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Anticipatory Set

With your partner brainstorm and list reasons why people may want to live

in cities

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A. Urbanization – the rapid growth of city populations

1. Rapid Growth of Cities

By 1860 one out of every five Americans lived in citiesBy 1890 one out of every three Americans lived in cities

Why???

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Cities attracted industry Industry attracted people

Who moved to cities? Farmers Immigrants African Americans

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1887 = 1st electric street car. Richmond, VA

1897 = electric subway trains, Boston, MA

1883 = Brooklyn Bridge 1885 = 1st 10 story building, Chicago, IL 1900 = 30 storied “skyscrapers”, used

electric elevators

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A. Tenement Life – buildings divided into many tiny apartments Many apartments has no windows, indoor

plumbing or heat Often 10 people to a room Shared bathrooms Streets littered with garbage Disease common

In one Chicago slum half the babies did not live to be 1 years old

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B. Improving City Life

In the1880’s reformers asked for changes:

Building codes were established that provided standards of safety Fire escapes were added to buildings Streetlights were installed Police Departments were established Mother Cabrini (Catholic Nun) set up

clinics and hospitals for the poor The Salvation Army was founded to

give food, shelter and clothing tothe homeless

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Hull House was opened in Chicago in

1869. In Hull House teachers taught the English language and classes

on American government.

C. Settlement Houses(community centers)

were also started to help the poor. Jane Addams became famous in organizing settlement houses in America.

Electric Lights Elevated railroads Skyscrapers Department Stores Leisure Activities Sports

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Electricity offered a new solution to many of the cities problems. Electric street cars were used on the streets. Trolleys were also used. Many cities such as New York built steam driven passenger trains on tracks. In 1897, Boston led the way in building the first American subway, or underground electric railway.

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A. Department Stores

Sold all kinds of items in different sections or departments. In 1902, R. H Macey opened a nine story department store in New York. Soon other cities have department stores.

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B. Leisure Activities

Long hours made people value their leisure time. A wealth of entertainment existed in the cities: museums, orchestras, art galleries, theater, circuses, parks

Many vaudeville houses opened in the cities. Vaudeville was a variety show that included comedians, song and dance routines and acrobats.

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Songwriters produced many popular tunes such as Shine On, and Harvest Moon. Ragtime was a new kind of music with lively, rhythmic sounds. Scott Joplin, an African American composer, helped make ragtime music popular.

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John Philip Sousa wrote more than 100 marches. He wrote The Stars And Stripes Forever. His Marches became favorites at Fourth of July celebrations.

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C. Sports

Baseball became the most popular sport in the nation. The game was first played in New York in the 1840’s during the Civil War. By the 1870’s there were many professional baseball teams. African Americans formed their own league.

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1891, James Naismith invented a new sport called basketball. Naismith was the teaching physical education class at the YMCA. He wanted to find a sport that could be played indoors in winter. He had two bushel baskets mailed to the gym walls. Players tried to throw a soccer ball into the baskets. Basketball caught on quickly. It spread to other schools and colleges around the country.

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Football also became popular. Players did not wear helmets and in one season 44 college players died of injuries. Some colleges banned the sport or drew up stricter rules to play the game.

With your partner discuss the difficulties urban dwellers faced

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Focus question: How was the experience of immigrants both positive and negative?

Anticipatory Set

With your partner complete the KWL chart. Under “K” write down anything you know about immigration. Under “W” write down anything you can think of that you would like to know. At the end of the period you and your partner will complete the “L”, what you learned column.

Section 4: The New Immigrants

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Between 1866 and 1915, more than 25 million immigrants poured into the United States. Both push factors and pull factors played a part in the vast global migration.

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Push Amount of farm land

shrinking (Italy) Population growing Machines replacing

farmhands Religious persecution

(1880’s Russian Jews experienced pogroms)

Political unrest/Wars (1910, Mexican Revolution)

Famine

Pull “Land of opportunity” JOBS!!! Cheap land Education Democratic principles

Freedom religion, speech, press

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PUSH

Political and religious persecution pushed many people to leave their homes. In the late eighteen hundreds, the Russian government supported pogroms, organized attacks on Jewish villages. Millions of Jews fled Russia and Eastern Europe to settle in American cities.

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PUSH

Persecution also played a factor for Armenian immigrants. The Armenians lived in the Ottoman Empire which is present day Turkey. Between the 1890’s days and the 1900’s, the Ottoman government killed a million or more Armenians. Many fled to the United States and settled in California.

Ottoman Empire

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PULL

Many immigrants had heard stories that the streets of the United States were paved with gold. Once in the United States, the newcomers had to adjust their dreams to reality. They immediately set out to find work. Through friends, relatives, labor contractors, and employment agencies they found jobs.

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Old Immigrants Early to mid 1800’s From northern and

western Europe Mostly Protestant (Irish

an exception) Many spoke English Had an experience with

democracy Most educated Most had at least a little

wealth

New Immigrants Began to arrive late

1800’s Southern and eastern

Europeans (Polish, Russian, Greek, Italian etc.) Some from Asia.

Most were Catholic or Jewish

Spoke no to little English

Often poor and uneducated

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2. Starting a New Life

A. Coming to America

The voyage across the Atlantic and Pacific was often miserable. Most “new” immigrants could afford only the cheapest berths and were crammed into steerage – large compartments that usually held cattle. These tight, airless quarters were breeding grounds for disease. Rough seas sickened the passengers.

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For most European immigrants, the voyage ended in New York City. After 1886, they saw the giant statue of Liberty in the harbor. The statue of liberty became a symbol of a hope and freedom offered by the United States.

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After 1892, ships entering New York harbor stopped on Ellis Island. Here, “new” immigrants faced a last hurdle, the dreaded medical inspection. Doctors examined eyes, ears and throats. The sick had to stay on Ellis Island until they got well. With hundreds of immigrants to process each day, officials had only minutes to check each new arrival.

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Ellis Island

Millions of Italians, Polish, Russians, and Greeks landed in the Eastern United States and Stopped at Ellis Island before arriving in New York City.

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B. Immigrant Neighborhoods

Immigrants adjusted to their new lives by settling in neighborhoods with their own ethnic group. An ethnic group is a group of people who share a common culture. Within these ethnic neighborhoods, newcomers spoke of their own language and celebrated special holidays with food prepared as in the old country.

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A. Assimilation

In their effort to adapt, many immigrants sometimes blended their native tongues with English. They became part of a new culture. The process of becoming part of another culture is called assimilation.

Desperate for money they took any job they could find: steel, meatpacking, mines, garment sweatshops

Helped build; bridges, skyscrapers, railroads Some saved and opened small businesses Ethnic foods became part of American life;

bagels, pizza, spaghetti, chow mein Some individuals made great contributions;

Carnegie, Bell (Scottish)

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Nativists - argued “new” immigrants would not assimilate. Associated immigrants with violence, crime and poverty and anarchy. Believed they took jobs away from Americans.

Anarchist – a person who opposes all forms of government

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Congress responded to the violence by passing the Chinese Exclusion Act,1882. Under it, no Chinese laborer could enter the United States. In addition, no Chinese living in the United States could return once they left of the country.

Nativists targeted the Chinese. The Chinese immigrants helped build the railroads. Most Chinese people lived in cities in an area called “Chinatown” and did not assimilate easily. As the numbers of Chinese immigrants increased prejudice and violence against them began to increase.

Focus Question: What were the causes and effects of an expanded educational system?

Anticipatory Set

With your partner list how your life would be different without an education.

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As industry grew, so did the need for an educated work force.

1852 MA passed 1st compulsory education law

By 1900 = 6,000 high schools By 1918 every state required public

education School day: 8:00 am to 4:00 pm, three R’s,

taught moral values and Christian religion

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Before 1870, fewer than half of American children went to school. Many who did attend went to one room schoolhouses with only one teacher. Oftentimes, several students shared a single book.

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In the North, most states have laws that require children to attend school, usually through the sixth grade. In the south, the Freedman’s Bureau built grade schools for both African Americans and white students. However, most schools in the south were segregated.

As more people were educated more read books and magazines

Horatio Alger, wrote “rags-to-riches” stories about poor boys who became successful through hard work, courage and honesty

Realism became popular, when writers try to show life as it is

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Mark Twain was the most popular author of the time and used local color to make his stories more realistic. Local color refers to the speech and habits of a particular region.

He wrote novels like The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Twain filled his novel with humor and adventure to entertain his readers.

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He cut prices, presented scandals, crime stories, comic strips and gossip. People coined the term yellow journalism for the sensational reporting style of The World

Joseph Pulitzer

3. A Newspaper Boom

As cities grew, the numbers of newspapers grew dramatically. People were very much interested in reading newspapers. The newspapers reported the major events of the day. If reported government, business, fashion, and sports. Joseph Pulitzer ,an immigrant, bought the New York World

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Women also became journalists. Nellie Bly pretended to be insane in order to find out about treatment of the mentally ill. Her articles about cruelty in mental hospitals lead to reforms in these hospitals.

Teach four facts that we covered today to your partner

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