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Ass. Wr. Wb.Ass. Wr. Wb.

ECOPOLIS:

KOTA RAMAH LINGKUNGAN

Soemarno 2011

Ass. Wr. Wb.Ass. Wr. Wb.

ECOPOLIS:

KOTA RAMAH LINGKUNGAN

Soemarno 2011

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Ecopolis (city)

An Ecopolis is a large city that follows ecological principles.

The word ecopolis is a portmanteau created from ecology (interactions between living organisms and the

environment) and polis (a city state).

It was used in a 1991 article by architect Paul F. Downton, who later founded the company Ecopolis Architects.

The term was used more recently in a 2006 article by New Scientist.

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An ecopolis can feed and power itself with minimal reliance on the surrounding countryside, and creates the smallest possible eco-

footprint for its residents.

This results in a city that is friendly to the surrounding environment, in terms of POLLUTION, land use, and alleviation of GLOBAL-

WARMING.

It is estimated that by 2007, over half of the world’s population will live in urban areas and this provides both challenges and opportunities for environmentally-conscious developers.

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Ecological cities can be achieved though

various means, such as:

Small scale, private agriculture and

agricultural plots in the city’s suburbs to reduce the distance food has to

travel from field to fork.

Renewable energy sources, such as wind turbines, solar cells, or bio-gas created from sewage.

Cities provide economies of scale that

make such energy sources viable.

Akses Jalan Berfungsi Menghubungakan pusat produksi pertanian dengan pusat pasar….. foto smn 2011

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Various methods to reduce the need for air conditioning (a massive energy demand), such as low lying buildings

that allow air to circulate, an increase in water features,

and green spaces equaling at least 20% of the city's

surface.

This counters the environmental heating

caused by factors such as an abundance of tarmac and

asphalt, which can heat city areas by up to 6 degrees

Celsius during the evening.

Taman Pot Berfungsi untuk menjamin kenyamanan lingkungan sekitar bangunan rumah………….. foto smn 2011

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Improved public transport and

an increase in pedestrianisation to

reduce car emissions.

This requires a radically different approach

to city planning, with integrated

business, industrial, and residential

zones.

Roads may be designed to make driving

difficult.

JEMBATAN BERFUNGSI MENGHUBUNGKAN ANTAR KAWASAN, foto smn 2010

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Optimal building density to make public transport viable but avoid the creation of

urban heat islands.

Few real life examples of

ecopolis exist.

On a small scale, green open space such as the UB

campuss in Malang city.

KEPADATAN BANGUNAN HARUS DIIMBANGI DENGAN KEPADATAN VEGETASI PERMANEN UNTUK KENYAMANAN LINGKUNGAN , foto smn 2011

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Many shanty towns in the underdeveloped world already practice the principles of an ecopolis: efficient power use, recycling, private

agriculture, and pedestrianisation.

The planned development of Sociópolis in Valencia, Spain will provide low-rise affordable housing integrated into traditional agricultural

zones and irrigation systems.

Perhaps the most ambitious project is a planned extension in the Chongming district of Shanghai, referred to as Dongtan.

Dongtan is being designed with the specific aim of minimizing the eco-footprint of its residents, and includes plans to become self-sufficient

in energy and water production.

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Ecovillage

Ecovillages are intended to be socially, economically and ecologically sustainable intentional communities.

Most aim for a population of 50-150 individuals because this size is considered to be the maximum social network according to findings

from sociology and anthropology (Hill & Dunbar, 2002).

Larger ecovillages of up to 2,000 individuals may, however, exist as networks of smaller "ecomunicipalities" or subcommunities to

create an ecovillage model that allows for social networks within a broader foundation of support.

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Ecovillage members are united by shared ecological, social or spiritual values (Intentional community).

An ecovillage is often composed of people who have chosen an alternative to centralized power, water and sewage

systems.

Many see the breakdown of traditional forms of community, wasteful consumerist lifestyles, the destruction

of natural habitat, urban sprawl, factory farming, and over-reliance on fossil fuels, as trends that must be changed

to avert ecological disaster.

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They see small-scale communities with minimal ecological

impact as an alternative.

However, such communities often cooperate with peer

villages in networks of their own.

This model of collective action is similar to that

of Ten Thousand Villages, which supports the fair trade of goods

worldwide.

Kenyamanan pasar desa yang bedampingan dengan lahan sawah. foto smn 2011

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In 1991, Robert Gilman set out a definition of an ecovillage that was to become a standard.

Gilman defined an ecovillage as a:

human-scale full-featured settlement

in which human activities are harmlessly integrated into the natural world

in a way that is supportive of healthy human development, and

can be successfully continued into the indefinite future.

Note: In recent years, Gilman has stated that he would also add the criterion that an ecovillage must have multiple centres of

initiative.

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The principles on which ecovillages rely can be applied to urban and rural settings, as well as to developing and developed countries.

Advocates seek infrastructural independence and a sustainable lifestyle (for example, of voluntary simplicity) for inhabitants with a minimum

of trade outside the local area, or ecoregion.

Rural ecovillages are usually based on organic farming, permaculture and other approaches which promote ecosystem function and

biodiversity.

Some ecovillages integrate many of the design principles of cohousing, but with a greater ecological focus and a more "organic" process,

typical of permaculture design.

An ecovillage usually relies on:

"Green" infrastructural capital;

autonomous building or clustered housing, to

minimize ecological footprint;

renewable energy; permaculture;

cohousing or other forms of supportive community.

Kenyamanan jalan raya dan jalur hijaunya, foto smn 2008

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The goal of most ecovillages is to be a Sustainable habitat providing for most of its needs on site.

Its organization also usually depends upon some instructional capital or moral codes - a minimal civics sometimes characterized as eco-

anarchism:

1. Local purchasing so as to support the local economy; 2. Local food production and distribution; 3. Moral purchasing to avoid objectionable consumption; 4. Consensus decision-making for governance; 5. A choice to respect diversity.

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The term ecovillage should not be confused

with micronation, a strictly legal,

not infrastructural,

concept.

Kenyamanan jalan – jalan di tengah kebun kelapa, foto smn 2008

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References

Christian, D. 2003. Creating a Life Together: Practical Tools to Grow Ecovillages and Intentional Communities New Society Publishers. ISBN 0-86571-471-1

Hill, R. and Dunbar, R. 2002. "Social Network Size in Humans." Human Nature, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 53-72.[2]

Jackson, H. and Svensson, K. 2002. Ecovillage Living: Restoring the Earth and Her People. Green Books. ISBN 1-903998-16-6