and robust Support Vector Regression with lncosh loss function. Neural Networks, (94), 1-12. 2017
Papers with two authors in periodics
FormulaFirst author's surname, First Initial., Second author's surname, First Initial. Article’s title. Periodics Name, Volume(italik), (publication number) page range. Published date
ReferenceŞahin, A. B., & Bulur, H. G. Simulation of locating buried objects via fringe pattern-based measurements in an optical fiber sensor-integrated continuous-wave ground-penetrating radar system. Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering & Computer Sciences, (1), 23, 28-37. 2015
Papers with three authors in periodics
FormulaFirst author's surname, First Initial., Second author's surname, First Initial., Third author's surname, First Initial. Article’s title. Periodics Name, Volume(italik), (publication number) page range. Published date
ReferenceYucel, M., Goktas, H. H., & Celebi, F. V. Design and implementation of fuzzy logic based automatic gain controller for EDFAs. Optik-International Journal for Light and Electron Optics, (18), (125) 5450-5453. 2014
Papers with more than six authors in periodics
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ReferenceWright, G. N., Philips, L. D., Whalley, P. C., Choo, G. T., Ng, K., Tan, I., et al. Cultural differences in probabilistic thinking. Journal of Cross Cultural Psychology, 9 (3), 285-299.
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Tez
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ReferenceKaral, O. Piecewise affine and support vector models for robust and low complex regression, Unpublished masters / doctoral dissertation, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi. 2011
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Attachments are given using alphabet letters. (Example: Appendix A, Appendix B, Appendix C). Subsections of appendices can be stated as Appendix A1, Appendix A2, Appendix B1, Appendix B2. In the first part of the appendix section, a cover page with the title APPENDIX is prepared and listed with the numbers and names of the appendices in the appendix. Each additional section begins with the number and name of that attachment like Appendix A Appendix name .............. .
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22
3.10 Cirriculum Vitae
Name, surname, license and post graduate (dated) information should be indicated. Photo, birthplace and date, address, e-mail address, professional experience, awards, publications, patents may be given on request. The list of publications and presentations derived from the thesis study must be written in bold letters and listed according to the writing rules of the sources under the heading of PRESENT ORGANIZED SOURCES / PRESENTATION. The publications and presentations in this list are not included in the author's public publication list. The resume section is prepared according to the format given in the thesis template.
23
APPENDICESEk-1 Outer Cover
Ek-2 Inner Cover
Ek-3 Thesis Examination Result Form
Ek-4 Ethical Declaration
Ek-5 Acknowledgements
Ek-6 Abstract
Ek-7 Öz
Ek-8 Contents
Ek-9 Nomenclature
Ek-10 List of Tables
Ek-11 List of Figures
Ek-12 References
Ek-13 Appendices
Ek-14 Cirriculum Vitae
Ek-15 Side of the outer cover
24
ÖRNEK
ANKARA YILDIRIM BEYAZIT UNIVERSITY
GRADUATE SCHOOL OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES
FIRST AND SECOND LAW ANALYSIS OF COMPACT HEAT
EXCHANGERS USED FOR INTERCOOLING PURPOSES
M.Sc. Thesis by
Ahmet Yasin SEDEF
Department of Mechanical Engineering
January, 2017
ANKARA
Appendix -1 Outer Cover
ÖRNEK
FIRST AND SECOND LAW ANALYSIS OF COMPACT
HEAT EXCHANGERS USED FOR INTERCOOLING
PURPOSES
A Thesis Submitted to
The Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences of
Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science
in Mechanical Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering
by
Ahmet Yasin SEDEF
January, 2017
ANKARA
M.Sc. THESIS EXAMINATION RESULT FORM
We have read the thesis entitled “FIRST AND SECOND LAW ANALYSIS OF
COMPACT HEAT EXCHANGERS USED FOR INTERCOOLING
PURPOSES” completed by AHMET YASİN SEDEF under the supervision of
Appendix -2 Inner Cover
Appendix -3 Thesis Examination Result Form
ASSIST. PROF. DR. KEMAL BİLEN and we certify that in our opinion it is fully
adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science.
Assist. Prof. Dr. Kemal BİLEN
Supervisor
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Malik M. NAUMAN Prof. Dr. Atilla BIYIKOĞLU
Jury Member Jury Member
Prof. Dr. Fatih V. ÇELEBİ
Director
Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences
xxvii
I hereby declare that, in this thesis which has been prepared in accordance with the
Thesis Writing Manual of Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences,
All data, information and documents are obtained in the framework of
academic and ethical rules,
All information, documents and assessments are presented in accordance with
scientific ethics and morals,
All the materials that have been utilized are fully cited and referenced,
No change has been made on the utilized materials,
All the works presented are original,
and in any contrary case of above statements, I accept to renounce all my legal rights.
Date: Signature: …………………………………………..Name & Surname:………………………………….
xxviii
Appendix - 4 Ethical Declaration Form
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Firstly, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Assist. Prof.
Dr. Kemal BİLEN for his tremendous support and motivation during my study. His
immense knowledge and precious recommendations constituted the milestones of
this study. His guidance assisted me all the time of my research and while writing
this thesis.
2017, 12 January Ahmet Yasin SEDEF
xxix
Appendix -5 Acknowledgments
FIRST AND SECOND LAW ANALYSIS OF COMPACT HEAT EXCHANGERS USED FOR INTERCOOLING PURPOSES
ABSTRACT
Intercooling is a process that is employed in turbocharged engines to cool the charge
air. This cooling enables to feed more air into the cylinders and decreases the
operating temperatures of the engine. Intercoolers -kind of compact heat exchangers-
are used to carry out this process. Depending on the required thermal-hydraulic
performance, intercoolers can be designed using different fin types.
In this study, the fin types that are utilized in the design of intercoolers are
theoretically examined using the first and second law of thermodynamics. For this
purpose, various intercooler configurations are established with five different fin
geometries, namely plain fins, louvered fins, offset strip fins, wavy fins and
perforated fins. Then, sizing and rating procedures are applied on these
configurations. In sizing procedure, the dimensions of the intercooler configurations
are determined. In rating procedure, heat transfer, pressure drop and second law
performances of the configurations are computed. The obtained results are tabulated
and compared with each other.
It is found that offset strip fins provide very good heat transfer performances whereas
plain fins enable least pressure drops in the fluid pressures. In second law analysis
the following outcome is attained; since the configurations in this study have
unbalanced flow, eliminating entropy generation or exergy destruction is not possible
even with an infinite surface area and zero pressure drops.
Keywords: Turbocharging, intercooling, intercoolers, compact heat exchangers,
plate-fin heat exchangers, heat transfer, pressure drop, second law analysis.
xxx
Appendix -6 Abstract
ARA SOĞUTMA AMAÇLI KULLANILAN KOMPAKT ISI DEĞİŞTİRİCİLERİNİN BİRİNCİ VE İKİNCİ YASA
ANALİZLERİÖZ
Aşırı doldurmalı motorlarda, dolgu havasının sıcaklığını düşürmek amacıyla ara
soğutma işlemi uygulanır. Yapılan soğutma ile motora beslenen hava miktarında
artış, motordaki genel sıcaklık seviyesinde ise azalma sağlanır. Bu soğutma işlemi,
bir kompakt ısı değiştiricisi olan ara soğutucu ile gerçekleştirilir. İhtiyaç duyulan
termal-hidrolik performansa bağlı olarak ara soğutucular, farklı kanatçık tipleri
kullanılarak tasarlanabilir.
Yapılan bu çalışmada; ara soğutucu tasarımında kullanılan kanatçık tipleri, birinci ve
ikinci yasa analizleri vasıtasıyla teorik olarak incelenmiştir. Bu kapsamda; düz
kanatçık, panjurlu kanatçık, kaydırılmış şerit kanatçık, dalgalı kanatçık ve delikli
kanatçık olmak üzere beş kanatçık tipi kullanılarak farklı ara soğutucu yapıları
kurgulanmıştır. Daha sonra bu yapılara boyutlandırma ve performans değerlendirme
işlemleri uygulanmıştır. Boyutlandırma işlemi ile ara soğutucu yapılarının ebatları
bulunurken, performans değerlendirme işlemi ile yapıların ısı geçişi, basınç düşümü
ve ikinci yasa performansı hesaplanmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlar tablolar halinde
verilmiş ve birbirleriyle kıyaslanmıştır.
Sonuçlar, kaydırılmış şerit kanatçık tipinin kullanılması ile ısıl açıdan iyi bir
performans elde edilebileceğini, düz kanatçık tipinin kullanılması ile de akışkanların
en az miktarda basınç düşüşüne maruz kalacağını göstermiştir. İkinci yasa analizleri
ise; bu çalışmadaki ara soğutucuların dengeli akışa sahip olmaması nedeniyle, sonsuz
büyüklükteki bir yüzey alanı ve sıfır basınç kaybıyla bile ara soğutucuda entropi
üretiminin ya da ekserji yıkımının tamamen yok edilemeyeceğini göstermiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Aşırı doldurma, ara soğutma, ara soğutucular, kompakt ısı
değiştiricileri, plakalı-kanatlı ısı değiştiricileri, ısı geçişi, basınç düşümü, ikinci yasa
analizi.
CONTENTS
xxxi
Appendix -7 Öz
Appendix - 8 Contents
M.Sc. THESIS EXAMINATION RESULT FORM....................................................ii
ETHICAL DECLARATION.......................................................................................iii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS...........................................................................................iv
ABSTRACT..................................................................................................................v
ÖZ ………………………………………………………………………………….vi
NOMENCLATURE....................................................................................................ix
LIST OF TABLES......................................................................................................xii
LIST OF FIGURES...................................................................................................xiii
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION............................................................................1
1.1 A General View of Internal Combustion Engines..........................................2
1.1.1 Engine Classifications..............................................................................2
1.1.2 Engine Operating Cycles.........................................................................3
1.2 Supercharging of Internal Combustion Engines.............................................5
1.2.1 Mechanical Supercharging.......................................................................8
1.2.2 Turbocharging..........................................................................................8
1.2.3 Pressure Wave Supercharging..................................................................9
1.3 Intercooling in Internal Combustion Engines.................................................9
1.4 A General View of Heat Exchangers............................................................11
1.4.1 Heat Exchanger Classifications..............................................................12
1.4.2 Compact Heat Exchangers.....................................................................14
1.5 Aim of the Study...........................................................................................16
1.6 Review of Related Works.............................................................................17
CHAPTER 2 - BASICS OF INTERCOOLERS....................................................21
2.1 General Design Considerations of Intercoolers............................................21
2.2 Theory of Intercoolers...................................................................................22
2.2.1 Thermal Design......................................................................................22
2.2.3 Second Law Analysis.............................................................................30
2.3 Some Additional Considerations for Thermal Design..................................35
2.3.1 Influence of Temperature-Dependent Fluid Properties..........................35
2.3.2 Longitudinal Heat Conduction Effects...................................................36
2.3.3 Determination of Plate-fin Efficiency....................................................38
CHAPTER 3 - DESIGN PROCEDURES OF INTERCOOLERS.......................42
xxxii
3.1 Some Selected Surface Types and Their Characteristics..............................42
3.1.1 Colburn Factor and Fanning Friction Factor..........................................43
3.2 Operating Conditions of Intercooler.............................................................44
3.3. Rating Problem............................................................................................47
3.4 Sizing Problem..............................................................................................51
CHAPTER 4 - RESULTS........................................................................................55
4.1 Sizing Results...............................................................................................56
4.2 Rating Results...............................................................................................59
4.2.1 Comparison in terms of Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop....................59
4.2.2 Comparison in terms of Second Law of Thermodynamics....................62
4.2.3 Variation of Performance Parameters with Mass Flow Rate.................66
4.3 Intercooler and Engine Performance Results................................................71
CHAPTER 5 - DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION............................................76
REFERENCES.........................................................................................................80
APPENDICES...........................................................................................................84
Appendix A – Surface Characteristics of Fins....................................................85
Appendix B – j and f Factor Equations and Reynolds Number Ranges...........86
Appendix C – Thermophysical Properties of Air...............................................89
Appendix D – K c and K e Coefficients................................................................90
CURRICULUM VITAE..........................................................................................91
xxxiii
NOMENCLATURE
Roman Letter SymbolsA Heat transfer area, m2
A f Fin surface area, m2
b Plate spacing, mm
C Heat capacity rate, kW/K
C ¿ Heat capacity rate ratio
m Mass flow rate, kg/s
n Number of revolutions of the crankshaft for one thermodynamic cycle, rev/cycle
St Stanton number
T Absolute temperature, K
U Overall heat transfer coefficient, W/(m2·K)
V Velocity, m/s, volume, m3
V d Total displacement volume, L
Greek Letter Symbolsα Ratio of heat transfer area of one side to total heat exchanger volume, m2/m3
β Surface area density, m2/m3
δ Thickness, mm
Δ Difference
λ Longitudinal wall heat conduction parameter
μ Dynamic viscosity of fluid, N·s/m2
ν Specific volume of fluid, m3/kg
ρ Density of fluid, kg/m3
σ Ratio of free-flow area to frontal area
Subscriptsc Cold fluid
f Fin
h Hot fluid
i Inlet
m Mean
max Maximum
xxxiv
Appendix -9 Nomenclature
min Minimum
1 ,2 Any flow side of the heat exchanger (hot or cold side)
Acronyms
BDC Bottom Dead Center
CI Compression-ignition
ICE Internal Combustion Engine
LHC Longitudinal Heat Conduction
LMTD Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference
SI Spark-ignition
TDC Top Dead Center
xxxv
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1 Exponents of (T w /Tm)................................................................................36
Table 4.1 Sizing results of intercooler configurations...............................................57
Table 4.2 Thermal-hydraulic performance results of intercooler configurations......60
Table 4.3 Second law performance results of intercooler configurations..................63
Table 4.4 Charge air density and temperatures in the cycle for different engine operation types............................................................................................................72
Table A.1 Surface characteristics of fins...................................................................85
Table B.1 j factor equations for fin types..................................................................86
Table B.2 f factor equations for fin types..................................................................87
Table B.3 Reynolds number ranges for j and f factor equations……………………88
Table C.1 Thermophysical properties of air at one atmospheric pressure.................89
xxxvi
Appendix - 10 List of Tables
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1 Four-stroke SI engine cycle........................................................................4
Figure 1.2 A two-stroke SI engine...............................................................................5
Figure 1.3 Supercharging and turbocharging configurations…………………………7
Figure 1.4 Types of charge air cooling systems........................................................11
Figure 1.5 Schematic diagram of a plate-fin heat exchanger....................................15
Figure 1.6 Various fin geometries for plate-fin heat exchangers……………………16
Figure 2.1 Depiction of heat transfer in a counterflow heat exchanger.....................24
Figure 2.2 Pressure drop components in a plate-fin exchanger flow passage...........28
Figure 2.3 Straight, thin fin with uniform rectangular cross-section.........................40
Figure 2.4 (a) Plain rectangular fin and (b) plain triangular fin................................41
Figure 3.1 Charge air flow in a turbocharged and intercooled engine......................45
Figure 4.1 The change of effectiveness with respect to hot side mass flow rate.......67
Figure 4.2 The change of hot side pressure drop with respect to hot side mass flow rate..............................................................................................................................68
Figure 4.3 The change of hot side outlet density with respect to hot side mass flow rate..............................................................................................................................69
Figure 4.4 The change of total entropy generation rate with respect to hot side mass flow rate......................................................................................................................69
Figure 4.5 The change of normalized entropy generation rate with respect to hot side mass flow rate.............................................................................................................70
Figure 4.6 The change of second law efficiency with respect to hot side mass flow rate..............................................................................................................................71
Figure 4.7 P−ν diagram of an air-standard dual cycle.............................................72
Figure 4.8 Effect of charge cooling on inlet air density............................................74
Figure 4.9 Effect of pressure drop on inlet air density..............................................75
Figure D.1 Entrance and exit pressure loss coefficients............................................90
xxxvii
Appendix -11 List of Figures
REFERENCES
xxxviii